lib: introduce struct library

Introduce a new "struct" library which is a port of the Python 3.10 struct
module with a reduced set of API functions. It supports the same format
patterns and conversions while providing the following methods:

    struct = require('struct');

    buf = struct.pack("fmt", args...);
    values = struct.unpack("fmt", buf);

    struct_inst = struct.new("fmt");
    buf = struct_inst.pack(args...);
    values = struct_inst.unpack(buf);

Signed-off-by: Jo-Philipp Wich <jo@mein.io>

1 files changed, 2584 insertions, 0 deletions

diff --git a/lib/struct.c b/lib/struct.c
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..4985e2a
--- /dev/null
+++ b/lib/struct.c
@@ -0,0 +1,2584 @@
+/*
+ * Binary data packing/unpacking module for ucode.
+ * Copyright (C) 2021 Jo-Philipp Wich <jo@mein.io>
+ *
+ * This module is heavily based on the Python 3.10 "_struct.c" module source
+ * published under the following license:
+ *
+ * -----------------------------------------------------------------------------------
+ *
+ * 1. This LICENSE AGREEMENT is between the Python Software Foundation ("PSF"), and
+ *    the Individual or Organization ("Licensee") accessing and otherwise using Python
+ *    3.10.0 software in source or binary form and its associated documentation.
+ *
+ * 2. Subject to the terms and conditions of this License Agreement, PSF hereby
+ *    grants Licensee a nonexclusive, royalty-free, world-wide license to reproduce,
+ *    analyze, test, perform and/or display publicly, prepare derivative works,
+ *    distribute, and otherwise use Python 3.10.0 alone or in any derivative
+ *    version, provided, however, that PSF's License Agreement and PSF's notice of
+ *    copyright, i.e., "Copyright © 2001-2021 Python Software Foundation; All Rights
+ *    Reserved" are retained in Python 3.10.0 alone or in any derivative version
+ *    prepared by Licensee.
+ *
+ * 3. In the event Licensee prepares a derivative work that is based on or
+ *    incorporates Python 3.10.0 or any part thereof, and wants to make the
+ *    derivative work available to others as provided herein, then Licensee hereby
+ *    agrees to include in any such work a brief summary of the changes made to Python
+ *    3.10.0.
+ *
+ * 4. PSF is making Python 3.10.0 available to Licensee on an "AS IS" basis.
+ *    PSF MAKES NO REPRESENTATIONS OR WARRANTIES, EXPRESS OR IMPLIED.  BY WAY OF
+ *    EXAMPLE, BUT NOT LIMITATION, PSF MAKES NO AND DISCLAIMS ANY REPRESENTATION OR
+ *    WARRANTY OF MERCHANTABILITY OR FITNESS FOR ANY PARTICULAR PURPOSE OR THAT THE
+ *    USE OF PYTHON 3.10.0 WILL NOT INFRINGE ANY THIRD PARTY RIGHTS.
+ *
+ * 5. PSF SHALL NOT BE LIABLE TO LICENSEE OR ANY OTHER USERS OF PYTHON 3.10.0
+ *    FOR ANY INCIDENTAL, SPECIAL, OR CONSEQUENTIAL DAMAGES OR LOSS AS A RESULT OF
+ *    MODIFYING, DISTRIBUTING, OR OTHERWISE USING PYTHON 3.10.0, OR ANY DERIVATIVE
+ *    THEREOF, EVEN IF ADVISED OF THE POSSIBILITY THEREOF.
+ *
+ * 6. This License Agreement will automatically terminate upon a material breach of
+ *    its terms and conditions.
+ *
+ * 7. Nothing in this License Agreement shall be deemed to create any relationship
+ *    of agency, partnership, or joint venture between PSF and Licensee.  This License
+ *    Agreement does not grant permission to use PSF trademarks or trade name in a
+ *    trademark sense to endorse or promote products or services of Licensee, or any
+ *    third party.
+ *
+ * 8. By copying, installing or otherwise using Python 3.10.0, Licensee agrees
+ *    to be bound by the terms and conditions of this License Agreement.
+ *
+ * -----------------------------------------------------------------------------------
+ *
+ * Brief summary of changes compared to the original Python 3.10 source:
+ *
+ * - Inlined and refactored IEEE 754 float conversion routines
+ * - Usage of stdbool for function return values and boolean parameters
+ * - Renamed functions and structures for clarity
+ * - Interface adapated to ucode C api
+ * - Removed unused code
+ */
+
+#include <ctype.h>
+#include <errno.h>
+#include <limits.h>
+#include <math.h>
+#include <stdlib.h>
+#include <float.h>
+#include <assert.h>
+
+#include "ucode/module.h"
+
+static uc_ressource_type_t *struct_type;
+
+typedef struct formatdef {
+	char format;
+	ssize_t size;
+	ssize_t alignment;
+	uc_value_t* (*unpack)(uc_vm_t *, const char *, const struct formatdef *);
+	bool (*pack)(uc_vm_t *, char *, uc_value_t *, const struct formatdef *);
+} formatdef_t;
+
+typedef struct {
+	const formatdef_t *fmtdef;
+	ssize_t offset;
+	ssize_t size;
+	ssize_t repeat;
+} formatcode_t;
+
+typedef struct {
+	size_t len;
+	size_t size;
+	size_t ncodes;
+	formatcode_t codes[];
+} formatstate_t;
+
+
+/* Define various structs to figure out the alignments of types */
+
+typedef struct { char c; short x; } st_short;
+typedef struct { char c; int x; } st_int;
+typedef struct { char c; long x; } st_long;
+typedef struct { char c; float x; } st_float;
+typedef struct { char c; double x; } st_double;
+typedef struct { char c; void *x; } st_void_p;
+typedef struct { char c; size_t x; } st_size_t;
+typedef struct { char c; bool x; } st_bool;
+typedef struct { char c; long long x; } s_long_long;
+
+#define SHORT_ALIGN (sizeof(st_short) - sizeof(short))
+#define INT_ALIGN (sizeof(st_int) - sizeof(int))
+#define LONG_ALIGN (sizeof(st_long) - sizeof(long))
+#define FLOAT_ALIGN (sizeof(st_float) - sizeof(float))
+#define DOUBLE_ALIGN (sizeof(st_double) - sizeof(double))
+#define VOID_P_ALIGN (sizeof(st_void_p) - sizeof(void *))
+#define SIZE_T_ALIGN (sizeof(st_size_t) - sizeof(size_t))
+#define BOOL_ALIGN (sizeof(st_bool) - sizeof(bool))
+#define LONG_LONG_ALIGN (sizeof(s_long_long) - sizeof(long long))
+
+#ifdef __powerc
+#pragma options align_for_entry=reset
+#endif
+
+
+static bool
+ucv_as_long(uc_vm_t *vm, uc_value_t *v, long *p)
+{
+	char *s, *e;
+	int64_t i;
+	double d;
+	long x;
+
+	errno = 0;
+
+	switch (ucv_type(v)) {
+	case UC_INTEGER:
+		i = ucv_int64_get(v);
+
+		if (i < LONG_MIN || i > LONG_MAX)
+			errno = ERANGE;
+
+		x = (long)i;
+		break;
+
+	case UC_DOUBLE:
+		d = ucv_double_get(v);
+		x = (long)d;
+
+		if (isnan(d) || d < (double)LONG_MIN || d > (double)LONG_MAX || d - x != 0)
+			errno = ERANGE;
+
+		break;
+
+	case UC_BOOLEAN:
+		x = (long)ucv_boolean_get(v);
+		break;
+
+	case UC_NULL:
+		x = 0;
+		break;
+
+	case UC_STRING:
+		s = ucv_string_get(v);
+		x = strtol(s, &e, 0);
+
+		if (e == s || *e != '\0')
+			errno = EINVAL;
+
+		break;
+
+	default:
+		errno = EINVAL;
+		x = 0;
+		break;
+	}
+
+	if (errno != 0) {
+		uc_vm_raise_exception(vm, EXCEPTION_TYPE,
+			(errno == ERANGE)
+				? "Argument out of range"
+				: "Argument not convertible to number");
+
+		return false;
+	}
+
+	*p = x;
+
+	return true;
+}
+
+static bool
+ucv_as_ulong(uc_vm_t *vm, uc_value_t *v, unsigned long *p)
+{
+	unsigned long x;
+	char *s, *e;
+	uint64_t i;
+	double d;
+
+	errno = 0;
+
+	switch (ucv_type(v)) {
+	case UC_INTEGER:
+		i = ucv_uint64_get(v);
+
+		if (i > ULONG_MAX)
+			errno = ERANGE;
+
+		x = (unsigned long)i;
+		break;
+
+	case UC_DOUBLE:
+		d = ucv_double_get(v);
+		x = (unsigned long)d;
+
+		if (isnan(d) || d < 0 || d > (double)ULONG_MAX || d - x != 0)
+			errno = ERANGE;
+
+		break;
+
+	case UC_BOOLEAN:
+		x = (unsigned long)ucv_boolean_get(v);
+		break;
+
+	case UC_NULL:
+		x = 0;
+		break;
+
+	case UC_STRING:
+		s = ucv_string_get(v);
+		x = strtoul(s, &e, 0);
+
+		if (e == s || *e != '\0')
+			errno = EINVAL;
+
+		break;
+
+	default:
+		errno = EINVAL;
+		x = 0;
+		break;
+	}
+
+	if (errno != 0) {
+		uc_vm_raise_exception(vm, EXCEPTION_TYPE,
+			(errno == ERANGE)
+				? "Argument out of range"
+				: "Argument not convertible to number");
+
+		return false;
+	}
+
+	*p = x;
+
+	return true;
+}
+
+static bool
+ucv_as_longlong(uc_vm_t *vm, uc_value_t *v, long long *p)
+{
+	char *s, *e;
+	long long x;
+	int64_t i;
+	double d;
+
+	errno = 0;
+
+	switch (ucv_type(v)) {
+	case UC_INTEGER:
+		i = ucv_int64_get(v);
+
+		if (i < LLONG_MIN || i > LLONG_MAX)
+			errno = ERANGE;
+
+		x = (long long)i;
+		break;
+
+	case UC_DOUBLE:
+		d = ucv_double_get(v);
+		x = (long long)d;
+
+		if (isnan(d) || d < (double)LLONG_MIN || d > (double)LLONG_MAX || d - x != 0)
+			errno = ERANGE;
+
+		break;
+
+	case UC_BOOLEAN:
+		x = (long long)ucv_boolean_get(v);
+		break;
+
+	case UC_NULL:
+		x = 0;
+		break;
+
+	case UC_STRING:
+		s = ucv_string_get(v);
+		x = strtoll(s, &e, 0);
+
+		if (e == s || *e != '\0')
+			errno = EINVAL;
+
+		break;
+
+	default:
+		errno = EINVAL;
+		x = 0;
+		break;
+	}
+
+	if (errno != 0) {
+		uc_vm_raise_exception(vm, EXCEPTION_TYPE,
+			(errno == ERANGE)
+				? "Argument out of range"
+				: "Argument not convertible to number");
+
+		return false;
+	}
+
+	*p = x;
+
+	return true;
+}
+
+static bool
+ucv_as_ulonglong(uc_vm_t *vm, uc_value_t *v, unsigned long long *p)
+{
+	unsigned long long x;
+	char *s, *e;
+	uint64_t i;
+	double d;
+
+	errno = 0;
+
+	switch (ucv_type(v)) {
+	case UC_INTEGER:
+		i = ucv_uint64_get(v);
+
+		if (i > ULLONG_MAX)
+			errno = ERANGE;
+
+		x = (unsigned long long)i;
+		break;
+
+	case UC_DOUBLE:
+		d = ucv_double_get(v);
+		x = (unsigned long long)d;
+
+		if (isnan(d) || d < 0 || d > (double)ULLONG_MAX || d - x != 0)
+			errno = ERANGE;
+
+		break;
+
+	case UC_BOOLEAN:
+		x = (unsigned long long)ucv_boolean_get(v);
+		break;
+
+	case UC_NULL:
+		x = 0;
+		break;
+
+	case UC_STRING:
+		s = ucv_string_get(v);
+		x = strtoull(s, &e, 0);
+
+		if (e == s || *e != '\0')
+			errno = EINVAL;
+
+		break;
+
+	default:
+		errno = EINVAL;
+		x = 0;
+		break;
+	}
+
+	if (errno != 0) {
+		uc_vm_raise_exception(vm, EXCEPTION_TYPE,
+			(errno == ERANGE)
+				? "Argument out of range"
+				: "Argument not convertible to number");
+
+		return false;
+	}
+
+	*p = x;
+
+	return true;
+}
+
+static bool
+ucv_as_ssize_t(uc_vm_t *vm, uc_value_t *v, ssize_t *p)
+{
+	char *s, *e;
+	int64_t i;
+	ssize_t x;
+	double d;
+
+	errno = 0;
+
+	switch (ucv_type(v)) {
+	case UC_INTEGER:
+		i = ucv_int64_get(v);
+
+		if (i < -1 || i > SSIZE_MAX)
+			errno = ERANGE;
+
+		x = (ssize_t)i;
+		break;
+
+	case UC_DOUBLE:
+		d = ucv_double_get(v);
+		x = (ssize_t)d;
+
+		if (isnan(d) || d < -1 || d > (double)SSIZE_MAX || d - x != 0)
+			errno = ERANGE;
+
+		break;
+
+	case UC_BOOLEAN:
+		x = (ssize_t)ucv_boolean_get(v);
+		break;
+
+	case UC_NULL:
+		x = 0;
+		break;
+
+	case UC_STRING:
+		s = ucv_string_get(v);
+		i = strtoll(s, &e, 0);
+
+		if (e == s || *e != '\0')
+			errno = EINVAL;
+		else if (i < -1 || i > SSIZE_MAX)
+			errno = ERANGE;
+
+		x = (ssize_t)i;
+		break;
+
+	default:
+		errno = EINVAL;
+		x = 0;
+		break;
+	}
+
+	if (errno != 0) {
+		uc_vm_raise_exception(vm, EXCEPTION_TYPE,
+			(errno == ERANGE)
+				? "Argument out of range"
+				: "Argument not convertible to number");
+
+		return false;
+	}
+
+	*p = x;
+
+	return true;
+}
+
+/* Same, but handling size_t */
+
+static bool
+ucv_as_size_t(uc_vm_t *vm, uc_value_t *v, size_t *p)
+{
+	char *s, *e;
+	uint64_t i;
+	double d;
+	size_t x;
+
+	errno = 0;
+
+	switch (ucv_type(v)) {
+	case UC_INTEGER:
+		i = ucv_uint64_get(v);
+
+		if (i > SIZE_MAX)
+			errno = ERANGE;
+
+		x = (size_t)i;
+		break;
+
+	case UC_DOUBLE:
+		d = ucv_double_get(v);
+		x = (size_t)d;
+
+		if (isnan(d) || d < 0 || d > (double)SIZE_MAX || d - x != 0)
+			errno = ERANGE;
+
+		break;
+
+	case UC_BOOLEAN:
+		x = (size_t)ucv_boolean_get(v);
+		break;
+
+	case UC_NULL:
+		x = 0;
+		break;
+
+	case UC_STRING:
+		s = ucv_string_get(v);
+		i = strtoull(s, &e, 0);
+
+		if (e == s || *e != '\0')
+			errno = EINVAL;
+		else if (i > SIZE_MAX)
+			errno = ERANGE;
+
+		x = (size_t)i;
+		break;
+
+	default:
+		errno = EINVAL;
+		x = 0;
+		break;
+	}
+
+	if (errno != 0) {
+		uc_vm_raise_exception(vm, EXCEPTION_TYPE,
+			(errno == ERANGE)
+				? "Argument out of range"
+				: "Argument not convertible to number");
+
+		return false;
+	}
+
+	*p = x;
+
+	return true;
+}
+
+static bool
+ucv_as_double(uc_vm_t *vm, uc_value_t *v, double *p)
+{
+	char *s, *e;
+	int64_t i;
+	double x;
+
+	errno = 0;
+
+	switch (ucv_type(v)) {
+	case UC_INTEGER:
+		i = ucv_int64_get(v);
+
+		if (errno == 0) {
+			if (i < -DBL_MAX || i > DBL_MAX)
+				errno = ERANGE;
+		}
+
+		x = (double)i;
+		break;
+
+	case UC_DOUBLE:
+		x = ucv_double_get(v);
+		break;
+
+	case UC_BOOLEAN:
+		x = (double)ucv_boolean_get(v);
+		break;
+
+	case UC_NULL:
+		x = 0.0;
+		break;
+
+	case UC_STRING:
+		s = ucv_string_get(v);
+		x = strtod(s, &e);
+
+		if (e == s || *e != '\0')
+			errno = EINVAL;
+
+		break;
+
+	default:
+		errno = EINVAL;
+		x = 0.0;
+		break;
+	}
+
+	if (errno != 0) {
+		uc_vm_raise_exception(vm, EXCEPTION_TYPE,
+			(errno == ERANGE)
+				? "Argument out of range"
+				: "Argument not convertible to number");
+
+		return false;
+	}
+
+	*p = x;
+
+	return true;
+}
+
+
+/* Floating point helpers */
+
+static bool
+double_pack16(double d, char *buf, bool little_endian)
+{
+	int32_t exponent = 0;
+	uint16_t bits = 0;
+	bool sign = false;
+	double fraction;
+	uint8_t *p;
+
+	if (d == 0.0) {
+		sign = (copysign(1.0, d) == -1.0);
+	}
+	else if (isnan(d)) {
+		sign = (copysign(1.0, d) == -1.0);
+		exponent = 0x1f;
+		bits = 512;
+	}
+	else if (!isfinite(d)) {
+		sign = (d < 0.0);
+		exponent = 0x1f;
+	}
+	else {
+		if (d < 0.0) {
+			sign = true;
+			d = -d;
+		}
+
+		fraction = frexp(d, &exponent);
+
+		assert(fraction >= 0.5 && fraction < 1.0);
+
+		fraction *= 2.0;
+		exponent--;
+
+		if (exponent >= 16) {
+			errno = ERANGE;
+
+			return false;
+		}
+		else if (exponent < -25) {
+			fraction = 0.0;
+			exponent = 0;
+		}
+		else if (exponent < -14) {
+			fraction = ldexp(fraction, 14 + exponent);
+			exponent = 0;
+		}
+		else {
+			fraction -= 1.0;
+			exponent += 15;
+		}
+
+		fraction *= 1024.0;
+		bits = (uint16_t)fraction;
+
+		assert(bits < 1024);
+		assert(exponent < 31);
+
+		if ((fraction - bits > 0.5) || ((fraction - bits == 0.5) && (bits % 2))) {
+			if (++bits == 1024) {
+				bits = 0;
+
+				if (++exponent == 31) {
+					errno = ERANGE;
+
+					return false;
+				}
+			}
+		}
+	}
+
+	bits |= (exponent << 10) | (sign << 15);
+
+	p = (uint8_t *)buf + little_endian;
+	*p = (bits >> 8) & 0xff;
+
+	p += (little_endian ? -1 : 1);
+	*p = bits & 0xff;
+
+	return true;
+}
+
+static bool
+double_pack32(double d, char *buf, bool little_endian)
+{
+	int8_t step = little_endian ? -1 : 1;
+	int32_t exponent = 0;
+	uint32_t bits = 0;
+	bool sign = false;
+	double fraction;
+	uint8_t *p;
+
+	if (d == 0.0) {
+		sign = (copysign(1.0, d) == -1.0);
+	}
+	else if (isnan(d)) {
+		sign = (copysign(1.0, d) == -1.0);
+		exponent = 0xff;
+		bits = 0x7fffff;
+	}
+	else if (!isfinite(d)) {
+		sign = (d < 0.0);
+		exponent = 0xff;
+	}
+	else {
+		if (d < 0.0) {
+			sign = true;
+			d = -d;
+		}
+
+		fraction = frexp(d, &exponent);
+
+		if (fraction == 0.0) {
+			exponent = 0;
+		}
+		else {
+			assert(fraction >= 0.5 && fraction < 1.0);
+
+			fraction *= 2.0;
+			exponent--;
+		}
+
+		if (exponent >= 128) {
+			errno = ERANGE;
+
+			return false;
+		}
+		else if (exponent < -126) {
+			fraction = ldexp(fraction, 126 + exponent);
+			exponent = 0;
+		}
+		else if (exponent != 0 || fraction != 0.0) {
+			fraction -= 1.0;
+			exponent += 127;
+		}
+
+		fraction *= 8388608.0;
+		bits = (uint32_t)(fraction + 0.5);
+
+		assert(bits <= 8388608);
+
+		if (bits >> 23) {
+			bits = 0;
+
+			if (++exponent >= 255) {
+				errno = ERANGE;
+
+				return false;
+			}
+		}
+	}
+
+	p = (uint8_t *)buf + (little_endian ? 3 : 0);
+	*p = (sign << 7) | (exponent >> 1);
+
+	p += step;
+	*p = ((exponent & 1) << 7) | (bits >> 16);
+
+	p += step;
+	*p = (bits >> 8) & 0xff;
+
+	p += step;
+	*p = bits & 0xff;
+
+	return true;
+}
+
+static bool
+double_pack64(double d, char *buf, bool little_endian)
+{
+	int8_t step = little_endian ? -1 : 1;
+	uint32_t hibits = 0, lobits = 0;
+	int32_t exponent = 0;
+	bool sign = false;
+	double fraction;
+	uint8_t *p;
+
+	if (d == 0.0) {
+		sign = (copysign(1.0, d) == -1.0);
+	}
+	else if (isnan(d)) {
+		sign = (copysign(1.0, d) == -1.0);
+		exponent = 0x7ff;
+		lobits = 0x1000000;
+		hibits = 0xfffffff;
+	}
+	else if (!isfinite(d)) {
+		sign = (d < 0.0);
+		exponent = 0x7ff;
+	}
+	else {
+		if (d < 0.0) {
+			sign = true;
+			d = -d;
+		}
+
+		fraction = frexp(d, &exponent);
+
+		if (fraction == 0.0) {
+			exponent = 0;
+		}
+		else {
+			assert(fraction >= 0.5 && fraction < 1.0);
+
+			fraction *= 2.0;
+			exponent--;
+		}
+
+		if (exponent >= 1024) {
+			errno = ERANGE;
+
+			return false;
+		}
+		else if (exponent < -1022) {
+			fraction = ldexp(fraction, 1022 + exponent);
+			exponent = 0;
+		}
+		else if (exponent != 0 || fraction != 0.0) {
+			fraction -= 1.0;
+			exponent += 1023;
+		}
+
+		fraction *= 268435456.0;
+		hibits = (uint32_t)fraction;
+		assert(hibits <= 0xfffffff);
+
+		fraction -= (double)hibits;
+		fraction *= 16777216.0;
+		lobits = (uint32_t)(fraction + 0.5);
+		assert(lobits <= 0x1000000);
+
+		if (lobits >> 24) {
+			lobits = 0;
+
+			if (++hibits >> 28) {
+				hibits = 0;
+
+				if (++exponent >= 2047) {
+					errno = ERANGE;
+
+					return false;
+				}
+			}
+		}
+	}
+
+	p = (uint8_t *)buf + (little_endian ? 7 : 0);
+	*p = (sign << 7) | (exponent >> 4);
+
+	p += step;
+	*p = ((exponent & 0xf) << 4) | (hibits >> 24);
+
+	p += step;
+	*p = (hibits >> 16) & 0xff;
+
+	p += step;
+	*p = (hibits >> 8) & 0xff;
+
+	p += step;
+	*p = hibits & 0xff;
+
+	p += step;
+	*p = (lobits >> 16) & 0xff;
+
+	p += step;
+	*p = (lobits >> 8) & 0xff;
+
+	p += step;
+	*p = lobits & 0xff;
+
+	return true;
+}
+
+static double
+double_unpack16(const char *buf, bool little_endian)
+{
+	uint32_t fraction;
+	int32_t exponent;
+	uint8_t *p;
+	bool sign;
+	double d;
+
+	p = (uint8_t *)buf + little_endian;
+	sign = (*p >> 7) & 1;
+	exponent = (*p & 0x7c) >> 2;
+	fraction = (*p & 0x03) << 8;
+
+	p += little_endian ? -1 : 1;
+	fraction |= *p;
+
+	if (exponent == 0x1f) {
+		if (fraction == 0)
+			return sign ? -INFINITY : INFINITY;
+		else
+			return sign ? -NAN : NAN;
+	}
+
+	d = (double)fraction / 1024.0;
+
+	if (exponent == 0) {
+		exponent = -14;
+	}
+	else {
+		exponent -= 15;
+		d += 1.0;
+	}
+
+	d = ldexp(d, exponent);
+
+	return sign ? -d : d;
+}
+
+static double
+double_unpack32(const char *buf, bool little_endian)
+{
+	int8_t step = little_endian ? -1 : 1;
+	uint32_t fraction;
+	int32_t exponent;
+	uint8_t *p;
+	bool sign;
+	double d;
+
+	p = (uint8_t *)buf + (little_endian ? 3 : 0);
+	sign = (*p >> 7) & 1;
+	exponent = (*p & 0x7f) << 1;
+
+	p += step;
+	exponent |= (*p >> 7) & 1;
+	fraction = (*p & 0x7f) << 16;
+
+	p += step;
+	fraction |= *p << 8;
+
+	p += step;
+	fraction |= *p;
+
+	if (exponent == 0xff) {
+		if (fraction == 0)
+			return sign ? -INFINITY : INFINITY;
+		else
+			return sign ? -NAN : NAN;
+	}
+
+	d = (double)fraction / 8388608.0;
+
+	if (exponent == 0) {
+		exponent = -126;
+	}
+	else {
+		exponent -= 127;
+		d += 1.0;
+	}
+
+	d = ldexp(d, exponent);
+
+	return sign ? -d : d;
+}
+
+
+static double
+double_unpack64(const char *buf, bool little_endian)
+{
+	int8_t step = little_endian ? -1 : 1;
+	uint32_t lofrac, hifrac;
+	int32_t exponent;
+	uint8_t *p;
+	bool sign;
+	double d;
+
+	p = (uint8_t *)buf + (little_endian ? 7 : 0);
+	sign = (*p >> 7) & 1;
+	exponent = (*p & 0x7f) << 4;
+
+	p += step;
+	exponent |= (*p >> 4) & 0xf;
+	hifrac = (*p & 0xf) << 24;
+
+	p += step;
+	hifrac |= *p << 16;
+
+	p += step;
+	hifrac |= *p << 8;
+
+	p += step;
+	hifrac |= *p;
+
+	p += step;
+	lofrac = *p << 16;
+
+	p += step;
+	lofrac |= *p << 8;
+
+	p += step;
+	lofrac |= *p;
+
+	if (exponent == 0x7ff) {
+		if (lofrac == 0 && hifrac == 0)
+			return sign ? -INFINITY : INFINITY;
+		else
+			return sign ? -NAN : NAN;
+	}
+
+	d = (double)hifrac + (double)lofrac / 16777216.0;
+	d /= 268435456.0;
+
+	if (exponent == 0) {
+		exponent = -1022;
+	}
+	else {
+		exponent -= 1023;
+		d += 1.0;
+	}
+
+	d = ldexp(d, exponent);
+
+	return sign ? -d : d;
+}
+
+static bool
+range_exception(uc_vm_t *vm, const formatdef_t *f, bool is_unsigned)
+{
+	/* ulargest is the largest unsigned value with f->size bytes.
+	 * Note that the simpler:
+	 *	 ((size_t)1 << (f->size * 8)) - 1
+	 * doesn't work when f->size == sizeof(size_t) because C doesn't
+	 * define what happens when a left shift count is >= the number of
+	 * bits in the integer being shifted; e.g., on some boxes it doesn't
+	 * shift at all when they're equal.
+	 */
+	const size_t ulargest = (size_t)-1 >> ((sizeof(size_t) - f->size)*8);
+
+	assert(f->size >= 1 && f->size <= (ssize_t)sizeof(size_t));
+
+	if (is_unsigned) {
+		uc_vm_raise_exception(vm, EXCEPTION_TYPE,
+			"Format '%c' requires numeric argument between 0 and %zu",
+			f->format,
+			ulargest);
+	}
+	else {
+		const ssize_t largest = (ssize_t)(ulargest >> 1);
+
+		uc_vm_raise_exception(vm, EXCEPTION_TYPE,
+			"Format '%c' requires numeric argument between %zd and %zd",
+			f->format,
+			~ largest,
+			largest);
+	}
+
+	return false;
+}
+
+
+/* Native mode routines. ****************************************************/
+
+static uc_value_t *
+native_unpack_char(uc_vm_t *vm, const char *p, const formatdef_t *f)
+{
+	return ucv_string_new_length(p, 1);
+}
+
+static uc_value_t *
+native_unpack_byte(uc_vm_t *vm, const char *p, const formatdef_t *f)
+{
+	return ucv_int64_new(*(signed char *)p);
+}
+
+static uc_value_t *
+native_unpack_ubyte(uc_vm_t *vm, const char *p, const formatdef_t *f)
+{
+	return ucv_uint64_new(*(unsigned char *)p);
+}
+
+static uc_value_t *
+native_unpack_short(uc_vm_t *vm, const char *p, const formatdef_t *f)
+{
+	short x = 0;
+
+	memcpy(&x, p, sizeof(x));
+
+	return ucv_int64_new(x);
+}
+
+static uc_value_t *
+native_unpack_ushort(uc_vm_t *vm, const char *p, const formatdef_t *f)
+{
+	unsigned short x = 0;
+
+	memcpy(&x, p, sizeof(x));
+
+	return ucv_uint64_new(x);
+}
+
+static uc_value_t *
+native_unpack_int(uc_vm_t *vm, const char *p, const formatdef_t *f)
+{
+	int x = 0;
+
+	memcpy(&x, p, sizeof(x));
+
+	return ucv_int64_new(x);
+}
+
+static uc_value_t *
+native_unpack_uint(uc_vm_t *vm, const char *p, const formatdef_t *f)
+{
+	unsigned int x = 0;
+
+	memcpy(&x, p, sizeof(x));
+
+	return ucv_uint64_new(x);
+}
+
+static uc_value_t *
+native_unpack_long(uc_vm_t *vm, const char *p, const formatdef_t *f)
+{
+	long x = 0;
+
+	memcpy(&x, p, sizeof(x));
+
+	return ucv_int64_new(x);
+}
+
+static uc_value_t *
+native_unpack_ulong(uc_vm_t *vm, const char *p, const formatdef_t *f)
+{
+	unsigned long x = 0;
+
+	memcpy(&x, p, sizeof(x));
+
+	return ucv_uint64_new(x);
+}
+
+static uc_value_t *
+native_unpack_ssize_t(uc_vm_t *vm, const char *p, const formatdef_t *f)
+{
+	ssize_t x = 0;
+
+	memcpy(&x, p, sizeof(x));
+
+	return ucv_int64_new(x);
+}
+
+static uc_value_t *
+native_unpack_size_t(uc_vm_t *vm, const char *p, const formatdef_t *f)
+{
+	size_t x = 0;
+
+	memcpy(&x, p, sizeof(x));
+
+	return ucv_uint64_new(x);
+}
+
+static uc_value_t *
+native_unpack_longlong(uc_vm_t *vm, const char *p, const formatdef_t *f)
+{
+	long long x = 0;
+
+	memcpy(&x, p, sizeof(x));
+
+	return ucv_int64_new(x);
+}
+
+static uc_value_t *
+native_unpack_ulonglong(uc_vm_t *vm, const char *p, const formatdef_t *f)
+{
+	unsigned long long x = 0;
+
+	memcpy(&x, p, sizeof(x));
+
+	return ucv_uint64_new(x);
+}
+
+static uc_value_t *
+native_unpack_bool(uc_vm_t *vm, const char *p, const formatdef_t *f)
+{
+	bool x = false;
+
+	memcpy(&x, p, sizeof(x));
+
+	return ucv_boolean_new(x != 0);
+}
+
+
+static uc_value_t *
+native_unpack_halffloat(uc_vm_t *vm, const char *p, const formatdef_t *f)
+{
+#if __BYTE_ORDER == __LITTLE_ENDIAN
+	return ucv_double_new(double_unpack16(p, true));
+#else
+	return ucv_double_new(double_unpack16(p, false));
+#endif
+}
+
+static uc_value_t *
+native_unpack_float(uc_vm_t *vm, const char *p, const formatdef_t *f)
+{
+	float x = 0.0;
+
+	memcpy(&x, p, sizeof(x));
+
+	return ucv_double_new(x);
+}
+
+static uc_value_t *
+native_unpack_double(uc_vm_t *vm, const char *p, const formatdef_t *f)
+{
+	double x = 0.0;
+
+	memcpy(&x, p, sizeof(x));
+
+	return ucv_double_new(x);
+}
+
+static uc_value_t *
+native_unpack_void_p(uc_vm_t *vm, const char *p, const formatdef_t *f)
+{
+	void *x = NULL;
+
+	memcpy(&x, p, sizeof(x));
+
+	return ucv_int64_new((intptr_t)x);
+}
+
+static bool
+native_pack_byte(uc_vm_t *vm, char *p, uc_value_t *v, const formatdef_t *f)
+{
+	long x = 0;
+
+	if (!ucv_as_long(vm, v, &x))
+		return false;
+
+	if (x < -128 || x > 127) {
+		uc_vm_raise_exception(vm, EXCEPTION_TYPE,
+			"Byte format requires numeric value between -128 and 127");
+
+		return false;
+	}
+
+	*p = (char)x;
+
+	return true;
+}
+
+static bool
+native_pack_ubyte(uc_vm_t *vm, char *p, uc_value_t *v, const formatdef_t *f)
+{
+	long x = 0;
+
+	if (!ucv_as_long(vm, v, &x))
+		return false;
+
+	if (x < 0 || x > 255) {
+		uc_vm_raise_exception(vm, EXCEPTION_TYPE,
+			"Unsigned byte format requires numeric value between 0 and 255");
+
+		return false;
+	}
+
+	*(unsigned char *)p = (unsigned char)x;
+
+	return true;
+}
+
+static bool
+native_pack_char(uc_vm_t *vm, char *p, uc_value_t *v, const formatdef_t *f)
+{
+	char *s = NULL;
+
+	if (ucv_type(v) == UC_STRING) {
+		s = ucv_string_get(v);
+		*p = *s;
+	}
+	else {
+		s = ucv_to_string(vm, v);
+		*p = *s;
+		free(s);
+	}
+
+	return true;
+}
+
+static bool
+native_pack_short(uc_vm_t *vm, char *p, uc_value_t *v, const formatdef_t *f)
+{
+	long x = 0;
+	short y = 0;
+
+	if (!ucv_as_long(vm, v, &x))
+		return false;
+
+	if (x < SHRT_MIN || x > SHRT_MAX) {
+		uc_vm_raise_exception(vm, EXCEPTION_TYPE,
+			"Short format requires numeric value between %d and %d",
+			(int)SHRT_MIN, (int)SHRT_MAX);
+
+		return false;
+	}
+
+	y = (short)x;
+	memcpy(p, &y, sizeof(y));
+
+	return true;
+}
+
+static bool
+native_pack_ushort(uc_vm_t *vm, char *p, uc_value_t *v, const formatdef_t *f)
+{
+	unsigned short y = 0;
+	long x = 0;
+
+	if (!ucv_as_long(vm, v, &x))
+		return false;
+
+	if (x < 0 || x > USHRT_MAX) {
+		uc_vm_raise_exception(vm, EXCEPTION_TYPE,
+			"Unsigned short format requires numeric value between 0 and %u",
+			(unsigned int)USHRT_MAX);
+
+		return false;
+	}
+
+	y = (unsigned short)x;
+	memcpy(p, &y, sizeof(y));
+
+	return true;
+}
+
+static bool
+native_pack_int(uc_vm_t *vm, char *p, uc_value_t *v, const formatdef_t *f)
+{
+	long x = 0;
+	int y = 0;
+
+	if (!ucv_as_long(vm, v, &x))
+		return false;
+
+	if (sizeof(long) > sizeof(int)) {
+		if ((x < ((long)INT_MIN)) || (x > ((long)INT_MAX)))
+			return range_exception(vm, f, false);
+	}
+
+	y = (int)x;
+	memcpy(p, &y, sizeof(y));
+
+	return true;
+}
+
+static bool
+native_pack_uint(uc_vm_t *vm, char *p, uc_value_t *v, const formatdef_t *f)
+{
+	unsigned long x = 0;
+	unsigned int y = 0;
+
+	if (!ucv_as_ulong(vm, v, &x))
+		return false;
+
+	if (sizeof(long) > sizeof(int)) {
+		if (x > ((unsigned long)UINT_MAX))
+			return range_exception(vm, f, true);
+	}
+
+	y = (unsigned int)x;
+	memcpy(p, &y, sizeof(y));
+
+	return true;
+}
+
+static bool
+native_pack_long(uc_vm_t *vm, char *p, uc_value_t *v, const formatdef_t *f)
+{
+	long x = 0;
+
+	if (!ucv_as_long(vm, v, &x))
+		return false;
+
+	memcpy(p, &x, sizeof(x));
+
+	return true;
+}
+
+static bool
+native_pack_ulong(uc_vm_t *vm, char *p, uc_value_t *v, const formatdef_t *f)
+{
+	unsigned long x = 0;
+
+	if (!ucv_as_ulong(vm, v, &x))
+		return false;
+
+	memcpy(p, &x, sizeof(x));
+
+	return true;
+}
+
+static bool
+native_pack_ssize_t(uc_vm_t *vm, char *p, uc_value_t *v, const formatdef_t *f)
+{
+	ssize_t x = 0;
+
+	if (!ucv_as_ssize_t(vm, v, &x))
+		return false;
+
+	memcpy(p, &x, sizeof(x));
+
+	return true;
+}
+
+static bool
+native_pack_size_t(uc_vm_t *vm, char *p, uc_value_t *v, const formatdef_t *f)
+{
+	size_t x = 0;
+
+	if (!ucv_as_size_t(vm, v, &x))
+		return false;
+
+	memcpy(p, &x, sizeof(x));
+
+	return true;
+}
+
+static bool
+native_pack_longlong(uc_vm_t *vm, char *p, uc_value_t *v, const formatdef_t *f)
+{
+	long long x = 0;
+
+	if (!ucv_as_longlong(vm, v, &x))
+		return false;
+
+	memcpy(p, &x, sizeof(x));
+
+	return true;
+}
+
+static bool
+native_pack_ulonglong(uc_vm_t *vm, char *p, uc_value_t *v, const formatdef_t *f)
+{
+	unsigned long long x = 0;
+
+	if (!ucv_as_ulonglong(vm, v, &x))
+		return false;
+
+	memcpy(p, &x, sizeof(x));
+
+	return true;
+}
+
+
+static bool
+native_pack_bool(uc_vm_t *vm, char *p, uc_value_t *v, const formatdef_t *f)
+{
+	bool x = 0;
+
+	x = ucv_is_truish(v);
+
+	memcpy(p, &x, sizeof(x));
+
+	return true;
+}
+
+static bool
+native_pack_halffloat(uc_vm_t *vm, char *p, uc_value_t *v, const formatdef_t *f)
+{
+	double x;
+
+	if (!ucv_as_double(vm, v, &x))
+		return false;
+
+#if __BYTE_ORDER == __LITTLE_ENDIAN
+	return double_pack16(x, p, true);
+#else
+	return double_pack16(x, p, false);
+#endif
+}
+
+static bool
+native_pack_float(uc_vm_t *vm, char *p, uc_value_t *v, const formatdef_t *f)
+{
+	double d = 0.0;
+	float x = 0.0;
+
+	if (!ucv_as_double(vm, v, &d))
+		return false;
+
+	x = (float)d;
+	memcpy(p, &x, sizeof(x));
+
+	return true;
+}
+
+static bool
+native_pack_double(uc_vm_t *vm, char *p, uc_value_t *v, const formatdef_t *f)
+{
+	double x = 0.0;
+
+	if (!ucv_as_double(vm, v, &x))
+		return false;
+
+	memcpy(p, &x, sizeof(x));
+
+	return true;
+}
+
+static bool
+native_pack_void_p(uc_vm_t *vm, char *p, uc_value_t *v, const formatdef_t *f)
+{
+	long long int i = 0;
+	void *x = NULL;
+
+	if (!ucv_as_longlong(vm, v, &i))
+		return false;
+
+	x = (void *)(intptr_t)i;
+	memcpy(p, &x, sizeof(x));
+
+	return true;
+}
+
+static const formatdef_t native_endian_table[] = {
+	{ 'x', sizeof(char), 0, NULL, NULL },
+	{ 'b', sizeof(char), 0, native_unpack_byte, native_pack_byte },
+	{ 'B', sizeof(char), 0, native_unpack_ubyte, native_pack_ubyte },
+	{ 'c', sizeof(char), 0, native_unpack_char, native_pack_char },
+	{ 's', sizeof(char), 0, NULL, NULL },
+	{ 'p', sizeof(char), 0, NULL, NULL },
+	{ 'h', sizeof(short), SHORT_ALIGN, native_unpack_short, native_pack_short },
+	{ 'H', sizeof(short), SHORT_ALIGN, native_unpack_ushort, native_pack_ushort },
+	{ 'i', sizeof(int),	INT_ALIGN, native_unpack_int, native_pack_int },
+	{ 'I', sizeof(int),	INT_ALIGN, native_unpack_uint, native_pack_uint },
+	{ 'l', sizeof(long), LONG_ALIGN, native_unpack_long, native_pack_long },
+	{ 'L', sizeof(long), LONG_ALIGN, native_unpack_ulong, native_pack_ulong },
+	{ 'n', sizeof(size_t), SIZE_T_ALIGN, native_unpack_ssize_t, native_pack_ssize_t },
+	{ 'N', sizeof(size_t), SIZE_T_ALIGN, native_unpack_size_t, native_pack_size_t },
+	{ 'q', sizeof(long long), LONG_LONG_ALIGN, native_unpack_longlong, native_pack_longlong },
+	{ 'Q', sizeof(long long), LONG_LONG_ALIGN, native_unpack_ulonglong,native_pack_ulonglong },
+	{ '?', sizeof(bool), BOOL_ALIGN, native_unpack_bool, native_pack_bool },
+	{ 'e', sizeof(short), SHORT_ALIGN, native_unpack_halffloat, native_pack_halffloat },
+	{ 'f', sizeof(float), FLOAT_ALIGN, native_unpack_float, native_pack_float },
+	{ 'd', sizeof(double), DOUBLE_ALIGN, native_unpack_double, native_pack_double },
+	{ 'P', sizeof(void *), VOID_P_ALIGN, native_unpack_void_p, native_pack_void_p },
+	{ 0 }
+};
+
+
+/* Big-endian routines. *****************************************************/
+
+static uc_value_t *
+be_unpack_int(uc_vm_t *vm, const char *p, const formatdef_t *f)
+{
+	const unsigned char *bytes = (const unsigned char *)p;
+	ssize_t i = f->size;
+	long x = 0;
+
+	do {
+		x = (x<<8) | *bytes++;
+	} while (--i > 0);
+
+	/* Extend the sign bit. */
+	if ((ssize_t)sizeof(long) > f->size)
+		x |= -(x & (1L << ((8 * f->size) - 1)));
+
+	return ucv_int64_new(x);
+}
+
+static uc_value_t *
+be_unpack_uint(uc_vm_t *vm, const char *p, const formatdef_t *f)
+{
+	const unsigned char *bytes = (const unsigned char *)p;
+	ssize_t i = f->size;
+	unsigned long x = 0;
+
+	do {
+		x = (x<<8) | *bytes++;
+	} while (--i > 0);
+
+	return ucv_uint64_new(x);
+}
+
+static uc_value_t *
+be_unpack_longlong(uc_vm_t *vm, const char *p, const formatdef_t *f)
+{
+	const unsigned char *bytes = (const unsigned char *)p;
+	ssize_t i = f->size;
+	long long x = 0;
+
+	do {
+		x = (x<<8) | *bytes++;
+	} while (--i > 0);
+
+	/* Extend the sign bit. */
+	if ((ssize_t)sizeof(long long) > f->size)
+		x |= -(x & ((long long)1 << ((8 * f->size) - 1)));
+
+	return ucv_int64_new(x);
+}
+
+static uc_value_t *
+be_unpack_ulonglong(uc_vm_t *vm, const char *p, const formatdef_t *f)
+{
+	const unsigned char *bytes = (const unsigned char *)p;
+	unsigned long long x = 0;
+	ssize_t i = f->size;
+
+	do {
+		x = (x<<8) | *bytes++;
+	} while (--i > 0);
+
+	return ucv_uint64_new(x);
+}
+
+static uc_value_t *
+be_unpack_halffloat(uc_vm_t *vm, const char *p, const formatdef_t *f)
+{
+	return ucv_double_new(double_unpack16(p, false));
+}
+
+static uc_value_t *
+be_unpack_float(uc_vm_t *vm, const char *p, const formatdef_t *f)
+{
+	return ucv_double_new(double_unpack32(p, false));
+}
+
+static uc_value_t *
+be_unpack_double(uc_vm_t *vm, const char *p, const formatdef_t *f)
+{
+	return ucv_double_new(double_unpack64(p, false));
+}
+
+static uc_value_t *
+be_unpack_bool(uc_vm_t *vm, const char *p, const formatdef_t *f)
+{
+	return ucv_boolean_new(*p != 0);
+}
+
+static bool
+be_pack_int(uc_vm_t *vm, char *p, uc_value_t *v, const formatdef_t *f)
+{
+	unsigned char *q = (unsigned char *)p;
+	ssize_t i = 0;
+	long x = 0;
+
+	if (!ucv_as_long(vm, v, &x))
+		return false;
+
+	i = f->size;
+
+	if (i != sizeof(long)) {
+		if ((i == 2) && (x < -32768 || x > 32767))
+			return range_exception(vm, f, false);
+#if UINT_MAX < ULONG_MAX
+		else if ((i == 4) && (x < -2147483648L || x > 2147483647L))
+			return range_exception(vm, f, false);
+#endif
+	}
+
+	do {
+		q[--i] = (unsigned char)(x & 0xffL);
+		x >>= 8;
+	} while (i > 0);
+
+	return true;
+}
+
+static bool
+be_pack_uint(uc_vm_t *vm, char *p, uc_value_t *v, const formatdef_t *f)
+{
+	unsigned char *q = (unsigned char *)p;
+	unsigned long x = 0;
+	ssize_t i = 0;
+
+	if (!ucv_as_ulong(vm, v, &x))
+		return false;
+
+	i = f->size;
+
+	if (i != sizeof(long)) {
+		unsigned long maxint = 1;
+		maxint <<= (unsigned long)(i * 8);
+		if (x >= maxint)
+			return range_exception(vm, f, true);
+	}
+
+	do {
+		q[--i] = (unsigned char)(x & 0xffUL);
+		x >>= 8;
+	} while (i > 0);
+
+	return true;
+}
+
+static bool
+be_pack_longlong(uc_vm_t *vm, char *p, uc_value_t *v, const formatdef_t *f)
+{
+	unsigned char *q = (unsigned char *)p;
+	long long x = 0;
+	ssize_t i = 0;
+
+	if (!ucv_as_longlong(vm, v, &x))
+		return false;
+
+	i = f->size;
+
+	do {
+		q[--i] = (unsigned char)(x & 0xffL);
+		x >>= 8;
+	} while (i > 0);
+
+	return true;
+}
+
+static bool
+be_pack_ulonglong(uc_vm_t *vm, char *p, uc_value_t *v, const formatdef_t *f)
+{
+	unsigned char *q = (unsigned char *)p;
+	unsigned long long x = 0;
+	ssize_t i = 0;
+
+	if (!ucv_as_ulonglong(vm, v, &x))
+		return false;
+
+	i = f->size;
+
+	do {
+		q[--i] = (unsigned char)(x & 0xffUL);
+		x >>= 8;
+	} while (i > 0);
+
+	return true;
+}
+
+static bool
+be_pack_halffloat(uc_vm_t *vm, char *p, uc_value_t *v, const formatdef_t *f)
+{
+	double x = 0.0;
+
+	if (!ucv_as_double(vm, v, &x))
+		return false;
+
+	return double_pack16(x, p, false);
+}
+
+static bool
+be_pack_float(uc_vm_t *vm, char *p, uc_value_t *v, const formatdef_t *f)
+{
+	double x = 0.0;
+
+	if (!ucv_as_double(vm, v, &x))
+		return false;
+
+	if (!double_pack32(x, p, 0)) {
+		uc_vm_raise_exception(vm, EXCEPTION_TYPE, "Argument out of range");
+
+		return false;
+	}
+
+	return true;
+}
+
+static bool
+be_pack_double(uc_vm_t *vm, char *p, uc_value_t *v, const formatdef_t *f)
+{
+	double x = 0.0;
+
+	if (!ucv_as_double(vm, v, &x))
+		return false;
+
+	if (!double_pack64(x, p, 0)) {
+		uc_vm_raise_exception(vm, EXCEPTION_TYPE, "Argument out of range");
+
+		return false;
+	}
+
+	return true;
+}
+
+static bool
+be_pack_bool(uc_vm_t *vm, char *p, uc_value_t *v, const formatdef_t *f)
+{
+	*p = (char)ucv_is_truish(v);
+
+	return true;
+}
+
+static formatdef_t big_endian_table[] = {
+	{ 'x', 1, 0, NULL, NULL },
+	{ 'b', 1, 0, native_unpack_byte, native_pack_byte },
+	{ 'B', 1, 0, native_unpack_ubyte, native_pack_ubyte },
+	{ 'c', 1, 0, native_unpack_char, native_pack_char },
+	{ 's', 1, 0, NULL, NULL },
+	{ 'p', 1, 0, NULL, NULL },
+	{ 'h', 2, 0, be_unpack_int, be_pack_int },
+	{ 'H', 2, 0, be_unpack_uint, be_pack_uint },
+	{ 'i', 4, 0, be_unpack_int, be_pack_int },
+	{ 'I', 4, 0, be_unpack_uint, be_pack_uint },
+	{ 'l', 4, 0, be_unpack_int, be_pack_int },
+	{ 'L', 4, 0, be_unpack_uint, be_pack_uint },
+	{ 'q', 8, 0, be_unpack_longlong, be_pack_longlong },
+	{ 'Q', 8, 0, be_unpack_ulonglong, be_pack_ulonglong },
+	{ '?', 1, 0, be_unpack_bool, be_pack_bool },
+	{ 'e', 2, 0, be_unpack_halffloat, be_pack_halffloat },
+	{ 'f', 4, 0, be_unpack_float, be_pack_float },
+	{ 'd', 8, 0, be_unpack_double, be_pack_double },
+	{ 0 }
+};
+
+
+/* Little-endian routines. *****************************************************/
+
+static uc_value_t *
+le_unpack_int(uc_vm_t *vm, const char *p, const formatdef_t *f)
+{
+	const unsigned char *bytes = (const unsigned char *)p;
+	ssize_t i = f->size;
+	long x = 0;
+
+	do {
+		x = (x<<8) | bytes[--i];
+	} while (i > 0);
+
+	/* Extend the sign bit. */
+	if ((ssize_t)sizeof(long) > f->size)
+		x |= -(x & (1L << ((8 * f->size) - 1)));
+
+	return ucv_int64_new(x);
+}
+
+static uc_value_t *
+le_unpack_uint(uc_vm_t *vm, const char *p, const formatdef_t *f)
+{
+	const unsigned char *bytes = (const unsigned char *)p;
+	ssize_t i = f->size;
+	unsigned long x = 0;
+
+	do {
+		x = (x<<8) | bytes[--i];
+	} while (i > 0);
+
+	return ucv_uint64_new(x);
+}
+
+static uc_value_t *
+le_unpack_longlong(uc_vm_t *vm, const char *p, const formatdef_t *f)
+{
+	const unsigned char *bytes = (const unsigned char *)p;
+	ssize_t i = f->size;
+	long long x = 0;
+
+	do {
+		x = (x<<8) | bytes[--i];
+	} while (i > 0);
+
+	/* Extend the sign bit. */
+	if ((ssize_t)sizeof(long long) > f->size)
+		x |= -(x & ((long long)1 << ((8 * f->size) - 1)));
+
+	return ucv_int64_new(x);
+}
+
+static uc_value_t *
+le_unpack_ulonglong(uc_vm_t *vm, const char *p, const formatdef_t *f)
+{
+	const unsigned char *bytes = (const unsigned char *)p;
+	unsigned long long x = 0;
+	ssize_t i = f->size;
+
+	do {
+		x = (x<<8) | bytes[--i];
+	} while (i > 0);
+
+	return ucv_uint64_new(x);
+}
+
+static uc_value_t *
+le_unpack_halffloat(uc_vm_t *vm, const char *p, const formatdef_t *f)
+{
+	return ucv_double_new(double_unpack16(p, true));
+}
+
+static uc_value_t *
+le_unpack_float(uc_vm_t *vm, const char *p, const formatdef_t *f)
+{
+	return ucv_double_new(double_unpack32(p, true));
+}
+
+static uc_value_t *
+le_unpack_double(uc_vm_t *vm, const char *p, const formatdef_t *f)
+{
+	return ucv_double_new(double_unpack64(p, true));
+}
+
+static bool
+le_pack_int(uc_vm_t *vm, char *p, uc_value_t *v, const formatdef_t *f)
+{
+	unsigned char *q = (unsigned char *)p;
+	ssize_t i = 0;
+	long x = 0;
+
+	if (!ucv_as_long(vm, v, &x))
+		return false;
+
+	i = f->size;
+
+	if (i != sizeof(long)) {
+		if ((i == 2) && (x < -32768 || x > 32767))
+			return range_exception(vm, f, false);
+#if UINT_MAX < ULONG_MAX
+		else if ((i == 4) && (x < -2147483648L || x > 2147483647L))
+			return range_exception(vm, f, false);
+#endif
+	}
+
+	do {
+		*q++ = (unsigned char)(x & 0xffL);
+		x >>= 8;
+	} while (--i > 0);
+
+	return true;
+}
+
+static bool
+le_pack_uint(uc_vm_t *vm, char *p, uc_value_t *v, const formatdef_t *f)
+{
+	unsigned char *q = (unsigned char *)p;
+	unsigned long x = 0;
+	ssize_t i = 0;
+
+	if (!ucv_as_ulong(vm, v, &x))
+		return false;
+
+	i = f->size;
+
+	if (i != sizeof(long)) {
+		unsigned long maxint = 1;
+		maxint <<= (unsigned long)(i * 8);
+
+		if (x >= maxint)
+			return range_exception(vm, f, true);
+	}
+
+	do {
+		*q++ = (unsigned char)(x & 0xffUL);
+		x >>= 8;
+	} while (--i > 0);
+
+	return true;
+}
+
+static bool
+le_pack_longlong(uc_vm_t *vm, char *p, uc_value_t *v, const formatdef_t *f)
+{
+	unsigned char *q = (unsigned char *)p;
+	long long x = 0;
+	ssize_t i = 0;
+
+	if (!ucv_as_longlong(vm, v, &x))
+		return false;
+
+	i = f->size;
+
+	do {
+		*q++ = (unsigned char)(x & 0xffL);
+		x >>= 8;
+	} while (--i > 0);
+
+	return true;
+}
+
+static bool
+le_pack_ulonglong(uc_vm_t *vm, char *p, uc_value_t *v, const formatdef_t *f)
+{
+	unsigned char *q = (unsigned char *)p;
+	unsigned long long x = 0;
+	ssize_t i = 0;
+
+	if (!ucv_as_ulonglong(vm, v, &x))
+		return false;
+
+	i = f->size;
+
+	do {
+		*q++ = (unsigned char)(x & 0xffUL);
+		x >>= 8;
+	} while (--i > 0);
+
+	return true;
+}
+
+static bool
+le_pack_halffloat(uc_vm_t *vm, char *p, uc_value_t *v, const formatdef_t *f)
+{
+	double x = 0.0;
+
+	if (!ucv_as_double(vm, v, &x))
+		return false;
+
+	return double_pack16(x, p, true);
+}
+
+static bool
+le_pack_float(uc_vm_t *vm, char *p, uc_value_t *v, const formatdef_t *f)
+{
+	double x = 0.0;
+
+	if (!ucv_as_double(vm, v, &x))
+		return false;
+
+	if (!double_pack32(x, p, 1)) {
+		uc_vm_raise_exception(vm, EXCEPTION_TYPE, "Argument out of range");
+
+		return false;
+	}
+
+	return true;
+}
+
+static bool
+le_pack_double(uc_vm_t *vm, char *p, uc_value_t *v, const formatdef_t *f)
+{
+	double x = 0.0;
+
+	if (!ucv_as_double(vm, v, &x))
+		return false;
+
+	if (!double_pack64(x, p, 1)) {
+		uc_vm_raise_exception(vm, EXCEPTION_TYPE, "Argument out of range");
+
+		return false;
+	}
+
+	return true;
+}
+
+static formatdef_t little_endian_table[] = {
+	{ 'x', 1, 0, NULL, NULL },
+	{ 'b', 1, 0, native_unpack_byte, native_pack_byte },
+	{ 'B', 1, 0, native_unpack_ubyte, native_pack_ubyte },
+	{ 'c', 1, 0, native_unpack_char, native_pack_char },
+	{ 's', 1, 0, NULL, NULL },
+	{ 'p', 1, 0, NULL, NULL },
+	{ 'h', 2, 0, le_unpack_int, le_pack_int },
+	{ 'H', 2, 0, le_unpack_uint, le_pack_uint },
+	{ 'i', 4, 0, le_unpack_int, le_pack_int },
+	{ 'I', 4, 0, le_unpack_uint, le_pack_uint },
+	{ 'l', 4, 0, le_unpack_int, le_pack_int },
+	{ 'L', 4, 0, le_unpack_uint, le_pack_uint },
+	{ 'q', 8, 0, le_unpack_longlong, le_pack_longlong },
+	{ 'Q', 8, 0, le_unpack_ulonglong, le_pack_ulonglong },
+	{ '?', 1, 0, be_unpack_bool, be_pack_bool },
+	{ 'e', 2, 0, le_unpack_halffloat, le_pack_halffloat },
+	{ 'f', 4, 0, le_unpack_float, le_pack_float },
+	{ 'd', 8, 0, le_unpack_double, le_pack_double },
+	{ 0 }
+};
+
+
+static const formatdef_t *
+select_format_table(const char **pfmt)
+{
+	const char *fmt = (*pfmt)++; /* May be backed out of later */
+
+	switch (*fmt) {
+	case '<':
+		return little_endian_table;
+
+	case '>':
+	case '!': /* Network byte order is big-endian */
+		return big_endian_table;
+
+	case '=':  /* Host byte order -- different from native in alignment! */
+#if __BYTE_ORDER == __LITTLE_ENDIAN
+		return little_endian_table;
+#else
+		return big_endian_table;
+#endif
+
+	default:
+		--*pfmt; /* Back out of pointer increment */
+		/* Fall through */
+
+	case '@':
+		return native_endian_table;
+	}
+}
+
+
+/* Get the table entry for a format code */
+
+static const formatdef_t *
+lookup_table_entry(uc_vm_t *vm, int c, const formatdef_t *table)
+{
+	for (; table->format != '\0'; table++) {
+		if (table->format == c) {
+			return table;
+		}
+	}
+
+	uc_vm_raise_exception(vm, EXCEPTION_TYPE,
+		"Unrecognized character '%c' in struct format",
+		c);
+
+	return NULL;
+}
+
+
+/* Align a size according to a format code.  Return -1 on overflow. */
+
+static ssize_t
+align_for_entry(ssize_t size, const formatdef_t *e)
+{
+	ssize_t extra;
+
+	if (e->alignment && size > 0) {
+		extra = (e->alignment - 1) - (size - 1) % (e->alignment);
+
+		if (extra > SSIZE_MAX - size)
+			return -1;
+
+		size += extra;
+	}
+
+	return size;
+}
+
+
+static void
+optimize_functions(void)
+{
+	/* Check endian and swap in faster functions */
+	const formatdef_t *native = native_endian_table;
+	formatdef_t *other, *ptr;
+
+#if __BYTE_ORDER == __LITTLE_ENDIAN
+	other = little_endian_table;
+#else
+	other = big_endian_table;
+#endif
+
+	/* Scan through the native table, find a matching
+	   entry in the endian table and swap in the
+	   native implementations whenever possible
+	   (64-bit platforms may not have "standard" sizes) */
+	while (native->format != '\0' && other->format != '\0') {
+		ptr = other;
+
+		while (ptr->format != '\0') {
+			if (ptr->format == native->format) {
+				/* Match faster when formats are
+				   listed in the same order */
+				if (ptr == other)
+					other++;
+
+				/* Only use the trick if the
+				   size matches */
+				if (ptr->size != native->size)
+					break;
+
+				/* Skip float and double, could be
+				   "unknown" float format */
+				if (ptr->format == 'd' || ptr->format == 'f')
+					break;
+
+				/* Skip bool, semantics are different for standard size */
+				if (ptr->format == '?')
+					break;
+
+				ptr->pack = native->pack;
+				ptr->unpack = native->unpack;
+				break;
+			}
+
+			ptr++;
+		}
+
+		native++;
+	}
+}
+
+static formatstate_t *
+parse_format(uc_vm_t *vm, uc_value_t *fmtval)
+{
+	ssize_t size, len, num, itemsize;
+	const formatdef_t *e, *f;
+	const char *fmt, *s;
+	formatstate_t *state;
+	formatcode_t *codes;
+	size_t ncodes;
+	char c;
+
+	if (ucv_type(fmtval) != UC_STRING) {
+		uc_vm_raise_exception(vm, EXCEPTION_TYPE,
+			"Format value not a string");
+
+		return NULL;
+	}
+
+	fmt = ucv_string_get(fmtval);
+
+	if (strlen(fmt) != ucv_string_length(fmtval)) {
+		uc_vm_raise_exception(vm, EXCEPTION_TYPE,
+			"Format string contains embedded null character");
+
+		return NULL;
+	}
+
+	f = select_format_table(&fmt);
+
+	s = fmt;
+	size = 0;
+	len = 0;
+	ncodes = 0;
+
+	while ((c = *s++) != '\0') {
+		if (isspace(c))
+			continue;
+
+		if ('0' <= c && c <= '9') {
+			num = c - '0';
+
+			while ('0' <= (c = *s++) && c <= '9') {
+				/* overflow-safe version of
+				   if (num*10 + (c - '0') > SSIZE_MAX) { ... } */
+				if (num >= SSIZE_MAX / 10 && (
+						num > SSIZE_MAX / 10 ||
+						(c - '0') > SSIZE_MAX % 10))
+					goto overflow;
+
+				num = num*10 + (c - '0');
+			}
+
+			if (c == '\0') {
+				uc_vm_raise_exception(vm, EXCEPTION_TYPE,
+					"Format string contains repeat count given without format specifier");
+
+				return NULL;
+			}
+		}
+		else
+			num = 1;
+
+		e = lookup_table_entry(vm, c, f);
+
+		if (e == NULL)
+			return NULL;
+
+		switch (c) {
+		case 's': /* fall through */
+		case 'p':
+			len++;
+			ncodes++;
+			break;
+
+		case 'x':
+			break;
+
+		default:
+			len += num;
+
+			if (num)
+				ncodes++;
+
+			break;
+		}
+
+		itemsize = e->size;
+		size = align_for_entry(size, e);
+
+		if (size == -1)
+			goto overflow;
+
+		/* if (size + num * itemsize > SSIZE_MAX) { ... } */
+		if (num > (SSIZE_MAX - size) / itemsize)
+			goto overflow;
+
+		size += num * itemsize;
+	}
+
+	/* check for overflow */
+	if ((ncodes + 1) > ((size_t)SSIZE_MAX / sizeof(formatcode_t))) {
+		uc_vm_raise_exception(vm, EXCEPTION_RUNTIME, "Out of memory");
+
+		return NULL;
+	}
+
+	state = xalloc(sizeof(*state) + ncodes * sizeof(formatcode_t));
+	state->len = len;
+	state->size = size;
+	state->ncodes = ncodes;
+
+	codes = state->codes;
+
+	s = fmt;
+	size = 0;
+
+	while ((c = *s++) != '\0') {
+		if (isspace(c))
+			continue;
+
+		if ('0' <= c && c <= '9') {
+			num = c - '0';
+
+			while ('0' <= (c = *s++) && c <= '9')
+				num = num*10 + (c - '0');
+		}
+		else
+			num = 1;
+
+		e = lookup_table_entry(vm, c, f);
+
+		if (e == NULL)
+			continue;
+
+		size = align_for_entry(size, e);
+
+		if (c == 's' || c == 'p') {
+			codes->offset = size;
+			codes->size = num;
+			codes->fmtdef = e;
+			codes->repeat = 1;
+			codes++;
+			size += num;
+		}
+		else if (c == 'x') {
+			size += num;
+		}
+		else if (num) {
+			codes->offset = size;
+			codes->size = e->size;
+			codes->fmtdef = e;
+			codes->repeat = num;
+			codes++;
+			size += e->size * num;
+		}
+	}
+
+	return state;
+
+overflow:
+  	uc_vm_raise_exception(vm, EXCEPTION_RUNTIME,
+  		"Total struct size too long");
+
+	return NULL;
+}
+
+static uc_value_t *
+uc_pack_common(uc_vm_t *vm, size_t nargs, formatstate_t *state, size_t argoff)
+{
+	formatcode_t *code;
+	uc_string_t *buf;
+	size_t ncode;
+
+	buf = xalloc(sizeof(*buf) + state->size + 1);
+	buf->header.type = UC_STRING;
+	buf->header.refcount = 1;
+	buf->length = state->size;
+
+	for (ncode = 0, code = &state->codes[0];
+	     ncode < state->ncodes;
+	     code = &state->codes[++ncode]) {
+		const formatdef_t *e = code->fmtdef;
+		char *res = buf->str + code->offset;
+		ssize_t j = code->repeat;
+
+		while (j--) {
+			uc_value_t *v = uc_fn_arg(argoff++);
+
+			if (e->format == 's') {
+				ssize_t n;
+				const void *p;
+
+				if (ucv_type(v) != UC_STRING) {
+					uc_vm_raise_exception(vm, EXCEPTION_TYPE,
+						"Argument for 's' must be a string");
+
+					goto err;
+				}
+
+				n = ucv_string_length(v);
+				p = ucv_string_get(v);
+
+				if (n > code->size)
+					n = code->size;
+
+				if (n > 0)
+					memcpy(res, p, n);
+			}
+			else if (e->format == 'p') {
+				ssize_t n;
+				const void *p;
+
+				if (ucv_type(v) != UC_STRING) {
+					uc_vm_raise_exception(vm, EXCEPTION_TYPE,
+						"Argument for 's' must be a string");
+
+					goto err;
+				}
+
+				n = ucv_string_length(v);
+				p = ucv_string_get(v);
+
+				if (n > (code->size - 1))
+					n = code->size - 1;
+
+				if (n > 0)
+					memcpy(res + 1, p, n);
+
+				if (n > 255)
+					n = 255;
+
+				*res = (unsigned char)n;
+			}
+			else {
+				if (!e->pack(vm, res, v, e))
+					goto err;
+			}
+
+			res += code->size;
+		}
+	}
+
+	return &buf->header;
+
+err:
+	free(buf);
+
+	return NULL;
+}
+
+static uc_value_t *
+uc_unpack_common(uc_vm_t *vm, size_t nargs, formatstate_t *state, size_t argoff)
+{
+	uc_value_t *bufval = uc_fn_arg(argoff);
+	const char *startfrom = NULL;
+	uc_value_t *result;
+	formatcode_t *code;
+	size_t ncode = 0;
+
+	if (ucv_type(bufval) != UC_STRING) {
+		uc_vm_raise_exception(vm, EXCEPTION_TYPE,
+			"Buffer value not a string");
+
+		return NULL;
+	}
+
+	startfrom = ucv_string_get(bufval);
+	result = ucv_array_new(vm);
+
+	for (ncode = 0, code = &state->codes[0];
+	     ncode < state->ncodes;
+	     code = &state->codes[++ncode]) {
+		const formatdef_t *e = code->fmtdef;
+		const char *res = startfrom + code->offset;
+		ssize_t j = code->repeat;
+
+		while (j--) {
+			uc_value_t *v = NULL;
+
+			if (e->format == 's') {
+				v = ucv_string_new_length(res, code->size);
+			}
+			else if (e->format == 'p') {
+				ssize_t n = *(unsigned char *)res;
+
+				if (n >= code->size)
+					n = code->size - 1;
+
+				v = ucv_string_new_length(res + 1, n);
+			}
+			else {
+				v = e->unpack(vm, res, e);
+			}
+
+			if (v == NULL)
+				goto fail;
+
+			ucv_array_push(result, v);
+
+			res += code->size;
+		}
+	}
+
+	return result;
+
+fail:
+	ucv_put(result);
+
+	return NULL;
+}
+
+
+static uc_value_t *
+uc_pack(uc_vm_t *vm, size_t nargs)
+{
+	uc_value_t *fmtval = uc_fn_arg(0);
+	uc_value_t *res = NULL;
+	formatstate_t *state;
+
+	state = parse_format(vm, fmtval);
+
+	if (!state)
+		return NULL;
+
+	res = uc_pack_common(vm, nargs, state, 1);
+
+	free(state);
+
+	return res;
+}
+
+static uc_value_t *
+uc_unpack(uc_vm_t *vm, size_t nargs)
+{
+	uc_value_t *fmtval = uc_fn_arg(0);
+	uc_value_t *res = NULL;
+	formatstate_t *state;
+
+	state = parse_format(vm, fmtval);
+
+	if (!state)
+		return NULL;
+
+	res = uc_unpack_common(vm, nargs, state, 1);
+
+	free(state);
+
+	return res;
+}
+
+
+static uc_value_t *
+uc_struct_new(uc_vm_t *vm, size_t nargs)
+{
+	uc_value_t *fmtval = uc_fn_arg(0);
+	formatstate_t *state;
+
+	state = parse_format(vm, fmtval);
+
+	if (!state)
+		return NULL;
+
+	return uc_ressource_new(struct_type, state);
+}
+
+static void
+uc_struct_gc(void *ud)
+{
+	formatstate_t *state = ud;
+
+	free(state);
+}
+
+static uc_value_t *
+uc_struct_pack(uc_vm_t *vm, size_t nargs)
+{
+	formatstate_t **state = uc_fn_this("struct");
+
+	if (!state || !*state)
+		return NULL;
+
+	return uc_pack_common(vm, nargs, *state, 0);
+}
+
+static uc_value_t *
+uc_struct_unpack(uc_vm_t *vm, size_t nargs)
+{
+	formatstate_t **state = uc_fn_this("struct");
+
+	if (!state || !*state)
+		return NULL;
+
+	return uc_unpack_common(vm, nargs, *state, 0);
+}
+
+
+static const uc_function_list_t struct_inst_fns[] = {
+	{ "pack",	uc_struct_pack },
+	{ "unpack",	uc_struct_unpack }
+};
+
+static const uc_function_list_t struct_fns[] = {
+	{ "pack",	uc_pack },
+	{ "unpack",	uc_unpack },
+	{ "new",	uc_struct_new }
+};
+
+void uc_module_init(uc_vm_t *vm, uc_value_t *scope)
+{
+	optimize_functions();
+
+	uc_function_list_register(scope, struct_fns);
+
+	struct_type = uc_type_declare(vm, "struct", struct_inst_fns, uc_struct_gc);
+}