path: root/test/syscalls/linux/ptrace.cc

// Copyright 2018 Google LLC
//
// Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License");
// you may not use this file except in compliance with the License.
// You may obtain a copy of the License at
//
//     http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
//
// Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software
// distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS,
// WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.
// See the License for the specific language governing permissions and
// limitations under the License.

#include <elf.h>
#include <signal.h>
#include <stddef.h>
#include <sys/ptrace.h>
#include <sys/time.h>
#include <sys/types.h>
#include <sys/user.h>
#include <sys/wait.h>
#include <unistd.h>

#include <utility>

#include "gmock/gmock.h"
#include "gtest/gtest.h"
#include "absl/time/clock.h"
#include "absl/time/time.h"
#include "test/util/logging.h"
#include "test/util/multiprocess_util.h"
#include "test/util/signal_util.h"
#include "test/util/test_util.h"
#include "test/util/thread_util.h"

DEFINE_bool(ptrace_test_execve_child, false,
            "If true, run the "
            "PtraceExecveTest_Execve_GetRegs_PeekUser_SIGKILL_TraceClone_"
            "TraceExit child workload.");

namespace gvisor {
namespace testing {

namespace {

// Sends sig to the current process with tgkill(2).
//
// glibc's raise(2) may change the signal mask before sending the signal. These
// extra syscalls make tests of syscall, signal interception, etc. difficult to
// write.
void RaiseSignal(int sig) {
  pid_t pid = getpid();
  TEST_PCHECK(pid > 0);
  pid_t tid = gettid();
  TEST_PCHECK(tid > 0);
  TEST_PCHECK(tgkill(pid, tid, sig) == 0);
}

// Returns the Yama ptrace scope.
PosixErrorOr<int> YamaPtraceScope() {
  constexpr char kYamaPtraceScopePath[] = "/proc/sys/kernel/yama/ptrace_scope";

  ASSIGN_OR_RETURN_ERRNO(bool exists, Exists(kYamaPtraceScopePath));
  if (!exists) {
    // File doesn't exist means no Yama, so the scope is disabled -> 0.
    return 0;
  }

  std::string contents;
  RETURN_IF_ERRNO(GetContents(kYamaPtraceScopePath, &contents));

  int scope;
  if (!absl::SimpleAtoi(contents, &scope)) {
    return PosixError(EINVAL, absl::StrCat(contents, ": not a valid number"));
  }

  return scope;
}

TEST(PtraceTest, AttachSelf) {
  EXPECT_THAT(ptrace(PTRACE_ATTACH, gettid(), 0, 0),
              SyscallFailsWithErrno(EPERM));
}

TEST(PtraceTest, AttachSameThreadGroup) {
  pid_t const tid = gettid();
  ScopedThread([&] {
    EXPECT_THAT(ptrace(PTRACE_ATTACH, tid, 0, 0), SyscallFailsWithErrno(EPERM));
  });
}

TEST(PtraceTest, AttachParent_PeekData_PokeData_SignalSuppression) {
  // Yama prevents attaching to a parent. Skip the test if the scope is anything
  // except disabled.
  SKIP_IF(ASSERT_NO_ERRNO_AND_VALUE(YamaPtraceScope()) > 0);

  constexpr long kBeforePokeDataValue = 10;
  constexpr long kAfterPokeDataValue = 20;

  volatile long word = kBeforePokeDataValue;

  pid_t const child_pid = fork();
  if (child_pid == 0) {
    // In child process.

    // Attach to the parent.
    pid_t const parent_pid = getppid();
    TEST_PCHECK(ptrace(PTRACE_ATTACH, parent_pid, 0, 0) == 0);
    MaybeSave();

    // Block until the parent enters signal-delivery-stop as a result of the
    // SIGSTOP sent by PTRACE_ATTACH.
    int status;
    TEST_PCHECK(waitpid(parent_pid, &status, 0) == parent_pid);
    MaybeSave();
    TEST_CHECK(WIFSTOPPED(status) && WSTOPSIG(status) == SIGSTOP);

    // Replace the value of word in the parent process with kAfterPokeDataValue.
    long const parent_word = ptrace(PTRACE_PEEKDATA, parent_pid, &word, 0);
    MaybeSave();
    TEST_CHECK(parent_word == kBeforePokeDataValue);
    TEST_PCHECK(
        ptrace(PTRACE_POKEDATA, parent_pid, &word, kAfterPokeDataValue) == 0);
    MaybeSave();

    // Detach from the parent and suppress the SIGSTOP. If the SIGSTOP is not
    // suppressed, the parent will hang in group-stop, causing the test to time
    // out.
    TEST_PCHECK(ptrace(PTRACE_DETACH, parent_pid, 0, 0) == 0);
    MaybeSave();
    _exit(0);
  }
  // In parent process.
  ASSERT_THAT(child_pid, SyscallSucceeds());

  // Wait for the child to complete.
  int status;
  ASSERT_THAT(waitpid(child_pid, &status, 0),
              SyscallSucceedsWithValue(child_pid));
  EXPECT_TRUE(WIFEXITED(status) && WEXITSTATUS(status) == 0)
      << " status " << status;

  // Check that the child's PTRACE_POKEDATA was effective.
  EXPECT_EQ(kAfterPokeDataValue, word);
}

TEST(PtraceTest, GetSigMask) {
  // <sys/user.h> doesn't define these until Linux 4.4, even though the features
  // were added in 3.11.
  constexpr auto kPtraceGetSigMask = static_cast<enum __ptrace_request>(0x420a);
  constexpr auto kPtraceSetSigMask = static_cast<enum __ptrace_request>(0x420b);
  // glibc and the Linux kernel define a sigset_t with different sizes. To avoid
  // creating a kernel_sigset_t and recreating all the modification functions
  // (sigemptyset, etc), we just hardcode the kernel sigset size.
  constexpr int kSizeofKernelSigset = 8;
  constexpr int kBlockSignal = SIGUSR1;
  sigset_t blocked;
  sigemptyset(&blocked);
  sigaddset(&blocked, kBlockSignal);

  pid_t const child_pid = fork();
  if (child_pid == 0) {
    // In child process.

    // Install a signal handler for kBlockSignal to avoid termination and block
    // it.
    TEST_PCHECK(signal(kBlockSignal, +[](int signo) {}) != SIG_ERR);
    MaybeSave();
    TEST_PCHECK(sigprocmask(SIG_SETMASK, &blocked, nullptr) == 0);
    MaybeSave();

    // Enable tracing.
    TEST_PCHECK(ptrace(PTRACE_TRACEME, 0, 0, 0) == 0);
    MaybeSave();

    // This should be blocked.
    RaiseSignal(kBlockSignal);

    // This should be suppressed by parent, who will change signal mask in the
    // meantime, which means kBlockSignal should be delivered once this resumes.
    RaiseSignal(SIGSTOP);

    _exit(0);
  }
  // In parent process.
  ASSERT_THAT(child_pid, SyscallSucceeds());

  // Wait for the child to send itself SIGSTOP and enter signal-delivery-stop.
  int status;
  ASSERT_THAT(waitpid(child_pid, &status, 0),
              SyscallSucceedsWithValue(child_pid));
  EXPECT_TRUE(WIFSTOPPED(status) && WSTOPSIG(status) == SIGSTOP)
      << " status " << status;

  // Get current signal mask.
  sigset_t set;
  EXPECT_THAT(ptrace(kPtraceGetSigMask, child_pid, kSizeofKernelSigset, &set),
              SyscallSucceeds());
  EXPECT_THAT(blocked, EqualsSigset(set));

  // Try to get current signal mask with bad size argument.
  EXPECT_THAT(ptrace(kPtraceGetSigMask, child_pid, 0, nullptr),
              SyscallFailsWithErrno(EINVAL));

  // Try to set bad signal mask.
  sigset_t* bad_addr = reinterpret_cast<sigset_t*>(-1);
  EXPECT_THAT(
      ptrace(kPtraceSetSigMask, child_pid, kSizeofKernelSigset, bad_addr),
      SyscallFailsWithErrno(EFAULT));

  // Set signal mask to empty set.
  sigset_t set1;
  sigemptyset(&set1);
  EXPECT_THAT(ptrace(kPtraceSetSigMask, child_pid, kSizeofKernelSigset, &set1),
              SyscallSucceeds());

  // Suppress SIGSTOP and resume the child. It should re-enter
  // signal-delivery-stop for kBlockSignal.
  ASSERT_THAT(ptrace(PTRACE_CONT, child_pid, 0, 0), SyscallSucceeds());
  ASSERT_THAT(waitpid(child_pid, &status, 0),
              SyscallSucceedsWithValue(child_pid));
  EXPECT_TRUE(WIFSTOPPED(status) && WSTOPSIG(status) == kBlockSignal)
      << " status " << status;

  ASSERT_THAT(ptrace(PTRACE_CONT, child_pid, 0, 0), SyscallSucceeds());
  ASSERT_THAT(waitpid(child_pid, &status, 0),
              SyscallSucceedsWithValue(child_pid));
  // Let's see that process exited normally.
  EXPECT_TRUE(WIFEXITED(status) && WEXITSTATUS(status) == 0)
      << " status " << status;
}

TEST(PtraceTest, GetSiginfo_SetSiginfo_SignalInjection) {
  constexpr int kOriginalSigno = SIGUSR1;
  constexpr int kInjectedSigno = SIGUSR2;

  pid_t const child_pid = fork();
  if (child_pid == 0) {
    // In child process.

    // Override all signal handlers.
    struct sigaction sa = {};
    sa.sa_handler = +[](int signo) { _exit(signo); };
    TEST_PCHECK(sigfillset(&sa.sa_mask) == 0);
    for (int signo = 1; signo < 32; signo++) {
      if (signo == SIGKILL || signo == SIGSTOP) {
        continue;
      }
      TEST_PCHECK(sigaction(signo, &sa, nullptr) == 0);
    }
    for (int signo = SIGRTMIN; signo <= SIGRTMAX; signo++) {
      TEST_PCHECK(sigaction(signo, &sa, nullptr) == 0);
    }

    // Unblock all signals.
    TEST_PCHECK(sigprocmask(SIG_UNBLOCK, &sa.sa_mask, nullptr) == 0);
    MaybeSave();

    // Send ourselves kOriginalSignal while ptraced and exit with the signal we
    // actually receive via the signal handler, if any, or 0 if we don't receive
    // a signal.
    TEST_PCHECK(ptrace(PTRACE_TRACEME, 0, 0, 0) == 0);
    MaybeSave();
    RaiseSignal(kOriginalSigno);
    _exit(0);
  }
  // In parent process.
  ASSERT_THAT(child_pid, SyscallSucceeds());

  // Wait for the child to send itself kOriginalSigno and enter
  // signal-delivery-stop.
  int status;
  ASSERT_THAT(waitpid(child_pid, &status, 0),
              SyscallSucceedsWithValue(child_pid));
  EXPECT_TRUE(WIFSTOPPED(status) && WSTOPSIG(status) == kOriginalSigno)
      << " status " << status;

  siginfo_t siginfo = {};
  ASSERT_THAT(ptrace(PTRACE_GETSIGINFO, child_pid, 0, &siginfo),
              SyscallSucceeds());
  EXPECT_EQ(kOriginalSigno, siginfo.si_signo);
  EXPECT_EQ(SI_TKILL, siginfo.si_code);

  // Replace the signal with kInjectedSigno, and check that the child exits
  // with kInjectedSigno, indicating that signal injection was successful.
  siginfo.si_signo = kInjectedSigno;
  ASSERT_THAT(ptrace(PTRACE_SETSIGINFO, child_pid, 0, &siginfo),
              SyscallSucceeds());
  ASSERT_THAT(ptrace(PTRACE_DETACH, child_pid, 0, kInjectedSigno),
              SyscallSucceeds());
  ASSERT_THAT(waitpid(child_pid, &status, 0),
              SyscallSucceedsWithValue(child_pid));
  EXPECT_TRUE(WIFEXITED(status) && WEXITSTATUS(status) == kInjectedSigno)
      << " status " << status;
}

TEST(PtraceTest, SIGKILLDoesNotCauseSignalDeliveryStop) {
  pid_t const child_pid = fork();
  if (child_pid == 0) {
    // In child process.
    TEST_PCHECK(ptrace(PTRACE_TRACEME, 0, 0, 0) == 0);
    MaybeSave();
    RaiseSignal(SIGKILL);
    TEST_CHECK_MSG(false, "Survived SIGKILL?");
    _exit(1);
  }
  // In parent process.
  ASSERT_THAT(child_pid, SyscallSucceeds());

  // Expect the child to die to SIGKILL without entering signal-delivery-stop.
  int status;
  ASSERT_THAT(waitpid(child_pid, &status, 0),
              SyscallSucceedsWithValue(child_pid));
  EXPECT_TRUE(WIFSIGNALED(status) && WTERMSIG(status) == SIGKILL)
      << " status " << status;
}

TEST(PtraceTest, PtraceKill) {
  constexpr int kOriginalSigno = SIGUSR1;

  pid_t const child_pid = fork();
  if (child_pid == 0) {
    // In child process.
    TEST_PCHECK(ptrace(PTRACE_TRACEME, 0, 0, 0) == 0);
    MaybeSave();

    // PTRACE_KILL only works if tracee has entered signal-delivery-stop.
    RaiseSignal(kOriginalSigno);
    TEST_CHECK_MSG(false, "Failed to kill the process?");
    _exit(0);
  }
  // In parent process.
  ASSERT_THAT(child_pid, SyscallSucceeds());

  // Wait for the child to send itself kOriginalSigno and enter
  // signal-delivery-stop.
  int status;
  ASSERT_THAT(waitpid(child_pid, &status, 0),
              SyscallSucceedsWithValue(child_pid));
  EXPECT_TRUE(WIFSTOPPED(status) && WSTOPSIG(status) == kOriginalSigno)
      << " status " << status;

  ASSERT_THAT(ptrace(PTRACE_KILL, child_pid, 0, 0), SyscallSucceeds());

  // Expect the child to die with SIGKILL.
  ASSERT_THAT(waitpid(child_pid, &status, 0),
              SyscallSucceedsWithValue(child_pid));
  EXPECT_TRUE(WIFSIGNALED(status) && WTERMSIG(status) == SIGKILL)
      << " status " << status;
}

TEST(PtraceTest, GetRegSet) {
  pid_t const child_pid = fork();
  if (child_pid == 0) {
    // In child process.

    // Enable tracing.
    TEST_PCHECK(ptrace(PTRACE_TRACEME, 0, 0, 0) == 0);
    MaybeSave();

    // Use kill explicitly because we check the syscall argument register below.
    kill(getpid(), SIGSTOP);

    _exit(0);
  }
  // In parent process.
  ASSERT_THAT(child_pid, SyscallSucceeds());

  // Wait for the child to send itself SIGSTOP and enter signal-delivery-stop.
  int status;
  ASSERT_THAT(waitpid(child_pid, &status, 0),
              SyscallSucceedsWithValue(child_pid));
  EXPECT_TRUE(WIFSTOPPED(status) && WSTOPSIG(status) == SIGSTOP)
      << " status " << status;

  // Get the general registers.
  struct user_regs_struct regs;
  struct iovec iov;
  iov.iov_base = &regs;
  iov.iov_len = sizeof(regs);
  EXPECT_THAT(ptrace(PTRACE_GETREGSET, child_pid, NT_PRSTATUS, &iov),
              SyscallSucceeds());

  // Read exactly the full register set.
  EXPECT_EQ(iov.iov_len, sizeof(regs));

#ifdef __x86_64__
  // Child called kill(2), with SIGSTOP as arg 2.
  EXPECT_EQ(regs.rsi, SIGSTOP);
#endif

  // Suppress SIGSTOP and resume the child.
  ASSERT_THAT(ptrace(PTRACE_CONT, child_pid, 0, 0), SyscallSucceeds());
  ASSERT_THAT(waitpid(child_pid, &status, 0),
              SyscallSucceedsWithValue(child_pid));
  // Let's see that process exited normally.
  EXPECT_TRUE(WIFEXITED(status) && WEXITSTATUS(status) == 0)
      << " status " << status;
}

TEST(PtraceTest, AttachingConvertsGroupStopToPtraceStop) {
  pid_t const child_pid = fork();
  if (child_pid == 0) {
    // In child process.
    while (true) {
      pause();
    }
  }
  // In parent process.
  ASSERT_THAT(child_pid, SyscallSucceeds());

  // SIGSTOP the child and wait for it to stop.
  ASSERT_THAT(kill(child_pid, SIGSTOP), SyscallSucceeds());
  int status;
  ASSERT_THAT(waitpid(child_pid, &status, WUNTRACED),
              SyscallSucceedsWithValue(child_pid));
  EXPECT_TRUE(WIFSTOPPED(status) && WSTOPSIG(status) == SIGSTOP)
      << " status " << status;

  // Attach to the child and expect it to re-enter a traced group-stop despite
  // already being stopped.
  ASSERT_THAT(ptrace(PTRACE_ATTACH, child_pid, 0, 0), SyscallSucceeds());
  ASSERT_THAT(waitpid(child_pid, &status, 0),
              SyscallSucceedsWithValue(child_pid));
  EXPECT_TRUE(WIFSTOPPED(status) && WSTOPSIG(status) == SIGSTOP)
      << " status " << status;

  // Verify that the child is ptrace-stopped by checking that it can receive
  // ptrace commands requiring a ptrace-stop.
  EXPECT_THAT(ptrace(PTRACE_SETOPTIONS, child_pid, 0, 0), SyscallSucceeds());

  // Group-stop is distinguished from signal-delivery-stop by PTRACE_GETSIGINFO
  // failing with EINVAL.
  siginfo_t siginfo = {};
  EXPECT_THAT(ptrace(PTRACE_GETSIGINFO, child_pid, 0, &siginfo),
              SyscallFailsWithErrno(EINVAL));

  // Detach from the child and expect it to stay stopped without a notification.
  ASSERT_THAT(ptrace(PTRACE_DETACH, child_pid, 0, 0), SyscallSucceeds());
  ASSERT_THAT(waitpid(child_pid, &status, WUNTRACED | WNOHANG),
              SyscallSucceedsWithValue(0));

  // Sending it SIGCONT should cause it to leave its stop.
  ASSERT_THAT(kill(child_pid, SIGCONT), SyscallSucceeds());
  ASSERT_THAT(waitpid(child_pid, &status, WCONTINUED),
              SyscallSucceedsWithValue(child_pid));
  EXPECT_TRUE(WIFCONTINUED(status)) << " status " << status;

  // Clean up the child.
  ASSERT_THAT(kill(child_pid, SIGKILL), SyscallSucceeds());
  ASSERT_THAT(waitpid(child_pid, &status, 0),
              SyscallSucceedsWithValue(child_pid));
  EXPECT_TRUE(WIFSIGNALED(status) && WTERMSIG(status) == SIGKILL)
      << " status " << status;
}

// Fixture for tests parameterized by whether or not to use PTRACE_O_TRACEEXEC.
class PtraceExecveTest : public ::testing::TestWithParam<bool> {
 protected:
  bool TraceExec() const { return GetParam(); }
};

TEST_P(PtraceExecveTest, Execve_GetRegs_PeekUser_SIGKILL_TraceClone_TraceExit) {
  ExecveArray const owned_child_argv = {"/proc/self/exe",
                                        "--ptrace_test_execve_child"};
  char* const* const child_argv = owned_child_argv.get();

  pid_t const child_pid = fork();
  if (child_pid == 0) {
    // In child process. The test relies on calling execve() in a non-leader
    // thread; pthread_create() isn't async-signal-safe, so the safest way to
    // do this is to execve() first, then enable tracing and run the expected
    // child process behavior in the new subprocess.
    execve(child_argv[0], child_argv, /* envp = */ nullptr);
    TEST_PCHECK_MSG(false, "Survived execve to test child");
  }
  // In parent process.
  ASSERT_THAT(child_pid, SyscallSucceeds());

  // Wait for the child to send itself SIGSTOP and enter signal-delivery-stop.
  int status;
  ASSERT_THAT(waitpid(child_pid, &status, 0),
              SyscallSucceedsWithValue(child_pid));
  EXPECT_TRUE(WIFSTOPPED(status) && WSTOPSIG(status) == SIGSTOP)
      << " status " << status;

  // Enable PTRACE_O_TRACECLONE so we can get the ID of the child's non-leader
  // thread, PTRACE_O_TRACEEXIT so we can observe the leader's death, and
  // PTRACE_O_TRACEEXEC if required by the test. (The leader doesn't call
  // execve, but options should be inherited across clone.)
  long opts = PTRACE_O_TRACECLONE | PTRACE_O_TRACEEXIT;
  if (TraceExec()) {
    opts |= PTRACE_O_TRACEEXEC;
  }
  ASSERT_THAT(ptrace(PTRACE_SETOPTIONS, child_pid, 0, opts), SyscallSucceeds());

  // Suppress the SIGSTOP and wait for the child's leader thread to report
  // PTRACE_EVENT_CLONE. Get the new thread's ID from the event.
  ASSERT_THAT(ptrace(PTRACE_CONT, child_pid, 0, 0), SyscallSucceeds());
  ASSERT_THAT(waitpid(child_pid, &status, 0),
              SyscallSucceedsWithValue(child_pid));
  EXPECT_EQ(SIGTRAP | (PTRACE_EVENT_CLONE << 8), status >> 8);
  unsigned long eventmsg;
  ASSERT_THAT(ptrace(PTRACE_GETEVENTMSG, child_pid, 0, &eventmsg),
              SyscallSucceeds());
  pid_t const nonleader_tid = eventmsg;
  pid_t const leader_tid = child_pid;

  // The new thread should be ptraced and in signal-delivery-stop by SIGSTOP due
  // to PTRACE_O_TRACECLONE.
  //
  // Before bf959931ddb88c4e4366e96dd22e68fa0db9527c "wait/ptrace: assume __WALL
  // if the child is traced" (4.7) , waiting on it requires __WCLONE since, as a
  // non-leader, its termination signal is 0. After, a standard wait is
  // sufficient.
  ASSERT_THAT(waitpid(nonleader_tid, &status, __WCLONE),
              SyscallSucceedsWithValue(nonleader_tid));
  EXPECT_TRUE(WIFSTOPPED(status) && WSTOPSIG(status) == SIGSTOP)
      << " status " << status;

  // Resume both child threads.
  for (pid_t const tid : {leader_tid, nonleader_tid}) {
    ASSERT_THAT(ptrace(PTRACE_CONT, tid, 0, 0), SyscallSucceeds());
  }

  // The non-leader child thread should call execve, causing the leader thread
  // to enter PTRACE_EVENT_EXIT with an apparent exit code of 0. At this point,
  // the leader has not yet exited, so the non-leader should be blocked in
  // execve.
  ASSERT_THAT(waitpid(leader_tid, &status, 0),
              SyscallSucceedsWithValue(leader_tid));
  EXPECT_EQ(SIGTRAP | (PTRACE_EVENT_EXIT << 8), status >> 8);
  ASSERT_THAT(ptrace(PTRACE_GETEVENTMSG, leader_tid, 0, &eventmsg),
              SyscallSucceeds());
  EXPECT_TRUE(WIFEXITED(eventmsg) && WEXITSTATUS(eventmsg) == 0)
      << " eventmsg " << eventmsg;
  EXPECT_THAT(waitpid(nonleader_tid, &status, __WCLONE | WNOHANG),
              SyscallSucceedsWithValue(0));

  // Allow the leader to continue exiting. This should allow the non-leader to
  // complete its execve, causing the original leader to be reaped without
  // further notice and the non-leader to steal its ID.
  ASSERT_THAT(ptrace(PTRACE_CONT, leader_tid, 0, 0), SyscallSucceeds());
  ASSERT_THAT(waitpid(leader_tid, &status, 0),
              SyscallSucceedsWithValue(leader_tid));
  if (TraceExec()) {
    // If PTRACE_O_TRACEEXEC was enabled, the execing thread should be in
    // PTRACE_EVENT_EXEC-stop, with the event message set to its old thread ID.
    EXPECT_EQ(SIGTRAP | (PTRACE_EVENT_EXEC << 8), status >> 8);
    ASSERT_THAT(ptrace(PTRACE_GETEVENTMSG, leader_tid, 0, &eventmsg),
                SyscallSucceeds());
    EXPECT_EQ(nonleader_tid, eventmsg);
  } else {
    // Otherwise, the execing thread should have received SIGTRAP and should now
    // be in signal-delivery-stop.
    EXPECT_TRUE(WIFSTOPPED(status) && WSTOPSIG(status) == SIGTRAP)
        << " status " << status;
  }

#ifdef __x86_64__
  {
    // CS should be 0x33, indicating an 64-bit binary.
    constexpr uint64_t kAMD64UserCS = 0x33;
    EXPECT_THAT(ptrace(PTRACE_PEEKUSER, leader_tid,
                       offsetof(struct user_regs_struct, cs), 0),
                SyscallSucceedsWithValue(kAMD64UserCS));
    struct user_regs_struct regs = {};
    ASSERT_THAT(ptrace(PTRACE_GETREGS, leader_tid, 0, &regs),
                SyscallSucceeds());
    EXPECT_EQ(kAMD64UserCS, regs.cs);
  }
#endif  // defined(__x86_64__)

  // PTRACE_O_TRACEEXIT should have been inherited across execve. Send SIGKILL,
  // which should end the PTRACE_EVENT_EXEC-stop or signal-delivery-stop and
  // leave the child in PTRACE_EVENT_EXIT-stop.
  ASSERT_THAT(kill(leader_tid, SIGKILL), SyscallSucceeds());
  ASSERT_THAT(waitpid(leader_tid, &status, 0),
              SyscallSucceedsWithValue(leader_tid));
  EXPECT_EQ(SIGTRAP | (PTRACE_EVENT_EXIT << 8), status >> 8);
  ASSERT_THAT(ptrace(PTRACE_GETEVENTMSG, leader_tid, 0, &eventmsg),
              SyscallSucceeds());
  EXPECT_TRUE(WIFSIGNALED(eventmsg) && WTERMSIG(eventmsg) == SIGKILL)
      << " eventmsg " << eventmsg;

  // End the PTRACE_EVENT_EXIT stop, allowing the child to exit.
  ASSERT_THAT(ptrace(PTRACE_CONT, leader_tid, 0, 0), SyscallSucceeds());
  ASSERT_THAT(waitpid(leader_tid, &status, 0),
              SyscallSucceedsWithValue(leader_tid));
  EXPECT_TRUE(WIFSIGNALED(status) && WTERMSIG(status) == SIGKILL)
      << " status " << status;
}

[[noreturn]] void RunExecveChild() {
  // Enable tracing, then raise SIGSTOP and expect our parent to suppress it.
  TEST_PCHECK(ptrace(PTRACE_TRACEME, 0, 0, 0) == 0);
  MaybeSave();
  RaiseSignal(SIGSTOP);
  MaybeSave();

  // Call execve() in a non-leader thread. As long as execve() succeeds, what
  // exactly we execve() shouldn't really matter, since the tracer should kill
  // us after execve() completes.
  ScopedThread t([&] {
    ExecveArray const owned_child_argv = {"/proc/self/exe",
                                          "--this_flag_shouldnt_exist"};
    char* const* const child_argv = owned_child_argv.get();
    execve(child_argv[0], child_argv, /* envp = */ nullptr);
    TEST_PCHECK_MSG(false, "Survived execve? (thread)");
  });
  t.Join();
  TEST_CHECK_MSG(false, "Survived execve? (main)");
  _exit(1);
}

INSTANTIATE_TEST_CASE_P(TraceExec, PtraceExecveTest, ::testing::Bool());

// This test has expectations on when syscall-enter/exit-stops occur that are
// violated if saving occurs, since saving interrupts all syscalls, causing
// premature syscall-exit.
TEST(PtraceTest,
     ExitWhenParentIsNotTracer_Syscall_TraceVfork_TraceVforkDone_NoRandomSave) {
  constexpr int kExitTraceeExitCode = 99;

  pid_t const child_pid = fork();
  if (child_pid == 0) {
    // In child process.

    // Block SIGCHLD so it doesn't interrupt wait4.
    sigset_t mask;
    TEST_PCHECK(sigemptyset(&mask) == 0);
    TEST_PCHECK(sigaddset(&mask, SIGCHLD) == 0);
    TEST_PCHECK(sigprocmask(SIG_SETMASK, &mask, nullptr) == 0);
    MaybeSave();

    // Enable tracing, then raise SIGSTOP and expect our parent to suppress it.
    TEST_PCHECK(ptrace(PTRACE_TRACEME, 0, 0, 0) == 0);
    MaybeSave();
    RaiseSignal(SIGSTOP);
    MaybeSave();

    // Spawn a vfork child that exits immediately, and reap it. Don't save
    // after vfork since the parent expects to see wait4 as the next syscall.
    pid_t const pid = vfork();
    if (pid == 0) {
      _exit(kExitTraceeExitCode);
    }
    TEST_PCHECK_MSG(pid > 0, "vfork failed");

    int status;
    TEST_PCHECK(wait4(pid, &status, 0, nullptr) > 0);
    MaybeSave();
    TEST_CHECK(WIFEXITED(status) && WEXITSTATUS(status) == kExitTraceeExitCode);
    _exit(0);
  }
  // In parent process.
  ASSERT_THAT(child_pid, SyscallSucceeds());

  // Wait for the child to send itself SIGSTOP and enter signal-delivery-stop.
  int status;
  ASSERT_THAT(child_pid, SyscallSucceeds());
  ASSERT_THAT(waitpid(child_pid, &status, 0),
              SyscallSucceedsWithValue(child_pid));
  EXPECT_TRUE(WIFSTOPPED(status) && WSTOPSIG(status) == SIGSTOP)
      << " status " << status;

  // Enable PTRACE_O_TRACEVFORK so we can get the ID of the grandchild,
  // PTRACE_O_TRACEVFORKDONE so we can observe PTRACE_EVENT_VFORK_DONE, and
  // PTRACE_O_TRACESYSGOOD so syscall-enter/exit-stops are unambiguously
  // indicated by a stop signal of SIGTRAP|0x80 rather than just SIGTRAP.
  ASSERT_THAT(ptrace(PTRACE_SETOPTIONS, child_pid, 0,
                     PTRACE_O_TRACEVFORK | PTRACE_O_TRACEVFORKDONE |
                         PTRACE_O_TRACESYSGOOD),
              SyscallSucceeds());

  // Suppress the SIGSTOP and wait for the child to report PTRACE_EVENT_VFORK.
  // Get the new process' ID from the event.
  ASSERT_THAT(ptrace(PTRACE_CONT, child_pid, 0, 0), SyscallSucceeds());
  ASSERT_THAT(waitpid(child_pid, &status, 0),
              SyscallSucceedsWithValue(child_pid));
  EXPECT_EQ(SIGTRAP | (PTRACE_EVENT_VFORK << 8), status >> 8);
  unsigned long eventmsg;
  ASSERT_THAT(ptrace(PTRACE_GETEVENTMSG, child_pid, 0, &eventmsg),
              SyscallSucceeds());
  pid_t const grandchild_pid = eventmsg;

  // The grandchild should be traced by us and in signal-delivery-stop by
  // SIGSTOP due to PTRACE_O_TRACEVFORK. This allows us to wait on it even
  // though we're not its parent.
  ASSERT_THAT(waitpid(grandchild_pid, &status, 0),
              SyscallSucceedsWithValue(grandchild_pid));
  EXPECT_TRUE(WIFSTOPPED(status) && WSTOPSIG(status) == SIGSTOP)
      << " status " << status;

  // Resume the child with PTRACE_SYSCALL. Since the grandchild is still in
  // signal-delivery-stop, the child should remain in vfork() waiting for the
  // grandchild to exec or exit.
  ASSERT_THAT(ptrace(PTRACE_SYSCALL, child_pid, 0, 0), SyscallSucceeds());
  absl::SleepFor(absl::Seconds(1));
  ASSERT_THAT(waitpid(child_pid, &status, WNOHANG),
              SyscallSucceedsWithValue(0));

  // Suppress the grandchild's SIGSTOP and wait for the grandchild to exit. Pass
  // WNOWAIT to waitid() so that we don't acknowledge the grandchild's exit yet.
  ASSERT_THAT(ptrace(PTRACE_CONT, grandchild_pid, 0, 0), SyscallSucceeds());
  siginfo_t siginfo = {};
  ASSERT_THAT(waitid(P_PID, grandchild_pid, &siginfo, WEXITED | WNOWAIT),
              SyscallSucceeds());
  EXPECT_EQ(SIGCHLD, siginfo.si_signo);
  EXPECT_EQ(CLD_EXITED, siginfo.si_code);
  EXPECT_EQ(kExitTraceeExitCode, siginfo.si_status);
  EXPECT_EQ(grandchild_pid, siginfo.si_pid);
  EXPECT_EQ(getuid(), siginfo.si_uid);

  // The child should now be in PTRACE_EVENT_VFORK_DONE stop. The event
  // message should still be the grandchild's PID.
  ASSERT_THAT(waitpid(child_pid, &status, 0),
              SyscallSucceedsWithValue(child_pid));
  EXPECT_EQ(SIGTRAP | (PTRACE_EVENT_VFORK_DONE << 8), status >> 8);
  ASSERT_THAT(ptrace(PTRACE_GETEVENTMSG, child_pid, 0, &eventmsg),
              SyscallSucceeds());
  EXPECT_EQ(grandchild_pid, eventmsg);

  // Resume the child with PTRACE_SYSCALL again and expect it to enter
  // syscall-exit-stop for vfork() or clone(), either of which should return the
  // grandchild's PID from the syscall. Aside from PTRACE_O_TRACESYSGOOD,
  // syscall-stops are distinguished from signal-delivery-stop by
  // PTRACE_GETSIGINFO returning a siginfo for which si_code == SIGTRAP or
  // SIGTRAP|0x80.
  ASSERT_THAT(ptrace(PTRACE_SYSCALL, child_pid, 0, 0), SyscallSucceeds());
  ASSERT_THAT(waitpid(child_pid, &status, 0),
              SyscallSucceedsWithValue(child_pid));
  EXPECT_TRUE(WIFSTOPPED(status) && WSTOPSIG(status) == (SIGTRAP | 0x80))
      << " status " << status;
  ASSERT_THAT(ptrace(PTRACE_GETSIGINFO, child_pid, 0, &siginfo),
              SyscallSucceeds());
  EXPECT_TRUE(siginfo.si_code == SIGTRAP || siginfo.si_code == (SIGTRAP | 0x80))
      << "si_code = " << siginfo.si_code;
#ifdef __x86_64__
  {
    struct user_regs_struct regs = {};
    ASSERT_THAT(ptrace(PTRACE_GETREGS, child_pid, 0, &regs), SyscallSucceeds());
    EXPECT_TRUE(regs.orig_rax == SYS_vfork || regs.orig_rax == SYS_clone)
        << "orig_rax = " << regs.orig_rax;
    EXPECT_EQ(grandchild_pid, regs.rax);
  }
#endif  // defined(__x86_64__)

  // After this point, the child will be making wait4 syscalls that will be
  // interrupted by saving, so saving is not permitted. Note that this is
  // explicitly released below once the grandchild exits.
  DisableSave ds;

  // Resume the child with PTRACE_SYSCALL again and expect it to enter
  // syscall-enter-stop for wait4().
  ASSERT_THAT(ptrace(PTRACE_SYSCALL, child_pid, 0, 0), SyscallSucceeds());
  ASSERT_THAT(waitpid(child_pid, &status, 0),
              SyscallSucceedsWithValue(child_pid));
  EXPECT_TRUE(WIFSTOPPED(status) && WSTOPSIG(status) == (SIGTRAP | 0x80))
      << " status " << status;
  ASSERT_THAT(ptrace(PTRACE_GETSIGINFO, child_pid, 0, &siginfo),
              SyscallSucceeds());
  EXPECT_TRUE(siginfo.si_code == SIGTRAP || siginfo.si_code == (SIGTRAP | 0x80))
      << "si_code = " << siginfo.si_code;
#ifdef __x86_64__
  {
    EXPECT_THAT(ptrace(PTRACE_PEEKUSER, child_pid,
                       offsetof(struct user_regs_struct, orig_rax), 0),
                SyscallSucceedsWithValue(SYS_wait4));
  }
#endif  // defined(__x86_64__)

  // Resume the child with PTRACE_SYSCALL again. Since the grandchild is
  // waiting for the tracer (us) to acknowledge its exit first, wait4 should
  // block.
  ASSERT_THAT(ptrace(PTRACE_SYSCALL, child_pid, 0, 0), SyscallSucceeds());
  absl::SleepFor(absl::Seconds(1));
  ASSERT_THAT(waitpid(child_pid, &status, WNOHANG),
              SyscallSucceedsWithValue(0));

  // Acknowledge the grandchild's exit.
  ASSERT_THAT(waitpid(grandchild_pid, &status, 0),
              SyscallSucceedsWithValue(grandchild_pid));
  ds.reset();

  // Now the child should enter syscall-exit-stop for wait4, returning with the
  // grandchild's PID.
  ASSERT_THAT(waitpid(child_pid, &status, 0),
              SyscallSucceedsWithValue(child_pid));
  EXPECT_TRUE(WIFSTOPPED(status) && WSTOPSIG(status) == (SIGTRAP | 0x80))
      << " status " << status;
#ifdef __x86_64__
  {
    struct user_regs_struct regs = {};
    ASSERT_THAT(ptrace(PTRACE_GETREGS, child_pid, 0, &regs), SyscallSucceeds());
    EXPECT_EQ(SYS_wait4, regs.orig_rax);
    EXPECT_EQ(grandchild_pid, regs.rax);
  }
#endif  // defined(__x86_64__)

  // Detach from the child and wait for it to exit.
  ASSERT_THAT(ptrace(PTRACE_DETACH, child_pid, 0, 0), SyscallSucceeds());
  ASSERT_THAT(waitpid(child_pid, &status, 0),
              SyscallSucceedsWithValue(child_pid));
  EXPECT_TRUE(WIFEXITED(status) && WEXITSTATUS(status) == 0)
      << " status " << status;
}

// These tests requires knowledge of architecture-specific syscall convention.
#ifdef __x86_64__
TEST(PtraceTest, Int3) {
  switch (GvisorPlatform()) {
    case Platform::kKVM:
      // TODO: int3 isn't handled properly.
      return;
    default:
      break;
  }
  pid_t const child_pid = fork();
  if (child_pid == 0) {
    // In child process.

    // Enable tracing.
    TEST_PCHECK(ptrace(PTRACE_TRACEME, 0, 0, 0) == 0);

    // Interrupt 3 - trap to debugger
    asm("int3");

    _exit(56);
  }
  // In parent process.
  ASSERT_THAT(child_pid, SyscallSucceeds());

  int status;
  ASSERT_THAT(waitpid(child_pid, &status, 0),
              SyscallSucceedsWithValue(child_pid));
  EXPECT_TRUE(WIFSTOPPED(status) && WSTOPSIG(status) == SIGTRAP)
      << " status " << status;

  ASSERT_THAT(ptrace(PTRACE_CONT, child_pid, 0, 0), SyscallSucceeds());

  // The child should validate the injected return value and then exit normally.
  ASSERT_THAT(waitpid(child_pid, &status, 0),
              SyscallSucceedsWithValue(child_pid));
  EXPECT_TRUE(WIFEXITED(status) && WEXITSTATUS(status) == 56)
      << " status " << status;
}

TEST(PtraceTest, Sysemu_PokeUser) {
  constexpr int kSysemuHelperFirstExitCode = 126;
  constexpr uint64_t kSysemuInjectedExitGroupReturn = 42;

  pid_t const child_pid = fork();
  if (child_pid == 0) {
    // In child process.

    // Enable tracing, then raise SIGSTOP and expect our parent to suppress it.
    TEST_PCHECK(ptrace(PTRACE_TRACEME, 0, 0, 0) == 0);
    RaiseSignal(SIGSTOP);

    // Try to exit_group, expecting the tracer to skip the syscall and set its
    // own return value.
    int const rv = syscall(SYS_exit_group, kSysemuHelperFirstExitCode);
    TEST_PCHECK_MSG(rv == kSysemuInjectedExitGroupReturn,
                    "exit_group returned incorrect value");

    _exit(0);
  }
  // In parent process.
  ASSERT_THAT(child_pid, SyscallSucceeds());

  // Wait for the child to send itself SIGSTOP and enter signal-delivery-stop.
  int status;
  ASSERT_THAT(waitpid(child_pid, &status, 0),
              SyscallSucceedsWithValue(child_pid));
  EXPECT_TRUE(WIFSTOPPED(status) && WSTOPSIG(status) == SIGSTOP)
      << " status " << status;

  // Suppress the SIGSTOP and wait for the child to enter syscall-enter-stop
  // for its first exit_group syscall. glibc doesn't necessarily define
  // PTRACE_SYSEMU.
  constexpr auto kPtraceSysemu = static_cast<__ptrace_request>(31);
  ASSERT_THAT(ptrace(kPtraceSysemu, child_pid, 0, 0), SyscallSucceeds());
  ASSERT_THAT(waitpid(child_pid, &status, 0),
              SyscallSucceedsWithValue(child_pid));
  EXPECT_TRUE(WIFSTOPPED(status) && WSTOPSIG(status) == SIGTRAP)
      << " status " << status;

  struct user_regs_struct regs = {};
  ASSERT_THAT(ptrace(PTRACE_GETREGS, child_pid, 0, &regs), SyscallSucceeds());
  EXPECT_EQ(SYS_exit_group, regs.orig_rax);
  EXPECT_EQ(-ENOSYS, regs.rax);
  EXPECT_EQ(kSysemuHelperFirstExitCode, regs.rdi);

  // Replace the exit_group return value, then resume the child, which should
  // automatically skip the syscall.
  ASSERT_THAT(
      ptrace(PTRACE_POKEUSER, child_pid, offsetof(struct user_regs_struct, rax),
             kSysemuInjectedExitGroupReturn),
      SyscallSucceeds());
  ASSERT_THAT(ptrace(PTRACE_DETACH, child_pid, 0, 0), SyscallSucceeds());

  // The child should validate the injected return value and then exit normally.
  ASSERT_THAT(waitpid(child_pid, &status, 0),
              SyscallSucceedsWithValue(child_pid));
  EXPECT_TRUE(WIFEXITED(status) && WEXITSTATUS(status) == 0)
      << " status " << status;
}

// This test also cares about syscall-exit-stop.
TEST(PtraceTest, ERESTART_NoRandomSave) {
  constexpr int kSigno = SIGUSR1;

  pid_t const child_pid = fork();
  if (child_pid == 0) {
    // In child process.

    // Ignore, but unblock, kSigno.
    struct sigaction sa = {};
    sa.sa_handler = SIG_IGN;
    TEST_PCHECK(sigfillset(&sa.sa_mask) == 0);
    TEST_PCHECK(sigaction(kSigno, &sa, nullptr) == 0);
    MaybeSave();
    TEST_PCHECK(sigprocmask(SIG_UNBLOCK, &sa.sa_mask, nullptr) == 0);
    MaybeSave();

    // Enable tracing, then raise SIGSTOP and expect our parent to suppress it.
    TEST_PCHECK(ptrace(PTRACE_TRACEME, 0, 0, 0) == 0);
    RaiseSignal(SIGSTOP);

    // Invoke the pause syscall, which normally should not return until we
    // receive a signal that "either terminates the process or causes the
    // invocation of a signal-catching function".
    pause();

    _exit(0);
  }
  ASSERT_THAT(child_pid, SyscallSucceeds());

  // Wait for the child to send itself SIGSTOP and enter signal-delivery-stop.
  int status;
  ASSERT_THAT(waitpid(child_pid, &status, 0),
              SyscallSucceedsWithValue(child_pid));
  EXPECT_TRUE(WIFSTOPPED(status) && WSTOPSIG(status) == SIGSTOP)
      << " status " << status;

  // After this point, the child's pause syscall will be interrupted by saving,
  // so saving is not permitted. Note that this is explicitly released below
  // once the child is stopped.
  DisableSave ds;

  // Suppress the SIGSTOP and wait for the child to enter syscall-enter-stop for
  // its pause syscall.
  ASSERT_THAT(ptrace(PTRACE_SYSCALL, child_pid, 0, 0), SyscallSucceeds());
  ASSERT_THAT(waitpid(child_pid, &status, 0),
              SyscallSucceedsWithValue(child_pid));
  EXPECT_TRUE(WIFSTOPPED(status) && WSTOPSIG(status) == SIGTRAP)
      << " status " << status;

  struct user_regs_struct regs = {};
  ASSERT_THAT(ptrace(PTRACE_GETREGS, child_pid, 0, &regs), SyscallSucceeds());
  EXPECT_EQ(SYS_pause, regs.orig_rax);
  EXPECT_EQ(-ENOSYS, regs.rax);

  // Resume the child with PTRACE_SYSCALL and expect it to block in the pause
  // syscall.
  ASSERT_THAT(ptrace(PTRACE_SYSCALL, child_pid, 0, 0), SyscallSucceeds());
  absl::SleepFor(absl::Seconds(1));
  ASSERT_THAT(waitpid(child_pid, &status, WNOHANG),
              SyscallSucceedsWithValue(0));

  // Send the child kSigno, causing it to return ERESTARTNOHAND and enter
  // syscall-exit-stop from the pause syscall.
  constexpr int ERESTARTNOHAND = 514;
  ASSERT_THAT(kill(child_pid, kSigno), SyscallSucceeds());
  ASSERT_THAT(waitpid(child_pid, &status, 0),
              SyscallSucceedsWithValue(child_pid));
  EXPECT_TRUE(WIFSTOPPED(status) && WSTOPSIG(status) == SIGTRAP)
      << " status " << status;
  ds.reset();

  ASSERT_THAT(ptrace(PTRACE_GETREGS, child_pid, 0, &regs), SyscallSucceeds());
  EXPECT_EQ(SYS_pause, regs.orig_rax);
  EXPECT_EQ(-ERESTARTNOHAND, regs.rax);

  // Replace the return value from pause with 0, causing pause to not be
  // restarted despite kSigno being ignored.
  ASSERT_THAT(ptrace(PTRACE_POKEUSER, child_pid,
                     offsetof(struct user_regs_struct, rax), 0),
              SyscallSucceeds());

  // Detach from the child and wait for it to exit.
  ASSERT_THAT(ptrace(PTRACE_DETACH, child_pid, 0, 0), SyscallSucceeds());
  ASSERT_THAT(waitpid(child_pid, &status, 0),
              SyscallSucceedsWithValue(child_pid));
  EXPECT_TRUE(WIFEXITED(status) && WEXITSTATUS(status) == 0)
      << " status " << status;
}
#endif  // defined(__x86_64__)

}  // namespace

}  // namespace testing
}  // namespace gvisor

int main(int argc, char** argv) {
  gvisor::testing::TestInit(&argc, &argv);

  if (FLAGS_ptrace_test_execve_child) {
    gvisor::testing::RunExecveChild();
  }

  return RUN_ALL_TESTS();
}