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|
// Copyright 2018 The gVisor Authors.
//
// Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License");
// you may not use this file except in compliance with the License.
// You may obtain a copy of the License at
//
// http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
//
// Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software
// distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS,
// WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.
// See the License for the specific language governing permissions and
// limitations under the License.
package kernel
// CPU scheduling, real and fake.
import (
"fmt"
"math/rand"
"sync/atomic"
"time"
"gvisor.googlesource.com/gvisor/pkg/abi/linux"
"gvisor.googlesource.com/gvisor/pkg/sentry/hostcpu"
"gvisor.googlesource.com/gvisor/pkg/sentry/kernel/sched"
ktime "gvisor.googlesource.com/gvisor/pkg/sentry/kernel/time"
"gvisor.googlesource.com/gvisor/pkg/sentry/limits"
"gvisor.googlesource.com/gvisor/pkg/sentry/usage"
"gvisor.googlesource.com/gvisor/pkg/syserror"
)
// TaskGoroutineState is a coarse representation of the current execution
// status of a kernel.Task goroutine.
type TaskGoroutineState int
const (
// TaskGoroutineNonexistent indicates that the task goroutine has either
// not yet been created by Task.Start() or has returned from Task.run().
// This must be the zero value for TaskGoroutineState.
TaskGoroutineNonexistent TaskGoroutineState = iota
// TaskGoroutineRunningSys indicates that the task goroutine is executing
// sentry code.
TaskGoroutineRunningSys
// TaskGoroutineRunningApp indicates that the task goroutine is executing
// application code.
TaskGoroutineRunningApp
// TaskGoroutineBlockedInterruptible indicates that the task goroutine is
// blocked in Task.block(), and hence may be woken by Task.interrupt()
// (e.g. due to signal delivery).
TaskGoroutineBlockedInterruptible
// TaskGoroutineBlockedUninterruptible indicates that the task goroutine is
// stopped outside of Task.block() and Task.doStop(), and hence cannot be
// woken by Task.interrupt().
TaskGoroutineBlockedUninterruptible
// TaskGoroutineStopped indicates that the task goroutine is blocked in
// Task.doStop(). TaskGoroutineStopped is similar to
// TaskGoroutineBlockedUninterruptible, but is a separate state to make it
// possible to determine when Task.stop is meaningful.
TaskGoroutineStopped
)
// TaskGoroutineSchedInfo contains task goroutine scheduling state which must
// be read and updated atomically.
//
// +stateify savable
type TaskGoroutineSchedInfo struct {
// Timestamp was the value of Kernel.cpuClock when this
// TaskGoroutineSchedInfo was last updated.
Timestamp uint64
// State is the current state of the task goroutine.
State TaskGoroutineState
// UserTicks is the amount of time the task goroutine has spent executing
// its associated Task's application code, in units of linux.ClockTick.
UserTicks uint64
// SysTicks is the amount of time the task goroutine has spent executing in
// the sentry, in units of linux.ClockTick.
SysTicks uint64
}
// userTicksAt returns the extrapolated value of ts.UserTicks after
// Kernel.CPUClockNow() indicates a time of now.
//
// Preconditions: now <= Kernel.CPUClockNow(). (Since Kernel.cpuClock is
// monotonic, this is satisfied if now is the result of a previous call to
// Kernel.CPUClockNow().) This requirement exists because otherwise a racing
// change to t.gosched can cause userTicksAt to adjust stats by too much,
// making the observed stats non-monotonic.
func (ts *TaskGoroutineSchedInfo) userTicksAt(now uint64) uint64 {
if ts.Timestamp < now && ts.State == TaskGoroutineRunningApp {
// Update stats to reflect execution since the last update.
return ts.UserTicks + (now - ts.Timestamp)
}
return ts.UserTicks
}
// sysTicksAt returns the extrapolated value of ts.SysTicks after
// Kernel.CPUClockNow() indicates a time of now.
//
// Preconditions: As for userTicksAt.
func (ts *TaskGoroutineSchedInfo) sysTicksAt(now uint64) uint64 {
if ts.Timestamp < now && ts.State == TaskGoroutineRunningSys {
return ts.SysTicks + (now - ts.Timestamp)
}
return ts.SysTicks
}
// Preconditions: The caller must be running on the task goroutine.
func (t *Task) accountTaskGoroutineEnter(state TaskGoroutineState) {
now := t.k.CPUClockNow()
if t.gosched.State != TaskGoroutineRunningSys {
panic(fmt.Sprintf("Task goroutine switching from state %v (expected %v) to %v", t.gosched.State, TaskGoroutineRunningSys, state))
}
t.goschedSeq.BeginWrite()
// This function is very hot; avoid defer.
t.gosched.SysTicks += now - t.gosched.Timestamp
t.gosched.Timestamp = now
t.gosched.State = state
t.goschedSeq.EndWrite()
}
// Preconditions: The caller must be running on the task goroutine, and leaving
// a state indicated by a previous call to
// t.accountTaskGoroutineEnter(state).
func (t *Task) accountTaskGoroutineLeave(state TaskGoroutineState) {
now := t.k.CPUClockNow()
if t.gosched.State != state {
panic(fmt.Sprintf("Task goroutine switching from state %v (expected %v) to %v", t.gosched.State, state, TaskGoroutineRunningSys))
}
t.goschedSeq.BeginWrite()
// This function is very hot; avoid defer.
if state == TaskGoroutineRunningApp {
t.gosched.UserTicks += now - t.gosched.Timestamp
}
t.gosched.Timestamp = now
t.gosched.State = TaskGoroutineRunningSys
t.goschedSeq.EndWrite()
}
// TaskGoroutineSchedInfo returns a copy of t's task goroutine scheduling info.
// Most clients should use t.CPUStats() instead.
func (t *Task) TaskGoroutineSchedInfo() TaskGoroutineSchedInfo {
return SeqAtomicLoadTaskGoroutineSchedInfo(&t.goschedSeq, &t.gosched)
}
// CPUStats returns the CPU usage statistics of t.
func (t *Task) CPUStats() usage.CPUStats {
return t.cpuStatsAt(t.k.CPUClockNow())
}
// Preconditions: As for TaskGoroutineSchedInfo.userTicksAt.
func (t *Task) cpuStatsAt(now uint64) usage.CPUStats {
tsched := t.TaskGoroutineSchedInfo()
return usage.CPUStats{
UserTime: time.Duration(tsched.userTicksAt(now) * uint64(linux.ClockTick)),
SysTime: time.Duration(tsched.sysTicksAt(now) * uint64(linux.ClockTick)),
VoluntarySwitches: atomic.LoadUint64(&t.yieldCount),
}
}
// CPUStats returns the combined CPU usage statistics of all past and present
// threads in tg.
func (tg *ThreadGroup) CPUStats() usage.CPUStats {
tg.pidns.owner.mu.RLock()
defer tg.pidns.owner.mu.RUnlock()
// Hack to get a pointer to the Kernel.
if tg.leader == nil {
// Per comment on tg.leader, this is only possible if nothing in the
// ThreadGroup has ever executed anyway.
return usage.CPUStats{}
}
return tg.cpuStatsAtLocked(tg.leader.k.CPUClockNow())
}
// Preconditions: As for TaskGoroutineSchedInfo.userTicksAt. The TaskSet mutex
// must be locked.
func (tg *ThreadGroup) cpuStatsAtLocked(now uint64) usage.CPUStats {
stats := tg.exitedCPUStats
// Account for live tasks.
for t := tg.tasks.Front(); t != nil; t = t.Next() {
stats.Accumulate(t.cpuStatsAt(now))
}
return stats
}
// JoinedChildCPUStats implements the semantics of RUSAGE_CHILDREN: "Return
// resource usage statistics for all children of [tg] that have terminated and
// been waited for. These statistics will include the resources used by
// grandchildren, and further removed descendants, if all of the intervening
// descendants waited on their terminated children."
func (tg *ThreadGroup) JoinedChildCPUStats() usage.CPUStats {
tg.pidns.owner.mu.RLock()
defer tg.pidns.owner.mu.RUnlock()
return tg.childCPUStats
}
// taskClock is a ktime.Clock that measures the time that a task has spent
// executing. taskClock is primarily used to implement CLOCK_THREAD_CPUTIME_ID.
//
// +stateify savable
type taskClock struct {
t *Task
// If includeSys is true, the taskClock includes both time spent executing
// application code as well as time spent in the sentry. Otherwise, the
// taskClock includes only time spent executing application code.
includeSys bool
// Implements waiter.Waitable. TimeUntil wouldn't change its estimation
// based on either of the clock events, so there's no event to be
// notified for.
ktime.NoClockEvents `state:"nosave"`
// Implements ktime.Clock.WallTimeUntil.
//
// As an upper bound, a task's clock cannot advance faster than CPU
// time. It would have to execute at a rate of more than 1 task-second
// per 1 CPU-second, which isn't possible.
ktime.WallRateClock `state:"nosave"`
}
// UserCPUClock returns a clock measuring the CPU time the task has spent
// executing application code.
func (t *Task) UserCPUClock() ktime.Clock {
return &taskClock{t: t, includeSys: false}
}
// CPUClock returns a clock measuring the CPU time the task has spent executing
// application and "kernel" code.
func (t *Task) CPUClock() ktime.Clock {
return &taskClock{t: t, includeSys: true}
}
// Now implements ktime.Clock.Now.
func (tc *taskClock) Now() ktime.Time {
stats := tc.t.CPUStats()
if tc.includeSys {
return ktime.FromNanoseconds((stats.UserTime + stats.SysTime).Nanoseconds())
}
return ktime.FromNanoseconds(stats.UserTime.Nanoseconds())
}
// tgClock is a ktime.Clock that measures the time a thread group has spent
// executing. tgClock is primarily used to implement CLOCK_PROCESS_CPUTIME_ID.
//
// +stateify savable
type tgClock struct {
tg *ThreadGroup
// If includeSys is true, the tgClock includes both time spent executing
// application code as well as time spent in the sentry. Otherwise, the
// tgClock includes only time spent executing application code.
includeSys bool
// Implements waiter.Waitable.
ktime.ClockEventsQueue `state:"nosave"`
}
// Now implements ktime.Clock.Now.
func (tgc *tgClock) Now() ktime.Time {
stats := tgc.tg.CPUStats()
if tgc.includeSys {
return ktime.FromNanoseconds((stats.UserTime + stats.SysTime).Nanoseconds())
}
return ktime.FromNanoseconds(stats.UserTime.Nanoseconds())
}
// WallTimeUntil implements ktime.Clock.WallTimeUntil.
func (tgc *tgClock) WallTimeUntil(t, now ktime.Time) time.Duration {
// Thread group CPU time should not exceed wall time * live tasks, since
// task goroutines exit after the transition to TaskExitZombie in
// runExitNotify.
tgc.tg.pidns.owner.mu.RLock()
n := tgc.tg.liveTasks
tgc.tg.pidns.owner.mu.RUnlock()
if n == 0 {
if t.Before(now) {
return 0
}
// The timer tick raced with thread group exit, after which no more
// tasks can enter the thread group. So tgc.Now() will never advance
// again. Return a large delay; the timer should be stopped long before
// it comes again anyway.
return time.Hour
}
// This is a lower bound on the amount of time that can elapse before an
// associated timer expires, so returning this value tends to result in a
// sequence of closely-spaced ticks just before timer expiry. To avoid
// this, round up to the nearest ClockTick; CPU usage measurements are
// limited to this resolution anyway.
remaining := time.Duration(t.Sub(now).Nanoseconds()/int64(n)) * time.Nanosecond
return ((remaining + (linux.ClockTick - time.Nanosecond)) / linux.ClockTick) * linux.ClockTick
}
// UserCPUClock returns a ktime.Clock that measures the time that a thread
// group has spent executing.
func (tg *ThreadGroup) UserCPUClock() ktime.Clock {
return &tgClock{tg: tg, includeSys: false}
}
// CPUClock returns a ktime.Clock that measures the time that a thread group
// has spent executing, including sentry time.
func (tg *ThreadGroup) CPUClock() ktime.Clock {
return &tgClock{tg: tg, includeSys: true}
}
type kernelCPUClockTicker struct {
k *Kernel
// These are essentially kernelCPUClockTicker.Notify local variables that
// are cached between calls to reduce allocations.
rng *rand.Rand
tgs []*ThreadGroup
}
func newKernelCPUClockTicker(k *Kernel) *kernelCPUClockTicker {
return &kernelCPUClockTicker{
k: k,
rng: rand.New(rand.NewSource(rand.Int63())),
}
}
// Notify implements ktime.TimerListener.Notify.
func (ticker *kernelCPUClockTicker) Notify(exp uint64) {
// Only increment cpuClock by 1 regardless of the number of expirations.
// This approximately compensates for cases where thread throttling or bad
// Go runtime scheduling prevents the kernelCPUClockTicker goroutine, and
// presumably task goroutines as well, from executing for a long period of
// time. It's also necessary to prevent CPU clocks from seeing large
// discontinuous jumps.
now := atomic.AddUint64(&ticker.k.cpuClock, 1)
// Check thread group CPU timers.
tgs := ticker.k.tasks.Root.ThreadGroupsAppend(ticker.tgs)
for _, tg := range tgs {
if atomic.LoadUint32(&tg.cpuTimersEnabled) == 0 {
continue
}
ticker.k.tasks.mu.RLock()
if tg.leader == nil {
// No tasks have ever run in this thread group.
ticker.k.tasks.mu.RUnlock()
continue
}
// Accumulate thread group CPU stats, and randomly select running tasks
// using reservoir sampling to receive CPU timer signals.
var virtReceiver *Task
nrVirtCandidates := 0
var profReceiver *Task
nrProfCandidates := 0
tgUserTime := tg.exitedCPUStats.UserTime
tgSysTime := tg.exitedCPUStats.SysTime
for t := tg.tasks.Front(); t != nil; t = t.Next() {
tsched := t.TaskGoroutineSchedInfo()
tgUserTime += time.Duration(tsched.userTicksAt(now) * uint64(linux.ClockTick))
tgSysTime += time.Duration(tsched.sysTicksAt(now) * uint64(linux.ClockTick))
switch tsched.State {
case TaskGoroutineRunningApp:
// Considered by ITIMER_VIRT, ITIMER_PROF, and RLIMIT_CPU
// timers.
nrVirtCandidates++
if int(randInt31n(ticker.rng, int32(nrVirtCandidates))) == 0 {
virtReceiver = t
}
fallthrough
case TaskGoroutineRunningSys:
// Considered by ITIMER_PROF and RLIMIT_CPU timers.
nrProfCandidates++
if int(randInt31n(ticker.rng, int32(nrProfCandidates))) == 0 {
profReceiver = t
}
}
}
tgVirtNow := ktime.FromNanoseconds(tgUserTime.Nanoseconds())
tgProfNow := ktime.FromNanoseconds((tgUserTime + tgSysTime).Nanoseconds())
// All of the following are standard (not real-time) signals, which are
// automatically deduplicated, so we ignore the number of expirations.
tg.signalHandlers.mu.Lock()
// It should only be possible for these timers to advance if we found
// at least one running task.
if virtReceiver != nil {
// ITIMER_VIRTUAL
newItimerVirtSetting, exp := tg.itimerVirtSetting.At(tgVirtNow)
tg.itimerVirtSetting = newItimerVirtSetting
if exp != 0 {
virtReceiver.sendSignalLocked(SignalInfoPriv(linux.SIGVTALRM), true)
}
}
if profReceiver != nil {
// ITIMER_PROF
newItimerProfSetting, exp := tg.itimerProfSetting.At(tgProfNow)
tg.itimerProfSetting = newItimerProfSetting
if exp != 0 {
profReceiver.sendSignalLocked(SignalInfoPriv(linux.SIGPROF), true)
}
// RLIMIT_CPU soft limit
newRlimitCPUSoftSetting, exp := tg.rlimitCPUSoftSetting.At(tgProfNow)
tg.rlimitCPUSoftSetting = newRlimitCPUSoftSetting
if exp != 0 {
profReceiver.sendSignalLocked(SignalInfoPriv(linux.SIGXCPU), true)
}
// RLIMIT_CPU hard limit
rlimitCPUMax := tg.limits.Get(limits.CPU).Max
if rlimitCPUMax != limits.Infinity && !tgProfNow.Before(ktime.FromSeconds(int64(rlimitCPUMax))) {
profReceiver.sendSignalLocked(SignalInfoPriv(linux.SIGKILL), true)
}
}
tg.signalHandlers.mu.Unlock()
ticker.k.tasks.mu.RUnlock()
}
// Retain tgs between calls to Notify to reduce allocations.
for i := range tgs {
tgs[i] = nil
}
ticker.tgs = tgs[:0]
}
// Destroy implements ktime.TimerListener.Destroy.
func (ticker *kernelCPUClockTicker) Destroy() {
}
// randInt31n returns a random integer in [0, n).
//
// randInt31n is equivalent to math/rand.Rand.int31n(), which is unexported.
// See that function for details.
func randInt31n(rng *rand.Rand, n int32) int32 {
v := rng.Uint32()
prod := uint64(v) * uint64(n)
low := uint32(prod)
if low < uint32(n) {
thresh := uint32(-n) % uint32(n)
for low < thresh {
v = rng.Uint32()
prod = uint64(v) * uint64(n)
low = uint32(prod)
}
}
return int32(prod >> 32)
}
// NotifyRlimitCPUUpdated is called by setrlimit.
//
// Preconditions: The caller must be running on the task goroutine.
func (t *Task) NotifyRlimitCPUUpdated() {
t.k.cpuClockTicker.Atomically(func() {
t.tg.pidns.owner.mu.RLock()
defer t.tg.pidns.owner.mu.RUnlock()
t.tg.signalHandlers.mu.Lock()
defer t.tg.signalHandlers.mu.Unlock()
rlimitCPU := t.tg.limits.Get(limits.CPU)
t.tg.rlimitCPUSoftSetting = ktime.Setting{
Enabled: rlimitCPU.Cur != limits.Infinity,
Next: ktime.FromNanoseconds((time.Duration(rlimitCPU.Cur) * time.Second).Nanoseconds()),
Period: time.Second,
}
if rlimitCPU.Max != limits.Infinity {
// Check if tg is already over the hard limit.
tgcpu := t.tg.cpuStatsAtLocked(t.k.CPUClockNow())
tgProfNow := ktime.FromNanoseconds((tgcpu.UserTime + tgcpu.SysTime).Nanoseconds())
if !tgProfNow.Before(ktime.FromSeconds(int64(rlimitCPU.Max))) {
t.sendSignalLocked(SignalInfoPriv(linux.SIGKILL), true)
}
}
t.tg.updateCPUTimersEnabledLocked()
})
}
// Preconditions: The signal mutex must be locked.
func (tg *ThreadGroup) updateCPUTimersEnabledLocked() {
rlimitCPU := tg.limits.Get(limits.CPU)
if tg.itimerVirtSetting.Enabled || tg.itimerProfSetting.Enabled || tg.rlimitCPUSoftSetting.Enabled || rlimitCPU.Max != limits.Infinity {
atomic.StoreUint32(&tg.cpuTimersEnabled, 1)
} else {
atomic.StoreUint32(&tg.cpuTimersEnabled, 0)
}
}
// StateStatus returns a string representation of the task's current state,
// appropriate for /proc/[pid]/status.
func (t *Task) StateStatus() string {
switch s := t.TaskGoroutineSchedInfo().State; s {
case TaskGoroutineNonexistent:
t.tg.pidns.owner.mu.RLock()
defer t.tg.pidns.owner.mu.RUnlock()
switch t.exitState {
case TaskExitZombie:
return "Z (zombie)"
case TaskExitDead:
return "X (dead)"
default:
// The task goroutine can't exit before passing through
// runExitNotify, so this indicates that the task has been created,
// but the task goroutine hasn't yet started. The Linux equivalent
// is struct task_struct::state == TASK_NEW
// (kernel/fork.c:copy_process() =>
// kernel/sched/core.c:sched_fork()), but the TASK_NEW bit is
// masked out by TASK_REPORT for /proc/[pid]/status, leaving only
// TASK_RUNNING.
return "R (running)"
}
case TaskGoroutineRunningSys, TaskGoroutineRunningApp:
return "R (running)"
case TaskGoroutineBlockedInterruptible:
return "S (sleeping)"
case TaskGoroutineStopped:
t.tg.signalHandlers.mu.Lock()
defer t.tg.signalHandlers.mu.Unlock()
switch t.stop.(type) {
case *groupStop:
return "T (stopped)"
case *ptraceStop:
return "t (tracing stop)"
}
fallthrough
case TaskGoroutineBlockedUninterruptible:
// This is the name Linux uses for TASK_UNINTERRUPTIBLE and
// TASK_KILLABLE (= TASK_UNINTERRUPTIBLE | TASK_WAKEKILL):
// fs/proc/array.c:task_state_array.
return "D (disk sleep)"
default:
panic(fmt.Sprintf("Invalid TaskGoroutineState: %v", s))
}
}
// CPUMask returns a copy of t's allowed CPU mask.
func (t *Task) CPUMask() sched.CPUSet {
t.mu.Lock()
defer t.mu.Unlock()
return t.allowedCPUMask.Copy()
}
// SetCPUMask sets t's allowed CPU mask based on mask. It takes ownership of
// mask.
//
// Preconditions: mask.Size() ==
// sched.CPUSetSize(t.Kernel().ApplicationCores()).
func (t *Task) SetCPUMask(mask sched.CPUSet) error {
if want := sched.CPUSetSize(t.k.applicationCores); mask.Size() != want {
panic(fmt.Sprintf("Invalid CPUSet %v (expected %d bytes)", mask, want))
}
// Remove CPUs in mask above Kernel.applicationCores.
mask.ClearAbove(t.k.applicationCores)
// Ensure that at least 1 CPU is still allowed.
if mask.NumCPUs() == 0 {
return syserror.EINVAL
}
if t.k.useHostCores {
// No-op; pretend the mask was immediately changed back.
return nil
}
t.tg.pidns.owner.mu.RLock()
rootTID := t.tg.pidns.owner.Root.tids[t]
t.tg.pidns.owner.mu.RUnlock()
t.mu.Lock()
defer t.mu.Unlock()
t.allowedCPUMask = mask
atomic.StoreInt32(&t.cpu, assignCPU(mask, rootTID))
return nil
}
// CPU returns the cpu id for a given task.
func (t *Task) CPU() int32 {
if t.k.useHostCores {
return int32(hostcpu.GetCPU())
}
return atomic.LoadInt32(&t.cpu)
}
// assignCPU returns the virtualized CPU number for the task with global TID
// tid and allowedCPUMask allowed.
func assignCPU(allowed sched.CPUSet, tid ThreadID) (cpu int32) {
// To pretend that threads are evenly distributed to allowed CPUs, choose n
// to be less than the number of CPUs in allowed ...
n := int(tid) % int(allowed.NumCPUs())
// ... then pick the nth CPU in allowed.
allowed.ForEachCPU(func(c uint) {
if n--; n == 0 {
cpu = int32(c)
}
})
return cpu
}
// Niceness returns t's niceness.
func (t *Task) Niceness() int {
t.mu.Lock()
defer t.mu.Unlock()
return t.niceness
}
// Priority returns t's priority.
func (t *Task) Priority() int {
t.mu.Lock()
defer t.mu.Unlock()
return t.niceness + 20
}
// SetNiceness sets t's niceness to n.
func (t *Task) SetNiceness(n int) {
t.mu.Lock()
defer t.mu.Unlock()
t.niceness = n
}
// NumaPolicy returns t's current numa policy.
func (t *Task) NumaPolicy() (policy int32, nodeMask uint32) {
t.mu.Lock()
defer t.mu.Unlock()
return t.numaPolicy, t.numaNodeMask
}
// SetNumaPolicy sets t's numa policy.
func (t *Task) SetNumaPolicy(policy int32, nodeMask uint32) {
t.mu.Lock()
defer t.mu.Unlock()
t.numaPolicy = policy
t.numaNodeMask = nodeMask
}
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