1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
20
21
22
23
24
25
26
27
28
29
30
31
32
33
34
35
36
37
38
39
40
41
42
43
44
45
46
47
48
49
50
51
52
53
54
55
56
57
58
59
60
61
62
63
64
65
66
67
68
69
70
71
72
73
74
75
76
77
78
79
80
81
82
83
84
85
86
87
88
89
90
91
92
93
94
95
96
97
98
99
100
101
102
103
104
105
106
107
108
109
110
111
112
113
114
115
116
117
118
119
120
121
122
123
124
125
126
127
128
129
130
131
132
133
134
135
136
137
138
139
140
141
142
143
144
145
146
147
148
149
150
151
152
153
154
155
156
157
158
159
160
161
162
163
164
165
166
167
168
169
170
171
172
173
174
175
176
177
178
179
180
181
182
183
184
185
186
187
188
189
190
191
192
193
194
195
196
197
198
199
200
201
202
203
204
205
206
207
208
209
210
211
212
213
214
215
216
217
218
219
220
221
222
223
224
225
226
227
228
229
230
231
232
233
234
235
236
237
238
239
240
241
242
243
244
245
246
247
248
249
250
251
252
253
254
255
256
257
258
259
260
261
262
263
264
265
266
267
268
269
270
271
272
273
274
275
276
277
278
279
280
281
282
283
284
285
286
287
288
289
290
291
292
293
294
295
296
297
298
299
300
301
302
303
304
305
306
307
308
309
310
311
312
313
314
315
316
317
318
319
320
321
322
323
324
325
326
327
328
329
330
331
332
333
334
335
336
337
338
339
340
341
342
343
344
345
346
347
348
349
350
351
352
353
354
355
356
357
358
359
360
361
362
363
364
365
366
367
368
369
370
371
372
373
374
375
376
377
378
379
380
381
382
383
384
385
386
387
388
389
390
391
392
393
394
395
396
397
398
399
400
401
402
403
404
405
406
407
408
409
410
411
412
413
414
415
416
417
418
419
420
421
422
423
424
425
426
427
428
429
430
431
432
433
434
435
436
437
438
439
440
441
442
443
444
445
446
447
448
449
450
451
452
453
454
455
456
457
458
459
460
461
462
463
464
465
466
467
468
469
470
471
472
473
474
475
476
477
478
479
480
481
482
483
484
485
486
487
488
489
490
491
492
493
494
495
496
497
498
499
500
501
502
503
504
505
506
507
508
509
510
511
512
513
514
515
516
517
518
519
520
521
522
523
524
525
526
527
528
529
530
531
532
533
534
535
536
537
538
539
540
541
542
543
544
545
546
547
548
549
550
551
552
553
554
555
556
557
558
559
560
561
562
563
564
565
566
567
568
569
570
571
572
573
574
575
576
577
578
579
580
581
582
583
584
585
586
587
588
589
590
591
592
593
594
595
596
597
598
599
600
601
602
603
604
605
606
607
608
609
610
611
612
613
614
615
616
617
618
619
620
621
622
623
624
625
626
627
628
629
630
631
632
633
634
635
636
637
638
639
640
641
642
643
644
645
646
647
648
649
650
651
652
653
654
655
656
657
658
659
660
661
662
663
664
665
666
667
668
669
670
671
672
673
674
675
676
677
678
679
680
681
682
683
684
685
686
687
688
689
690
691
692
693
694
695
696
697
698
699
700
701
702
703
704
705
706
707
708
709
710
711
712
713
714
715
716
717
718
719
720
721
722
723
724
725
726
727
728
729
730
731
732
733
734
735
736
737
738
739
740
741
742
743
744
745
746
747
748
749
750
751
752
753
754
755
756
757
758
759
760
761
762
763
764
765
766
767
768
769
770
771
772
773
774
775
776
777
778
779
780
781
782
783
784
785
786
787
788
789
790
791
792
793
794
795
796
797
798
799
800
801
802
803
804
805
806
807
808
809
810
811
812
813
814
815
816
817
818
819
820
821
822
823
824
825
826
827
828
829
830
831
832
833
834
835
836
837
838
839
840
841
842
843
844
845
846
847
848
849
850
851
852
853
854
855
856
857
858
859
860
861
862
863
864
865
866
867
868
869
870
871
872
873
874
875
876
877
878
879
880
881
882
883
884
885
886
887
888
889
890
891
892
893
894
895
896
897
898
899
900
901
902
903
904
905
906
907
908
909
910
911
912
913
914
915
916
917
918
919
920
921
922
923
924
925
926
927
928
929
930
931
932
933
934
935
936
937
938
939
940
941
942
943
944
945
946
947
948
949
950
951
952
953
954
955
956
957
958
959
960
961
962
963
964
965
966
967
968
969
970
971
972
973
974
975
976
977
978
979
980
981
982
983
984
985
986
987
988
989
990
991
992
993
994
995
996
997
998
999
1000
1001
1002
1003
1004
1005
1006
1007
1008
1009
1010
1011
1012
1013
1014
1015
1016
1017
1018
1019
1020
1021
1022
1023
1024
1025
1026
1027
1028
1029
1030
1031
1032
1033
1034
1035
1036
1037
1038
1039
1040
1041
1042
1043
1044
1045
1046
1047
1048
1049
1050
1051
1052
1053
1054
1055
1056
1057
1058
1059
1060
1061
1062
1063
1064
1065
1066
1067
1068
1069
1070
1071
1072
1073
1074
1075
1076
1077
1078
1079
1080
1081
1082
1083
1084
1085
1086
1087
1088
1089
1090
1091
1092
1093
1094
1095
1096
1097
1098
1099
1100
1101
1102
1103
1104
1105
1106
1107
1108
1109
1110
1111
1112
1113
1114
1115
1116
1117
1118
1119
1120
1121
1122
1123
1124
1125
1126
1127
1128
1129
1130
1131
1132
1133
1134
1135
1136
1137
1138
1139
1140
1141
1142
1143
1144
1145
1146
1147
1148
1149
1150
1151
1152
1153
1154
1155
1156
1157
1158
1159
1160
1161
1162
1163
1164
1165
1166
1167
1168
1169
1170
1171
1172
1173
1174
1175
1176
1177
1178
1179
1180
1181
1182
1183
1184
1185
1186
1187
1188
1189
1190
1191
1192
1193
1194
1195
1196
1197
1198
1199
1200
1201
1202
1203
1204
1205
1206
1207
1208
1209
1210
1211
1212
1213
1214
1215
1216
1217
1218
1219
1220
1221
1222
1223
1224
1225
1226
1227
1228
1229
1230
1231
1232
1233
1234
1235
1236
1237
1238
1239
1240
1241
1242
1243
1244
1245
1246
1247
1248
1249
1250
1251
1252
1253
1254
1255
1256
1257
1258
1259
1260
1261
1262
1263
1264
1265
1266
1267
1268
1269
1270
1271
1272
1273
1274
1275
1276
1277
1278
1279
1280
1281
1282
1283
1284
1285
1286
1287
1288
1289
1290
1291
1292
1293
1294
1295
1296
1297
1298
1299
1300
1301
1302
1303
1304
1305
1306
1307
1308
1309
1310
1311
1312
1313
1314
1315
1316
1317
1318
1319
1320
1321
1322
1323
1324
1325
1326
1327
1328
1329
1330
1331
1332
1333
1334
1335
1336
1337
1338
1339
1340
1341
1342
1343
1344
1345
1346
1347
1348
1349
1350
1351
1352
1353
1354
1355
1356
1357
1358
1359
1360
1361
1362
1363
1364
1365
1366
1367
1368
1369
1370
1371
1372
1373
1374
1375
1376
1377
1378
1379
1380
1381
1382
1383
1384
1385
1386
1387
1388
1389
1390
1391
1392
1393
1394
1395
1396
1397
1398
1399
1400
1401
1402
1403
1404
1405
1406
1407
1408
1409
1410
1411
1412
1413
1414
1415
1416
1417
1418
1419
1420
1421
1422
1423
1424
1425
1426
1427
1428
1429
1430
1431
1432
1433
1434
1435
1436
1437
1438
1439
1440
1441
1442
1443
1444
1445
1446
1447
1448
1449
1450
1451
1452
1453
1454
1455
1456
1457
1458
1459
1460
1461
1462
1463
1464
1465
1466
1467
1468
1469
1470
1471
1472
1473
1474
1475
1476
1477
1478
1479
1480
1481
1482
1483
1484
1485
1486
1487
1488
1489
1490
1491
1492
1493
1494
1495
1496
1497
1498
1499
1500
1501
1502
1503
1504
1505
1506
1507
1508
1509
1510
1511
1512
1513
1514
1515
1516
1517
1518
1519
1520
1521
1522
1523
1524
1525
1526
1527
1528
1529
1530
1531
1532
1533
1534
1535
1536
1537
1538
1539
1540
1541
1542
1543
1544
1545
1546
1547
1548
1549
1550
1551
1552
1553
1554
1555
1556
1557
1558
1559
1560
1561
1562
1563
1564
1565
1566
1567
1568
1569
1570
1571
1572
1573
1574
1575
1576
1577
1578
1579
1580
1581
1582
1583
1584
1585
1586
1587
1588
1589
1590
1591
1592
1593
1594
1595
1596
1597
1598
1599
1600
1601
1602
1603
1604
1605
1606
1607
1608
1609
1610
1611
1612
1613
1614
1615
1616
1617
1618
1619
1620
1621
1622
1623
1624
1625
1626
1627
1628
1629
1630
1631
1632
1633
1634
1635
1636
1637
1638
1639
1640
1641
1642
1643
1644
1645
1646
1647
1648
1649
1650
1651
1652
1653
1654
1655
1656
1657
1658
1659
1660
1661
1662
1663
1664
1665
1666
1667
1668
1669
1670
1671
1672
1673
1674
1675
1676
1677
1678
1679
1680
1681
1682
1683
1684
1685
1686
1687
1688
1689
1690
1691
1692
1693
1694
1695
1696
1697
1698
1699
1700
1701
1702
1703
1704
1705
1706
1707
1708
1709
1710
1711
1712
1713
1714
1715
1716
1717
1718
1719
1720
1721
1722
1723
1724
1725
1726
1727
1728
1729
1730
1731
1732
1733
1734
1735
1736
1737
1738
1739
1740
1741
1742
1743
1744
1745
1746
1747
1748
1749
1750
1751
1752
1753
1754
1755
1756
1757
1758
1759
1760
1761
1762
1763
1764
1765
1766
1767
1768
1769
1770
1771
1772
1773
1774
1775
1776
1777
1778
1779
1780
1781
1782
1783
1784
1785
1786
1787
1788
1789
1790
1791
1792
1793
1794
1795
1796
1797
1798
1799
1800
1801
1802
1803
1804
1805
1806
1807
1808
1809
1810
1811
1812
1813
1814
1815
1816
1817
1818
1819
1820
1821
1822
1823
1824
1825
1826
1827
1828
1829
1830
1831
1832
1833
1834
1835
1836
1837
1838
1839
1840
1841
1842
1843
1844
1845
1846
1847
1848
1849
1850
1851
1852
1853
1854
1855
1856
1857
1858
1859
1860
1861
1862
1863
1864
1865
1866
1867
1868
1869
1870
1871
1872
1873
1874
1875
1876
1877
1878
1879
1880
1881
1882
1883
1884
1885
1886
1887
1888
1889
1890
1891
1892
1893
1894
1895
1896
1897
1898
1899
1900
1901
1902
1903
1904
1905
1906
1907
1908
1909
1910
1911
1912
1913
1914
1915
1916
1917
1918
1919
1920
1921
1922
1923
1924
1925
1926
1927
1928
1929
1930
1931
1932
1933
1934
1935
1936
1937
1938
1939
1940
1941
1942
1943
1944
1945
1946
1947
1948
1949
1950
1951
1952
1953
1954
1955
1956
1957
1958
1959
1960
1961
1962
1963
1964
1965
1966
1967
1968
1969
1970
1971
1972
1973
1974
1975
1976
1977
1978
1979
1980
1981
1982
1983
1984
1985
1986
1987
1988
1989
1990
1991
1992
1993
1994
1995
1996
1997
1998
1999
2000
2001
2002
2003
2004
2005
2006
2007
2008
2009
2010
2011
2012
2013
2014
2015
2016
2017
2018
2019
2020
2021
2022
2023
2024
2025
2026
2027
2028
2029
2030
2031
2032
2033
2034
2035
2036
2037
2038
2039
2040
2041
2042
2043
2044
2045
2046
2047
2048
2049
2050
2051
2052
2053
2054
2055
2056
2057
2058
2059
2060
2061
2062
2063
2064
2065
2066
2067
2068
2069
2070
2071
2072
2073
2074
2075
2076
2077
2078
2079
2080
2081
2082
2083
2084
2085
2086
2087
2088
2089
2090
2091
2092
2093
2094
2095
2096
2097
2098
2099
2100
2101
2102
2103
2104
2105
2106
2107
2108
2109
2110
2111
2112
2113
2114
2115
2116
2117
2118
2119
2120
2121
2122
2123
2124
2125
2126
2127
2128
2129
2130
2131
2132
2133
2134
2135
2136
2137
2138
2139
2140
2141
2142
2143
2144
2145
2146
2147
2148
2149
2150
2151
2152
2153
2154
2155
2156
2157
2158
2159
2160
2161
2162
2163
2164
2165
2166
2167
2168
2169
2170
2171
2172
2173
2174
2175
2176
2177
2178
2179
2180
2181
2182
2183
2184
2185
2186
2187
2188
2189
2190
2191
2192
2193
2194
2195
2196
2197
2198
2199
2200
2201
2202
2203
2204
2205
2206
2207
2208
2209
2210
2211
2212
2213
2214
2215
2216
2217
2218
2219
2220
2221
2222
2223
2224
2225
2226
2227
2228
2229
2230
2231
2232
2233
2234
2235
2236
2237
2238
2239
2240
2241
2242
2243
2244
2245
2246
2247
2248
2249
2250
2251
2252
2253
2254
2255
2256
2257
2258
2259
2260
2261
2262
2263
2264
2265
2266
2267
2268
2269
2270
2271
2272
2273
2274
2275
2276
2277
2278
2279
2280
2281
2282
2283
2284
2285
2286
2287
2288
2289
2290
2291
2292
2293
2294
2295
2296
2297
2298
2299
2300
2301
2302
2303
2304
2305
2306
2307
2308
2309
2310
2311
2312
2313
2314
2315
2316
2317
2318
2319
2320
2321
2322
2323
2324
2325
2326
2327
2328
2329
2330
2331
2332
2333
2334
2335
2336
2337
2338
2339
2340
2341
2342
2343
2344
2345
2346
2347
2348
2349
2350
2351
2352
2353
2354
2355
2356
2357
2358
2359
2360
2361
2362
2363
2364
2365
2366
2367
2368
2369
2370
2371
2372
2373
2374
2375
2376
2377
2378
2379
2380
2381
2382
2383
2384
2385
2386
2387
2388
2389
2390
2391
2392
2393
2394
2395
2396
2397
2398
2399
2400
2401
2402
2403
2404
2405
2406
2407
2408
2409
2410
2411
2412
2413
2414
2415
2416
2417
2418
2419
2420
2421
2422
2423
2424
2425
2426
2427
2428
2429
2430
2431
2432
2433
2434
2435
2436
2437
2438
2439
2440
2441
2442
2443
2444
2445
2446
2447
2448
2449
2450
2451
2452
2453
2454
2455
2456
2457
2458
2459
2460
|
<HTML>
<HEAD>
<TITLE>BusyBox - The Swiss Army Knife of Embedded Linux</TITLE>
<LINK REV="made" HREF="mailto:none">
</HEAD>
<BODY>
<!-- INDEX BEGIN -->
<UL>
<LI><A HREF="#NAME">NAME</A>
<LI><A HREF="#SYNTAX">SYNTAX</A>
<LI><A HREF="#DESCRIPTION">DESCRIPTION</A>
<LI><A HREF="#USAGE">USAGE</A>
<LI><A HREF="#COMMON_OPTIONS">COMMON OPTIONS</A>
<LI><A HREF="#COMMANDS">COMMANDS</A>
<LI><A HREF="#LIBC_NSS">LIBC NSS</A>
<LI><A HREF="#SEE_ALSO">SEE ALSO</A>
<LI><A HREF="#MAINTAINER">MAINTAINER</A>
<LI><A HREF="#AUTHORS">AUTHORS</A>
</UL>
<!-- INDEX END -->
<HR>
<P>
<H1><A NAME="NAME">NAME</A></H1>
<P>
BusyBox - The Swiss Army Knife of Embedded Linux
<P>
<HR>
<H1><A NAME="SYNTAX">SYNTAX</A></H1>
<P>
<PRE> BusyBox <function> [arguments...] # or
</PRE>
<P>
<PRE> <function> [arguments...] # if symlinked
</PRE>
<P>
<HR>
<H1><A NAME="DESCRIPTION">DESCRIPTION</A></H1>
<P>
BusyBox combines tiny versions of many common UNIX utilities into a single
small executable. It provides minimalist replacements for most of the
utilities you usually find in fileutils, shellutils, findutils, textutils,
grep, gzip, tar, etc. BusyBox provides a fairly complete POSIX environment
for any small or emdedded system. The utilities in BusyBox generally have
fewer options then their full featured GNU cousins; however, the options
that are included provide the expected functionality and behave very much
like their GNU counterparts.
<P>
BusyBox has been written with size-optimization and limited resources in
mind. It is also extremely modular so you can easily include or exclude
commands (or features) at compile time. This makes it easy to customize
your embedded systems. To create a working system, just add a kernel, a
shell (such as ash), and an editor (such as elvis-tiny or ae).
<P>
<HR>
<H1><A NAME="USAGE">USAGE</A></H1>
<P>
When you create a link to BusyBox for the function you wish to use, when
BusyBox is called using that link it will behave as if the command itself
has been invoked.
<P>
For example, entering
<P>
<PRE> ln -s ./BusyBox ls
./ls
</PRE>
<P>
will cause BusyBox to behave as 'ls' (if the 'ls' command has been compiled
into BusyBox).
<P>
You can also invoke BusyBox by issuing the command as an argument on the
command line. For example, entering
<P>
<PRE> ./BusyBox ls
</PRE>
<P>
will also cause BusyBox to behave as 'ls'.
<P>
<HR>
<H1><A NAME="COMMON_OPTIONS">COMMON OPTIONS</A></H1>
<P>
Most BusyBox commands support the <STRONG>--help</STRONG> option to provide a terse runtime description of their behavior.
<P>
<HR>
<H1><A NAME="COMMANDS">COMMANDS</A></H1>
<P>
Currently defined functions include:
<P>
basename, cat, chgrp, chmod, chown, chroot, clear, chvt, cp, cut, date, dd,
df, dirname, dmesg, du, dutmp, echo, false, fbset, fdflush, find, free,
freeramdisk, deallocvt, fsck.minix, grep, gunzip, gzip, halt, head, hostid,
hostname, id, init, kill, killall, length, ln, loadacm, loadfont, loadkmap,
logger, logname, ls, lsmod, makedevs, math, mkdir, mkfifo, mkfs.minix,
mknod, mkswap, mktemp, nc, more, mount, mt, mv, nslookup, ping, poweroff,
printf, ps, pwd, reboot, rm, rmdir, rmmod, sed, setkeycodes, sh, sfdisk,
sleep, sort, sync, syslogd, swapon, swapoff, tail, tar, test, tee, touch,
tr, true, tty, umount, uname, uniq, update, uptime, usleep, wc, whoami,
yes, zcat, [
<P>
-------------------------------
<DL>
<DT><STRONG><A NAME="item_basename">basename</A></STRONG><DD>
<P>
Usage: basename FILE [SUFFIX]
<P>
Strips directory path and suffixes from FILE. If specified, also removes
any trailing SUFFIX.
<P>
Example:
<P>
<PRE> $ basename /usr/local/bin/foo
foo
$ basename /usr/local/bin/
bin
$ basename /foo/bar.txt .txt
bar
</PRE>
<P>
-------------------------------
<DT><STRONG><A NAME="item_cat">cat</A></STRONG><DD>
<P>
Usage: cat [FILE ...]
<P>
Concatenates <CODE>FILE(s)</CODE> and prints them to the standard output.
<P>
Example:
<P>
<PRE> $ cat /proc/uptime
110716.72 17.67
</PRE>
<P>
-------------------------------
<DT><STRONG><A NAME="item_chgrp">chgrp</A></STRONG><DD>
<P>
Usage: chgrp [OPTION]... GROUP FILE...
<P>
Change the group membership of each FILE to GROUP.
<P>
Options:
<P>
<PRE> -R change files and directories recursively
</PRE>
<P>
Example:
<P>
<PRE> $ ls -l /tmp/foo
-r--r--r-- 1 andersen andersen 0 Apr 12 18:25 /tmp/foo
$ chgrp root /tmp/foo
$ ls -l /tmp/foo
-r--r--r-- 1 andersen root 0 Apr 12 18:25 /tmp/foo
</PRE>
<P>
-------------------------------
<DT><STRONG><A NAME="item_chmod">chmod</A></STRONG><DD>
<P>
Usage: chmod [<STRONG>-R</STRONG>] MODE[,MODE]... FILE...
<P>
Changes file access permissions for the specified <CODE>FILE(s)</CODE> (or
directories). Each MODE is defined by combining the letters for WHO has
access to the file, an OPERATOR for selecting how the permissions should be
changed, and a PERISSION for <CODE>FILE(s)</CODE> (or directories).
<P>
WHO may be chosen from
<P>
<PRE> u User who owns the file
g Users in the file's Group
o Other users not in the file's group
a All users
</PRE>
<P>
OPERATOR may be chosen from
<P>
<PRE> + Add a permission
- Remove a permission
= Assign a permission
PERMISSION may be chosen from
</PRE>
<P>
<PRE> r Read
w Write
x Execute (or access for directories)
s Set user (or group) ID bit
t Stickey bit (for directories prevents removing files by non-owners)
</PRE>
<P>
Alternately, permissions can be set numerically where the first three
numbers are calculated by adding the octal values, such as
<P>
<PRE> 4 Read
2 Write
1 Execute
</PRE>
<P>
An optional fourth digit can also be used to specify
<P>
<PRE> 4 Set user ID
2 Set group ID
1 Stickey bit
</PRE>
<P>
Options:
<P>
<PRE> -R Change files and directories recursively.
Example:
</PRE>
<P>
<PRE> $ ls -l /tmp/foo
-rw-rw-r-- 1 root root 0 Apr 12 18:25 /tmp/foo
$ chmod u+x /tmp/foo
$ ls -l /tmp/foo
-rwxrw-r-- 1 root root 0 Apr 12 18:25 /tmp/foo*
$ chmod 444 /tmp/foo
$ ls -l /tmp/foo
-r--r--r-- 1 root root 0 Apr 12 18:25 /tmp/foo
</PRE>
<P>
-------------------------------
<DT><STRONG><A NAME="item_chown">chown</A></STRONG><DD>
<P>
Usage: chown [OPTION]... OWNER[<.|:>[GROUP] FILE...
<P>
Changes the owner and/or group of each FILE to OWNER and/or GROUP.
<P>
Options:
<P>
<PRE> -R Changes files and directories recursively
</PRE>
<P>
Example:
<P>
<PRE> $ ls -l /tmp/foo
-r--r--r-- 1 andersen andersen 0 Apr 12 18:25 /tmp/foo
$ chown root /tmp/foo
$ ls -l /tmp/foo
-r--r--r-- 1 root andersen 0 Apr 12 18:25 /tmp/foo
$ chown root.root /tmp/foo
ls -l /tmp/foo
-r--r--r-- 1 root root 0 Apr 12 18:25 /tmp/foo
</PRE>
<P>
-------------------------------
<DT><STRONG><A NAME="item_chroot">chroot</A></STRONG><DD>
<P>
Usage: chroot NEWROOT [COMMAND...]
<P>
Run COMMAND with root directory set to NEWROOT. Example:
<P>
<PRE> $ ls -l /bin/ls
lrwxrwxrwx 1 root root 12 Apr 13 00:46 /bin/ls -> /BusyBox
$ mount /dev/hdc1 /mnt -t minix
$ chroot /mnt
$ ls -l /bin/ls
-rwxr-xr-x 1 root root 40816 Feb 5 07:45 /bin/ls*
</PRE>
<P>
-------------------------------
<DT><STRONG><A NAME="item_clear">clear</A></STRONG><DD>
<P>
Clears the screen.
<P>
-------------------------------
<DT><STRONG><A NAME="item_chvt">chvt</A></STRONG><DD>
<P>
Usage: chvt N
<P>
Changes the foreground virtual terminal to /dev/ttyN
<P>
-------------------------------
<DT><STRONG><A NAME="item_cp">cp</A></STRONG><DD>
<P>
Usage: cp [OPTION]... SOURCE DEST
<P>
<PRE> or: cp [OPTION]... SOURCE... DIRECTORY
</PRE>
<P>
Copies SOURCE to DEST, or multiple <CODE>SOURCE(s)</CODE> to DIRECTORY.
<P>
Options:
<P>
<PRE> -a Same as -dpR
-d Preserves links
-p Preserves file attributes if possable
-R Copies directories recursively
</PRE>
<P>
-------------------------------
<DT><STRONG><A NAME="item_cut">cut</A></STRONG><DD>
<P>
Usage: cut [OPTION]... [FILE]...
<P>
Prints selected fields from each input FILE to standard output.
<P>
Options:
<P>
<PRE> -b LIST Output only bytes from LIST
-c LIST Output only characters from LIST
-d DELIM Use DELIM instead of tab as the field delimiter
-f N Print only these fields
-n Ignored
</PRE>
<P>
Example:
<P>
<PRE> $ echo "Hello world" | cut -f 1 -d ' '
Hello
$ echo "Hello world" | cut -f 2 -d ' '
world
</PRE>
<P>
-------------------------------
<DT><STRONG><A NAME="item_date">date</A></STRONG><DD>
<P>
Usage: date [OPTION]... [+FORMAT]
<P>
<PRE> or: date [OPTION] [MMDDhhmm[[CC]YY][.ss]]
</PRE>
<P>
Displays the current time in the given FORMAT, or sets the system date.
<P>
Options:
<P>
<PRE> -R Outputs RFC-822 compliant date string
-s Sets time described by STRING
-u Prints or sets Coordinated Universal Time
</PRE>
<P>
Example:
<P>
<PRE> $ date
Wed Apr 12 18:52:41 MDT 2000
</PRE>
<P>
-------------------------------
<DT><STRONG><A NAME="item_dd">dd</A></STRONG><DD>
<P>
Usage: dd [if=name] [of=name] [bs=n] [count=n] [skip=n] [seek=n]
<P>
Copy a file, converting and formatting according to options
<P>
<PRE> if=FILE read from FILE instead of stdin
of=FILE write to FILE instead of stdout
bs=n read and write n bytes at a time
count=n copy only n input blocks
skip=n skip n input blocks
seek=n skip n output blocks
</PRE>
<P>
Numbers may be suffixed by w (x2), k (x1024), b (x512), or M (x1024^2)
Example:
<P>
<PRE> $ dd if=/dev/zero of=/dev/ram1 bs=1M count=4
4+0 records in
4+0 records out
</PRE>
<P>
-------------------------------
<DT><STRONG><A NAME="item_df">df</A></STRONG><DD>
<P>
Usage: df [filesystem ...]
<P>
Prints the filesystem space used and space available.
<P>
Example:
<P>
<PRE> $ df
Filesystem 1k-blocks Used Available Use% Mounted on
/dev/sda3 8690864 8553540 137324 98% /
/dev/sda1 64216 36364 27852 57% /boot
$ df /dev/sda3
Filesystem 1k-blocks Used Available Use% Mounted on
/dev/sda3 8690864 8553540 137324 98% /
</PRE>
<P>
-------------------------------
<DT><STRONG><A NAME="item_dirname">dirname</A></STRONG><DD>
<P>
Usage: dirname NAME
<P>
Strip non-directory suffix from file name
<P>
Example:
<P>
<PRE> $ dirname /tmp/foo
/tmp
$ dirname /tmp/foo/
/tmp
</PRE>
<P>
-------------------------------
<DT><STRONG><A NAME="item_dmesg">dmesg</A></STRONG><DD>
<P>
Usage: dmesg [<STRONG>-c</STRONG>] [<STRONG>-n</STRONG> level] [<STRONG>-s</STRONG> bufsize] Print or controls the kernel ring buffer.
<P>
-------------------------------
<DT><STRONG><A NAME="item_du">du</A></STRONG><DD>
<P>
Usage: du [OPTION]... [FILE]...
<P>
Summarize disk space used for each FILE and/or directory. Disk space is
printed in units of 1k (i.e. 1024 bytes).
<P>
Options:
<P>
<PRE> -l count sizes many times if hard linked
-s display only a total for each argument
</PRE>
<P>
Example:
<P>
<PRE> $ ./BusyBox du
16 ./CVS
12 ./kernel-patches/CVS
80 ./kernel-patches
12 ./tests/CVS
36 ./tests
12 ./scripts/CVS
16 ./scripts
12 ./docs/CVS
104 ./docs
2417 .
-------------------------------
</PRE>
<DT><STRONG><A NAME="item_dutmp">dutmp</A></STRONG><DD>
<P>
Usage: dutmp [FILE]
<P>
Dump utmp file format (pipe delimited) from FILE or stdin to stdout.
<P>
Example:
<P>
<PRE> $ dutmp /var/run/utmp
8|7||si|||0|0|0|955637625|760097|0
2|0|~|~~|reboot||0|0|0|955637625|782235|0
1|20020|~|~~|runlevel||0|0|0|955637625|800089|0
8|125||l4|||0|0|0|955637629|998367|0
6|245|tty1|1|LOGIN||0|0|0|955637630|998974|0
6|246|tty2|2|LOGIN||0|0|0|955637630|999498|0
7|336|pts/0|vt00andersen|andersen|:0.0|0|0|0|955637763|0|0
-------------------------------
</PRE>
<DT><STRONG><A NAME="item_echo">echo</A></STRONG><DD>
<P>
Usage: echo [-neE] [ARG ...]
<P>
Prints the specified ARGs to stdout
<P>
Options:
<P>
<PRE> -n suppress trailing newline
-e interpret backslash-escaped characters (i.e. \t=tab etc)
-E disable interpretation of backslash-escaped characters
</PRE>
<P>
Example:
<P>
<PRE> $ echo "Erik is cool"
Erik is cool
$ echo -e "Erik\nis\ncool"
Erik
is
cool
$ echo "Erik\nis\ncool"
Erik\nis\ncool
-------------------------------
</PRE>
<DT><STRONG><A NAME="item_false">false</A></STRONG><DD>
<P>
Returns an exit code of FALSE (1)
<P>
Example:
<P>
<PRE> $ false
$ echo $?
1
</PRE>
<P>
-------------------------------
<DT><STRONG><A NAME="item_fbset">fbset</A></STRONG><DD>
<P>
Usage: fbset [options] [mode]
<P>
Show and modify frame buffer device settings
<P>
Options:
<P>
<PRE> -h
-fb
-db
-a
-i
-g
-t
-accel
-hsync
-vsync
-laced
-double
</PRE>
<P>
Example:
<P>
<PRE> $ fbset
mode "1024x768-76"
# D: 78.653 MHz, H: 59.949 kHz, V: 75.694 Hz
geometry 1024 768 1024 768 16
timings 12714 128 32 16 4 128 4
accel false
rgba 5/11,6/5,5/0,0/0
endmode
</PRE>
<P>
-------------------------------
<DT><STRONG><A NAME="item_fdflush">fdflush</A></STRONG><DD>
<P>
Usage: fdflush device
<P>
Force floppy disk drive to detect disk change
<P>
-------------------------------
<DT><STRONG><A NAME="item_find">find</A></STRONG><DD>
<P>
Usage: find [PATH...] [EXPRESSION]
<P>
Search for files in a directory hierarchy. The default PATH is the current
directory; default EXPRESSION is '-print'
<P>
EXPRESSION may consist of:
<P>
<PRE> -follow Dereference symbolic links.
-name PATTERN File name (leading directories removed) matches PATTERN.
-print print the full file name followed by a newline to stdout.
</PRE>
<P>
Example:
<P>
<PRE> $ find / -name /etc/passwd
/etc/passwd
</PRE>
<P>
-------------------------------
<DT><STRONG><A NAME="item_free">free</A></STRONG><DD>
<P>
Usage: free
<P>
Displays the amount of free and used system memory.
<P>
Example:
<P>
<PRE> $ free
total used free shared buffers
Mem: 257628 248724 8904 59644 93124
Swap: 128516 8404 120112
Total: 386144 257128 129016
</PRE>
<P>
-------------------------------
<DT><STRONG><A NAME="item_freeramdisk">freeramdisk</A></STRONG><DD>
<P>
Usage: freeramdisk DEVICE
<P>
Frees all memory used by the specified ramdisk.
<P>
Example:
<P>
<PRE> $ freeramdisk /dev/ram2
</PRE>
<P>
-------------------------------
<DT><STRONG><A NAME="item_deallocvt">deallocvt</A></STRONG><DD>
<P>
Usage: deallocvt N
<P>
Deallocates unused virtual terminal /dev/ttyN
<P>
-------------------------------
<DT><STRONG><A NAME="item_fsck">fsck.minix</A></STRONG><DD>
<P>
Usage: fsck.minix [<STRONG>-larvsmf</STRONG>] /dev/name
<P>
Performs a consistency check for MINIX filesystems.
<P>
OPTIONS:
<P>
<PRE> -l Lists all filenames
-r Perform interactive repairs
-a Perform automatic repairs
-v verbose
-s Outputs super-block information
-m Activates MINIX-like "mode not cleared" warnings
-f Force file system check.
</PRE>
<P>
-------------------------------
<DT><STRONG><A NAME="item_grep">grep</A></STRONG><DD>
<P>
Usage: grep [OPTIONS]... PATTERN [FILE]...
<P>
Search for PATTERN in each FILE or standard input.
<P>
OPTIONS:
<P>
<PRE> -h suppress the prefixing filename on output
-i ignore case distinctions
-n print line number with output lines
-q be quiet. Returns 0 if result was found, 1 otherwise
-v select non-matching lines
</PRE>
<P>
This version of grep matches full regular expresions.
<P>
Example:
<P>
<PRE> $ grep root /etc/passwd
root:x:0:0:root:/root:/bin/bash
$ grep ^[rR]oo. /etc/passwd
root:x:0:0:root:/root:/bin/bash
</PRE>
<P>
-------------------------------
<DT><STRONG><A NAME="item_gunzip">gunzip</A></STRONG><DD>
<P>
Usage: gunzip [OPTION]... FILE
<P>
Uncompress FILE (or standard input if FILE is '-').
<P>
Options:
<P>
<PRE> -c Write output to standard output
-t Test compressed file integrity
</PRE>
<P>
Example:
<P>
<PRE> $ ls -la /tmp/BusyBox*
-rw-rw-r-- 1 andersen andersen 557009 Apr 11 10:55 /tmp/BusyBox-0.43.tar.gz
$ gunzip /tmp/BusyBox-0.43.tar.gz
$ ls -la /tmp/BusyBox*
-rw-rw-r-- 1 andersen andersen 1761280 Apr 14 17:47 /tmp/BusyBox-0.43.tar
</PRE>
<P>
-------------------------------
<DT><STRONG><A NAME="item_gzip">gzip</A></STRONG><DD>
<P>
Usage: gzip [OPTION]... FILE
<P>
Compress FILE with maximum compression. When FILE is '-', reads standard
input. Implies <STRONG>-c</STRONG>.
<P>
Options:
<P>
<PRE> -c Write output to standard output instead of FILE.gz
</PRE>
<P>
Example:
<P>
<PRE> $ ls -la /tmp/BusyBox*
-rw-rw-r-- 1 andersen andersen 1761280 Apr 14 17:47 /tmp/BusyBox-0.43.tar
$ gzip /tmp/BusyBox-0.43.tar
$ ls -la /tmp/BusyBox*
-rw-rw-r-- 1 andersen andersen 554058 Apr 14 17:49 /tmp/BusyBox-0.43.tar.gz
</PRE>
<P>
-------------------------------
<DT><STRONG><A NAME="item_halt">halt</A></STRONG><DD>
<P>
Usage: halt
<P>
This comand halts the system.
<P>
-------------------------------
<DT><STRONG><A NAME="item_head">head</A></STRONG><DD>
<P>
Usage: head [OPTION] [FILE]...
<P>
Print first 10 lines of each FILE to standard output. With more than one
FILE, precede each with a header giving the file name. With no FILE, or
when FILE is -, read standard input.
<P>
Options:
<P>
<PRE> -n NUM Print first NUM lines instead of first 10
</PRE>
<P>
Example:
<P>
<PRE> $ head -n 2 /etc/passwd
root:x:0:0:root:/root:/bin/bash
daemon:x:1:1:daemon:/usr/sbin:/bin/sh
</PRE>
<P>
-------------------------------
<DT><STRONG><A NAME="item_hostid">hostid</A></STRONG><DD>
<P>
Usage: hostid
<P>
Prints out a unique 32-bit identifier for the current machine. The 32-bit
identifier is intended to be unique among all UNIX systems in existence.
<P>
-------------------------------
<DT><STRONG><A NAME="item_hostname">hostname</A></STRONG><DD>
<P>
Usage: hostname [OPTION] {hostname | <STRONG>-F</STRONG> file}
<P>
Get or set the hostname or DNS domain name. If a hostname is given (or a
file with the <STRONG>-F</STRONG> parameter), the host name will be set.
<P>
Options:
<P>
<PRE> -s Short
-i Addresses for the hostname
-d DNS domain name
-F FILE Use the contents of FILE to specify the hostname
</PRE>
<P>
Example:
<P>
<PRE> $ hostname
slag
</PRE>
<P>
-------------------------------
<DT><STRONG><A NAME="item_id">id</A></STRONG><DD>
<P>
Print information for USERNAME or the current user
<P>
Options:
<P>
<PRE> -g prints only the group ID
-u prints only the user ID
-r prints the real user ID instead of the effective ID (with -ug)
</PRE>
<P>
Example:
<P>
<PRE> $ id
uid=1000(andersen) gid=1000(andersen)
</PRE>
<P>
-------------------------------
<DT><STRONG><A NAME="item_init">init</A></STRONG><DD>
<P>
Usage: init
<P>
Init is the parent of all processes.
<P>
This version of init is designed to be run only by the kernel.
<P>
BusyBox init doesn't support multiple runlevels. The runlevels field of the
/etc/inittab file is completely ignored by BusyBox init. If you want
runlevels, use sysvinit.
<P>
BusyBox init works just fine without an inittab. If no inittab is found, it
has the following default behavior:
<P>
<PRE> ::sysinit:/etc/init.d/rcS
::askfirst:/bin/sh
</PRE>
<P>
if it detects that /dev/console is _not_ a serial console, it will also
run:
<P>
<PRE> tty2::askfirst:/bin/sh
</PRE>
<P>
If you choose to use an /etc/inittab file, the inittab entry format is as
follows:
<P>
<PRE> <id>:<runlevels>:<action>:<process>
</PRE>
<P>
<PRE> <id>:
</PRE>
<P>
<PRE> WARNING: This field has a non-traditional meaning for BusyBox init!
The id field is used by BusyBox init to specify the controlling tty for
the specified process to run on. The contents of this field are
appended to "/dev/" and used as-is. There is no need for this field to
be unique, although if it isn't you may have strange results. If this
field is left blank, it is completely ignored. Also note that if
BusyBox detects that a serial console is in use, then all entries
containing non-empty id fields will _not_ be run. BusyBox init does
nothing with utmp. We don't need no stinkin' utmp.
</PRE>
<P>
<PRE> <runlevels>:
</PRE>
<P>
<PRE> The runlevels field is completely ignored.
</PRE>
<P>
<PRE> <action>:
</PRE>
<P>
<PRE> Valid actions include: sysinit, respawn, askfirst, wait,
once, and ctrlaltdel.
</PRE>
<P>
<PRE> askfirst acts just like respawn, but before running the specified
process it displays the line "Please press Enter to activate this
console." and then waits for the user to press enter before starting
the specified process.
</PRE>
<P>
<PRE> Unrecognised actions (like initdefault) will cause init to emit
an error message, and then go along with its business.
</PRE>
<P>
<PRE> <process>:
</PRE>
<P>
<PRE> Specifies the process to be executed and it's command line.
</PRE>
<P>
Example /etc/inittab file:
<P>
<PRE> # This is run first except when booting in single-user mode.
#
::sysinit:/etc/init.d/rcS
</PRE>
<P>
<PRE> # /bin/sh invocations on selected ttys
#
# Start an "askfirst" shell on the console (whatever that may be)
::askfirst:/bin/sh
# Start an "askfirst" shell on /dev/tty2
tty2::askfirst:/bin/sh
</PRE>
<P>
<PRE> # /sbin/getty invocations for selected ttys
#
tty4::respawn:/sbin/getty 38400 tty4
tty5::respawn:/sbin/getty 38400 tty5
</PRE>
<P>
<PRE> # Example of how to put a getty on a serial line (for a terminal)
#
#ttyS0::respawn:/sbin/getty -L ttyS0 9600 vt100
#ttyS1::respawn:/sbin/getty -L ttyS1 9600 vt100
#
# Example how to put a getty on a modem line.
#ttyS2::respawn:/sbin/getty -x0 -s 57600 ttyS2
</PRE>
<P>
<PRE> # Stuff to do before rebooting
::ctrlaltdel:/bin/umount -a -r > /dev/null 2>&1
::ctrlaltdel:/sbin/swapoff -a > /dev/null 2>&1
</PRE>
<P>
-------------------------------
<DT><STRONG><A NAME="item_kill">kill</A></STRONG><DD>
<P>
Usage: kill [<STRONG>-signal</STRONG>] process-id [process-id ...]
<P>
Send a signal (default is SIGTERM) to the specified
<CODE>process(es).</CODE>
<P>
Options:
<P>
<PRE> -l List all signal names and numbers.
</PRE>
<P>
Example:
<P>
<PRE> $ ps | grep apache
252 root root S [apache]
263 www-data www-data S [apache]
264 www-data www-data S [apache]
265 www-data www-data S [apache]
266 www-data www-data S [apache]
267 www-data www-data S [apache]
$ kill 252
</PRE>
<P>
-------------------------------
<DT><STRONG><A NAME="item_killall">killall</A></STRONG><DD>
<P>
Usage: killall [<STRONG>-signal</STRONG>] process-name [process-name ...]
<P>
Send a signal (default is SIGTERM) to the specified
<CODE>process(es).</CODE>
<P>
Options:
<P>
<PRE> -l List all signal names and numbers.
</PRE>
<P>
Example:
<P>
<PRE> $ killall apache
</PRE>
<P>
-------------------------------
<DT><STRONG><A NAME="item_length">length</A></STRONG><DD>
<P>
Usage: length STRING
<P>
Prints out the length of the specified STRING.
<P>
Example:
<P>
<PRE> $ length "Hello"
5
</PRE>
<P>
-------------------------------
<DT><STRONG><A NAME="item_ln">ln</A></STRONG><DD>
<P>
Usage: ln [OPTION] TARGET... LINK_NAME|DIRECTORY
<P>
Create a link named LINK_NAME or DIRECTORY to the specified TARGET Options:
<P>
<PRE> -s make symbolic links instead of hard links
-f remove existing destination files
Example:
</PRE>
<P>
<PRE> $ ln -s BusyBox /tmp/ls
$ ls -l /tmp/ls
lrwxrwxrwx 1 root root 7 Apr 12 18:39 ls -> BusyBox*
</PRE>
<P>
-------------------------------
<DT><STRONG><A NAME="item_loadacm">loadacm</A></STRONG><DD>
<P>
Usage: loadacm
<P>
Loads an acm from standard input.
<P>
Example:
<P>
<PRE> $ loadacm < /etc/i18n/acmname
</PRE>
<P>
-------------------------------
<DT><STRONG><A NAME="item_loadfont">loadfont</A></STRONG><DD>
<P>
Usage: loadfont
<P>
Loads a console font from standard input.
<P>
Example:
<P>
<PRE> $ loadfont < /etc/i18n/fontname
</PRE>
<P>
-------------------------------
<DT><STRONG><A NAME="item_loadkmap">loadkmap</A></STRONG><DD>
<P>
Usage: loadkmap
<P>
Loads a binary keyboard translation table from standard input.
<P>
Example:
<P>
<PRE> $ loadkmap < /etc/i18n/lang-keymap
</PRE>
<P>
-------------------------------
<DT><STRONG><A NAME="item_logger">logger</A></STRONG><DD>
<P>
Usage: logger [OPTION]... [MESSAGE]
<P>
Write MESSAGE to the system log. If MESSAGE is '-', log stdin.
<P>
Options:
<P>
<PRE> -s Log to stderr as well as the system log.
-t Log using the specified tag (defaults to user name).
-p Enter the message with the specified priority.
This may be numerical or a ``facility.level'' pair.
</PRE>
<P>
Example:
<P>
<PRE> $ logger "hello"
</PRE>
<P>
-------------------------------
<DT><STRONG><A NAME="item_logname">logname</A></STRONG><DD>
<P>
Usage: logname
<P>
Print the name of the current user.
<P>
Example:
<P>
<PRE> $ logname
root
</PRE>
<P>
-------------------------------
<DT><STRONG><A NAME="item_ls">ls</A></STRONG><DD>
<P>
Usage: ls [<STRONG>-1acdelnpuxACF</STRONG>] [filenames...]
<P>
Options:
<P>
<PRE> -a do not hide entries starting with .
-c with -l: show ctime (the time of last
modification of file status information)
-d list directory entries instead of contents
-e list both full date and full time
-l use a long listing format
-n list numeric UIDs and GIDs instead of names
-p append indicator (one of /=@|) to entries
-u with -l: show access time (the time of last
access of the file)
-x list entries by lines instead of by columns
-A do not list implied . and ..
-C list entries by columns
-F append indicator (one of */=@|) to entries
</PRE>
<P>
-------------------------------
<DT><STRONG><A NAME="item_lsmod">lsmod</A></STRONG><DD>
<P>
Usage: lsmod
<P>
Shows a list of all currently loaded kernel modules.
<P>
-------------------------------
<DT><STRONG><A NAME="item_makedevs">makedevs</A></STRONG><DD>
<P>
Usage: makedevs NAME TYPE MAJOR MINOR FIRST LAST [s]
<P>
Creates a range of block or character special files
<P>
TYPEs include:
<P>
<PRE> b: Make a block (buffered) device.
c or u: Make a character (un-buffered) device.
p: Make a named pipe. MAJOR and MINOR are ignored for named pipes.
</PRE>
<P>
FIRST specifies the number appended to NAME to create the first device.
LAST specifies the number of the last item that should be created. If 's'
is the last argument, the base device is created as well.
<P>
Example:
<P>
<PRE> $ makedevs /dev/ttyS c 4 66 2 63
[creates ttyS2-ttyS63]
$ makedevs /dev/hda b 3 0 0 8 s
[creates hda,hda1-hda8]
</PRE>
<P>
-------------------------------
<DT><STRONG><A NAME="item_math">math</A></STRONG><DD>
<P>
Usage: math expression ...
<P>
This is a Tiny RPN calculator that understands the following operations: +,
-, /, *, and, or, not, eor.
<P>
Example:
<P>
<PRE> $ math 2 2 add
4
$ math 8 8 \* 2 2 + /
16
$ math 0 1 and
0
$ math 0 1 or
1
</PRE>
<P>
-------------------------------
<DT><STRONG><A NAME="item_mkdir">mkdir</A></STRONG><DD>
<P>
Usage: mkdir [OPTION] DIRECTORY...
<P>
Create the <CODE>DIRECTORY(ies),</CODE> if they do not already exist
<P>
Options:
<P>
<PRE> -m set permission mode (as in chmod), not rwxrwxrwx - umask
-p no error if dir exists, make parent directories as needed
</PRE>
<P>
Example:
<P>
<PRE> $ mkdir /tmp/foo
$ mkdir /tmp/foo
/tmp/foo: File exists
$ mkdir /tmp/foo/bar/baz
/tmp/foo/bar/baz: No such file or directory
$ mkdir -p /tmp/foo/bar/baz
</PRE>
<P>
-------------------------------
<DT><STRONG><A NAME="item_mkfifo">mkfifo</A></STRONG><DD>
<P>
Usage: mkfifo [OPTIONS] name
<P>
Creates a named pipe (identical to 'mknod name p')
<P>
Options:
<P>
<PRE> -m create the pipe using the specified mode (default a=rw)
</PRE>
<P>
-------------------------------
<DT><STRONG><A NAME="item_mkfs">mkfs.minix</A></STRONG><DD>
<P>
Usage: mkfs.minix [<STRONG>-c</STRONG> | <STRONG>-l</STRONG> filename] [<STRONG>-nXX</STRONG>] [<STRONG>-iXX</STRONG>] /dev/name [blocks]
<P>
Make a MINIX filesystem.
<P>
OPTIONS:
<P>
<PRE> -c Check the device for bad blocks
-n [14|30] Specify the maximum length of filenames
-i Specify the number of inodes for the filesystem
-l FILENAME Read the bad blocks list from FILENAME
-v Make a Minix version 2 filesystem
</PRE>
<P>
-------------------------------
<DT><STRONG><A NAME="item_mknod">mknod</A></STRONG><DD>
<P>
Usage: mknod [OPTIONS] NAME TYPE MAJOR MINOR
<P>
Create a special file (block, character, or pipe).
<P>
Options:
<P>
<PRE> -m create the special file using the specified mode (default a=rw)
</PRE>
<P>
TYPEs include: b: Make a block (buffered) device. c or u: Make a character
(un-buffered) device. p: Make a named pipe. MAJOR and MINOR are ignored for
named pipes.
<P>
Example:
<P>
<PRE> $ mknod /dev/fd0 b 2 0
$ mknod -m 644 /tmp/pipe p
</PRE>
<P>
-------------------------------
<DT><STRONG><A NAME="item_mkswap">mkswap</A></STRONG><DD>
<P>
Usage: mkswap [<STRONG>-c</STRONG>] [<STRONG>-v0</STRONG>|<STRONG>-v1</STRONG>] device [block-count]
<P>
Prepare a disk partition to be used as a swap partition.
<P>
Options:
<P>
<PRE> -c Check for read-ability.
-v0 Make version 0 swap [max 128 Megs].
-v1 Make version 1 swap [big!] (default for kernels > 2.1.117).
block-count Number of block to use (default is entire partition).
</PRE>
<P>
-------------------------------
<DT><STRONG><A NAME="item_mktemp">mktemp</A></STRONG><DD>
<P>
Usage: mktemp [<STRONG>-q</STRONG>] TEMPLATE
<P>
Creates a temporary file with its name based on TEMPLATE. TEMPLATE is any
name with six `Xs' (i.e. /tmp/temp.XXXXXX).
<P>
Example:
<P>
<PRE> $ mktemp /tmp/temp.XXXXXX
/tmp/temp.mWiLjM
$ ls -la /tmp/temp.mWiLjM
-rw------- 1 andersen andersen 0 Apr 25 17:10 /tmp/temp.mWiLjM
</PRE>
<P>
-------------------------------
<DT><STRONG><A NAME="item_nc">nc</A></STRONG><DD>
<P>
Usage: nc [IP] [port]
<P>
Netcat opens a pipe to IP:port
<P>
Example:
<P>
<PRE> $ nc foobar.somedomain.com 25
220 foobar ESMTP Exim 3.12 #1 Sat, 15 Apr 2000 00:03:02 -0600
help
214-Commands supported:
214- HELO EHLO MAIL RCPT DATA AUTH
214 NOOP QUIT RSET HELP
quit
221 foobar closing connection
-------------------------------
</PRE>
<DT><STRONG><A NAME="item_more">more</A></STRONG><DD>
<P>
Usage: more [file ...]
<P>
More is a filter for paging through text one screenful at a time.
<P>
Example:
<P>
<PRE> $ dmesg | more
</PRE>
<P>
-------------------------------
<DT><STRONG><A NAME="item_mount">mount</A></STRONG><DD>
<P>
Usage: mount [flags] mount [flags] device directory [<STRONG>-o</STRONG> options,more-options]
<P>
Flags:
<P>
<PRE> -a: Mount all file systems in fstab.
-o option: One of many filesystem options, listed below.
-r: Mount the filesystem read-only.
-t fs-type: Specify the filesystem type.
-w: Mount for reading and writing (default).
</PRE>
<P>
Options for use with the ``<STRONG>-o</STRONG>'' flag:
<P>
<PRE> async/sync: Writes are asynchronous / synchronous.
atime/noatime: Enable / disable updates to inode access times.
dev/nodev: Allow use of special device files / disallow them.
exec/noexec: Allow use of executable files / disallow them.
loop: Mounts a file via loop device.
suid/nosuid: Allow set-user-id-root programs / disallow them.
remount: Re-mount a currently-mounted filesystem, changing its flags.
ro/rw: Mount for read-only / read-write.
There are EVEN MORE flags that are specific to each filesystem.
You'll have to see the written documentation for those.
</PRE>
<P>
Example:
<P>
<PRE> $ mount
/dev/hda3 on / type minix (rw)
proc on /proc type proc (rw)
devpts on /dev/pts type devpts (rw)
$ mount /dev/fd0 /mnt -t msdos -o ro
$ mount /tmp/diskimage /opt -t ext2 -o loop
</PRE>
<P>
-------------------------------
<DT><STRONG><A NAME="item_mt">mt</A></STRONG><DD>
<P>
Usage: mt [<STRONG>-f</STRONG> device] opcode value
<P>
Control magnetic tape drive operation
<P>
-------------------------------
<DT><STRONG><A NAME="item_mv">mv</A></STRONG><DD>
<P>
Usage: mv SOURCE DEST
<P>
<PRE> or: mv SOURCE... DIRECTORY
</PRE>
<P>
Rename SOURCE to DEST, or move <CODE>SOURCE(s)</CODE> to DIRECTORY.
<P>
Example:
<P>
<PRE> $ mv /tmp/foo /bin/bar
</PRE>
<P>
-------------------------------
<DT><STRONG><A NAME="item_nslookup">nslookup</A></STRONG><DD>
<P>
Usage: nslookup [HOST]
<P>
Queries the nameserver for the IP address of the given HOST
<P>
Example:
<P>
<PRE> $ nslookup localhost
Server: default
Address: default
</PRE>
<P>
<PRE> Name: debian
Address: 127.0.0.1
</PRE>
<P>
-------------------------------
<DT><STRONG><A NAME="item_ping">ping</A></STRONG><DD>
<P>
Usage: ping [OPTION]... host
<P>
Send ICMP ECHO_REQUEST packets to network hosts.
<P>
Options:
<P>
<PRE> -c COUNT Send only COUNT pings.
-q Quiet mode, only displays output at start
and when finished.
Example:
</PRE>
<P>
<PRE> $ ping localhost
PING slag (127.0.0.1): 56 data bytes
64 bytes from 127.0.0.1: icmp_seq=0 ttl=255 time=20.1 ms
</PRE>
<P>
<PRE> --- debian ping statistics ---
1 packets transmitted, 1 packets received, 0% packet loss
round-trip min/avg/max = 20.1/20.1/20.1 ms
</PRE>
<P>
-------------------------------
<DT><STRONG><A NAME="item_poweroff">poweroff</A></STRONG><DD>
<P>
Shuts down the system, and requests that the kernel turn off power upon
halting.
<P>
-------------------------------
<DT><STRONG><A NAME="item_printf">printf</A></STRONG><DD>
<P>
Usage: printf format [argument...]
<P>
Formats and prints the given data in a manner similar to the C printf
command.
<P>
Example:
<P>
<PRE> $ printf "Val=%d\n" 5
Val=5
</PRE>
<P>
-------------------------------
<DT><STRONG><A NAME="item_ps">ps</A></STRONG><DD>
<P>
Usage: ps
<P>
Report process status
<P>
This version of ps accepts no options.
<P>
Example:
<P>
<PRE> $ ps
PID Uid Gid State Command
1 root root S init
2 root root S [kflushd]
3 root root S [kupdate]
4 root root S [kpiod]
5 root root S [kswapd]
742 andersen andersen S [bash]
743 andersen andersen S -bash
745 root root S [getty]
2990 andersen andersen R ps
</PRE>
<P>
-------------------------------
<DT><STRONG><A NAME="item_pwd">pwd</A></STRONG><DD>
<P>
Prints the full filename of the current working directory.
<P>
Example:
<P>
<PRE> $ pwd
/root
</PRE>
<P>
-------------------------------
<DT><STRONG><A NAME="item_reboot">reboot</A></STRONG><DD>
<P>
Instructs the kernel to reboot the system.
<P>
-------------------------------
<DT><STRONG><A NAME="item_rm">rm</A></STRONG><DD>
<P>
Usage: rm [OPTION]... FILE...
<P>
Remove (unlink) the <CODE>FILE(s).</CODE>
<P>
Options:
<P>
<PRE> -f remove existing destinations, never prompt
-r or -R remove the contents of directories recursively
</PRE>
<P>
Example:
<P>
<PRE> $ rm -rf /tmp/foo
</PRE>
<P>
-------------------------------
<DT><STRONG><A NAME="item_rmdir">rmdir</A></STRONG><DD>
<P>
Usage: rmdir [OPTION]... DIRECTORY...
<P>
Remove the <CODE>DIRECTORY(ies),</CODE> if they are empty.
<P>
Example:
<P>
<PRE> # rmdir /tmp/foo
</PRE>
<P>
-------------------------------
<DT><STRONG><A NAME="item_rmmod">rmmod</A></STRONG><DD>
<P>
Usage: rmmod [OPTION]... [MODULE]...
<P>
Unloads the specified kernel modules from the kernel.
<P>
Options:
<P>
<PRE> -a Try to remove all unused kernel modules.
</PRE>
<P>
Example:
<P>
<PRE> $ rmmod tulip
</PRE>
<P>
-------------------------------
<DT><STRONG><A NAME="item_sed">sed</A></STRONG><DD>
<P>
Usage: sed [<STRONG>-n</STRONG>] <STRONG>-e</STRONG> script [file...]
<P>
Allowed sed scripts come in the following form:
<P>
<PRE> 'ADDR [!] COMMAND'
</PRE>
<P>
<PRE> where address ADDR can be:
NUMBER Match specified line number
$ Match last line
/REGEXP/ Match specified regexp
(! inverts the meaning of the match)
</PRE>
<P>
<PRE> and COMMAND can be:
s/regexp/replacement/[igp]
which attempt to match regexp against the pattern space
and if successful replaces the matched portion with replacement.
</PRE>
<P>
<PRE> aTEXT
which appends TEXT after the pattern space
</PRE>
<P>
Options:
<P>
<PRE> -e add the script to the commands to be executed
-n suppress automatic printing of pattern space
</PRE>
<P>
This version of sed matches full regular expresions.
<P>
Example:
<P>
<PRE> $ echo "foo" | sed -e 's/f[a-zA-Z]o/bar/g'
bar
</PRE>
<P>
-------------------------------
<DT><STRONG><A NAME="item_setkeycodes">setkeycodes</A></STRONG><DD>
<P>
Usage: setkeycodes SCANCODE KEYCODE ...
<P>
Set entries into the kernel's scancode-to-keycode map, allowing unusual
keyboards to generate usable keycodes.
<P>
SCANCODE may be either xx or e0xx (hexadecimal), and KEYCODE is given in
decimal
<P>
Example:
<P>
<PRE> # setkeycodes e030 127
</PRE>
<P>
-------------------------------
<DT><STRONG><A NAME="item_sh">sh</A></STRONG><DD>
<P>
Usage: sh
<P>
lash -- the BusyBox LAme SHell (command interpreter)
<P>
This command does not yet have proper documentation.
<P>
Use lash just as you would use any other shell. It properly handles pipes,
redirects, job control, can be used as the shell for scripts (#!/bin/sh),
and has a sufficient set of builtins to do what is needed. It does not
(yet) support Bourne Shell syntax. If you need things like
``if-then-else'', ``while'', and such, use ash or bash. If you just need a
very simple and extremely small shell, this will do the job.
<P>
-------------------------------
<DT><STRONG><A NAME="item_sfdisk">sfdisk</A></STRONG><DD>
<P>
Usage: sfdisk [options] device ...
<P>
device: something like /dev/hda or /dev/sda
<P>
useful options:
<P>
<PRE> -s [or --show-size]: list size of a partition
-c [or --id]: print or change partition Id
-l [or --list]: list partitions of each device
-d [or --dump]: idem, but in a format suitable for later input
-i [or --increment]: number cylinders etc. from 1 instead of from 0
-uS, -uB, -uC, -uM: accept/report in units of sectors/blocks/cylinders/MB
-T [or --list-types]:list the known partition types
-D [or --DOS]: for DOS-compatibility: waste a little space
-R [or --re-read]: make kernel reread partition table
-N# : change only the partition with number #
-n : do not actually write to disk
-O file : save the sectors that will be overwritten to file
-I file : restore these sectors again
-v [or --version]: print version
-? [or --help]: print this message
</PRE>
<P>
dangerous options:
<P>
<PRE> -g [or --show-geometry]: print the kernel's idea of the geometry
-x [or --show-extended]: also list extended partitions on output
</PRE>
<P>
<PRE> or expect descriptors for them on input
-L [or --Linux]: do not complain about things irrelevant for Linux
-q [or --quiet]: suppress warning messages
You can override the detected geometry using:
-C# [or --cylinders #]:set the number of cylinders to use
-H# [or --heads #]: set the number of heads to use
-S# [or --sectors #]: set the number of sectors to use
</PRE>
<P>
You can disable all consistency checking with:
<P>
<PRE> -f [or --force]: do what I say, even if it is stupid
</PRE>
<P>
-------------------------------
<DT><STRONG><A NAME="item_sleep">sleep</A></STRONG><DD>
<P>
Usage: sleep N
<P>
Pause for N seconds.
<P>
Example:
<P>
<PRE> $ sleep 2
[2 second delay results]
</PRE>
<P>
-------------------------------
<DT><STRONG><A NAME="item_sort">sort</A></STRONG><DD>
<P>
Usage: sort [<STRONG>-n</STRONG>] [<STRONG>-r</STRONG>] [FILE]...
<P>
Sorts lines of text in the specified files
<P>
Example:
<P>
<PRE> $ echo -e "e\nf\nb\nd\nc\na" | sort
a
b
c
d
e
f
</PRE>
<P>
-------------------------------
<DT><STRONG><A NAME="item_sync">sync</A></STRONG><DD>
<P>
Usage: sync
<P>
Write all buffered filesystem blocks to disk.
<P>
-------------------------------
<DT><STRONG><A NAME="item_syslogd">syslogd</A></STRONG><DD>
<P>
Usage: syslogd [OPTION]...
<P>
Linux system and kernel (provides klogd) logging utility. Note that this
version of syslogd/klogd ignores /etc/syslog.conf.
<P>
Options:
<P>
<PRE> -m Change the mark timestamp interval. default=20min. 0=off
-n Do not fork into the background (for when run by init)
-K Do not start up the klogd process (by default syslogd spawns klogd).
-O Specify an alternate log file. default=/var/log/messages
</PRE>
<P>
-------------------------------
<DT><STRONG><A NAME="item_swapon">swapon</A></STRONG><DD>
<P>
Usage: swapon [OPTION] [device]
<P>
Start swapping virtual memory pages on the given device.
<P>
Options:
<P>
<PRE> -a Start swapping on all swap devices
</PRE>
<P>
-------------------------------
<DT><STRONG><A NAME="item_swapoff">swapoff</A></STRONG><DD>
<P>
Usage: swapoff [OPTION] [device]
<P>
Stop swapping virtual memory pages on the given device.
<P>
Options:
<P>
<PRE> -a Stop swapping on all swap devices
</PRE>
<P>
-------------------------------
<DT><STRONG><A NAME="item_tail">tail</A></STRONG><DD>
<P>
Usage: tail [OPTION] [FILE]...
<P>
Print last 10 lines of each FILE to standard output. With more than one
FILE, precede each with a header giving the file name. With no FILE, or
when FILE is -, read standard input.
<P>
Options:
<P>
<PRE> -n NUM Print last NUM lines instead of first 10
-f Output data as the file grows. This version
of 'tail -f' supports only one file at a time.
</PRE>
<P>
Example:
<P>
<PRE> $ tail -n 1 /etc/resolv.conf
nameserver 10.0.0.1
</PRE>
<P>
-------------------------------
<DT><STRONG><A NAME="item_tar">tar</A></STRONG><DD>
<P>
Usage: tar -[cxtvO] [<STRONG>--exclude</STRONG> File] [<STRONG>-f</STRONG> tarFile] [FILE] ...
<P>
Create, extract, or list files from a tar file. Note that this version of
tar treats hard links as separate files.
<P>
Main operation mode:
<P>
<PRE> c create
x extract
t list
</PRE>
<P>
File selection:
<P>
<PRE> f name of tarfile or "-" for stdin
O extract to stdout
--exclude file to exclude
</PRE>
<P>
Informative output:
<P>
<PRE> v verbosely list files processed
</PRE>
<P>
Example:
<P>
<PRE> $ zcat /tmp/tarball.tar.gz | tar -xf -
$ tar -cf /tmp/tarball.tar /usr/local
</PRE>
<P>
-------------------------------
<DT><STRONG><A NAME="item_test">test, [</A></STRONG><DD>
<P>
Usage: test EXPRESSION or [ EXPRESSION ]
<P>
Checks file types and compares values returning an exit code determined by
the value of EXPRESSION.
<P>
Example:
<P>
<PRE> $ test 1 -eq 2
$ echo $?
1
$ test 1 -eq 1
$ echo $?
0
$ [ -d /etc ]
$ echo $?
0
$ [ -d /junk ]
$ echo $?
1
</PRE>
<P>
-------------------------------
<DT><STRONG><A NAME="item_tee">tee</A></STRONG><DD>
<P>
Usage: tee [OPTION]... [FILE]...
<P>
Copy standard input to each FILE, and also to standard output.
<P>
Options:
<P>
<PRE> -a append to the given FILEs, do not overwrite
</PRE>
<P>
Example:
<P>
<PRE> $ echo "Hello" | tee /tmp/foo
$ cat /tmp/foo
Hello
</PRE>
<P>
-------------------------------
<DT><STRONG><A NAME="item_touch">touch</A></STRONG><DD>
<P>
Usage: touch [<STRONG>-c</STRONG>] file [file ...]
<P>
Update the last-modified date on (or create) the selected file[s].
<P>
Example:
<P>
<PRE> $ ls -l /tmp/foo
/bin/ls: /tmp/foo: No such file or directory
$ touch /tmp/foo
$ ls -l /tmp/foo
-rw-rw-r-- 1 andersen andersen 0 Apr 15 01:11 /tmp/foo
</PRE>
<P>
-------------------------------
<DT><STRONG><A NAME="item_tr">tr</A></STRONG><DD>
<P>
Usage: tr [-cds] STRING1 [STRING2]
<P>
Translate, squeeze, and/or delete characters from standard input, writing
to standard output.
<P>
Options:
<P>
<PRE> -c take complement of STRING1
-d delete input characters coded STRING1
-s squeeze multiple output characters of STRING2 into one character
</PRE>
<P>
Example:
<P>
<PRE> $ echo "gdkkn vnqkc" | tr [a-y] [b-z]
hello world
</PRE>
<P>
-------------------------------
<DT><STRONG><A NAME="item_true">true</A></STRONG><DD>
<P>
Returns an exit code of TRUE (0)
<P>
Example:
<P>
<PRE> $ true
$ echo $?
0
</PRE>
<P>
-------------------------------
<DT><STRONG><A NAME="item_tty">tty</A></STRONG><DD>
<P>
Usage: tty
<P>
Print the file name of the terminal connected to standard input.
<P>
Options:
<P>
<PRE> -s print nothing, only return an exit status
</PRE>
<P>
Example:
<P>
<PRE> $ tty
/dev/tty2
</PRE>
<P>
-------------------------------
<DT><STRONG><A NAME="item_umount">umount</A></STRONG><DD>
<P>
Usage: umount [flags] filesystem|directory
<P>
Flags:
<P>
<PRE> -a: Unmount all file systems
-r: Try to remount devices as read-only if mount is busy
-f: Force filesystem umount (i.e. unreachable NFS server)
-l: Do not free loop device (if a loop device has been used)
</PRE>
<P>
Example:
<P>
<PRE> $ umount /dev/hdc1
</PRE>
<P>
-------------------------------
<DT><STRONG><A NAME="item_uname">uname</A></STRONG><DD>
<P>
Usage: uname [OPTION]...
<P>
Print certain system information. With no OPTION, same as <STRONG>-s</STRONG>.
<P>
Options:
<P>
<PRE> -a print all information
-m the machine (hardware) type
-n print the machine's network node hostname
-r print the operating system release
-s print the operating system name
-p print the host processor type
-v print the operating system version
</PRE>
<P>
Example:
<P>
<PRE> $ uname -a
Linux debian 2.2.15pre13 #5 Tue Mar 14 16:03:50 MST 2000 i686 unknown
</PRE>
<P>
-------------------------------
<DT><STRONG><A NAME="item_uniq">uniq</A></STRONG><DD>
<P>
Usage: uniq [OPTION]... [INPUT [OUTPUT]]
<P>
Discard all but one of successive identical lines from INPUT (or standard
input), writing to OUTPUT (or standard output).
<P>
Example:
<P>
<PRE> $ echo -e "a\na\nb\nc\nc\na" | sort | uniq
a
b
c
</PRE>
<P>
-------------------------------
<DT><STRONG><A NAME="item_update">update</A></STRONG><DD>
<P>
Usage: update [options]
<P>
Periodically flushes filesystem buffers.
<P>
Options:
<P>
<PRE> -S force use of sync(2) instead of flushing
-s SECS call sync this often (default 30)
-f SECS flush some buffers this often (default 5)
</PRE>
<P>
-------------------------------
<DT><STRONG><A NAME="item_uptime">uptime</A></STRONG><DD>
<P>
Usage: uptime
<P>
Tells how long the system has been running since boot.
<P>
Example:
<P>
<PRE> $ uptime
1:55pm up 2:30, load average: 0.09, 0.04, 0.00
</PRE>
<P>
-------------------------------
<DT><STRONG><A NAME="item_usleep">usleep</A></STRONG><DD>
<P>
Usage: usleep N
<P>
Pauses for N microseconds.
<P>
Example:
<P>
<PRE> $ usleep 1000000
[pauses for 1 second]
</PRE>
<P>
-------------------------------
<DT><STRONG><A NAME="item_wc">wc</A></STRONG><DD>
<P>
Usage: wc [OPTION]... [FILE]...
<P>
Print line, word, and byte counts for each FILE, and a total line if more
than one FILE is specified. With no FILE, read standard input.
<P>
Options:
<P>
<PRE> -c print the byte counts
-l print the newline counts
-L print the length of the longest line
-w print the word counts
</PRE>
<P>
Example:
<P>
<PRE> $ wc /etc/passwd
31 46 1365 /etc/passwd
</PRE>
<P>
-------------------------------
<DT><STRONG><A NAME="item_whoami">whoami</A></STRONG><DD>
<P>
Usage: whoami
<P>
Prints the user name associated with the current effective user id.
<P>
Example:
<P>
<PRE> $ whoami
andersen
</PRE>
<P>
-------------------------------
<DT><STRONG><A NAME="item_yes">yes</A></STRONG><DD>
<P>
Usage: yes [OPTION]... [STRING]...
<P>
Repeatedly outputs a line with all specified <CODE>STRING(s),</CODE> or
`y'.
<P>
-------------------------------
<DT><STRONG><A NAME="item_zcat">zcat</A></STRONG><DD>
<P>
This is essentially an alias for invoking ``gunzip <STRONG>-c</STRONG>'', where it decompresses the file inquestion and send the output to
stdout.
<P>
-------------------------------
</DL>
<P>
<HR>
<H1><A NAME="LIBC_NSS">LIBC NSS</A></H1>
<P>
GNU Libc uses the Name Service Switch (NSS) to configure the behavior of
the C library for the local environment, and to configure how it reads
system data, such as passwords and group information. BusyBox has made it
Policy that it will never use NSS, and will never use and libc calls that
make use of NSS. This allows you to run an embedded system without the need
for installing an /etc/nsswitch.conf file and without and /lib/libnss_*
libraries installed.
<P>
If you are using a system that is using a remote LDAP server for
authentication via GNU libc NSS, and you want to use BusyBox, then you will
need to adjust the BusyBox source. Chances are though, that if you have
enough space to install of that stuff on your system, then you probably
want the full GNU utilities.
<P>
<HR>
<H1><A NAME="SEE_ALSO">SEE ALSO</A></H1>
<P>
<CODE>textutils(1),</CODE> <CODE>shellutils(1),</CODE> etc...
<P>
<HR>
<H1><A NAME="MAINTAINER">MAINTAINER</A></H1>
<P>
Erik Andersen <<A
HREF="mailto:andersee@debian.org">andersee@debian.org</A>> <<A
HREF="mailto:andersen@lineo.com">andersen@lineo.com</A>>
<P>
<HR>
<H1><A NAME="AUTHORS">AUTHORS</A></H1>
<P>
The following people have contributed code to BusyBox whether they know it
or not.
<P>
Erik Andersen <<A
HREF="mailto:andersee@debian.org">andersee@debian.org</A>>
<br>
<P>
John Beppu <<A HREF="mailto:beppu@lineo.com">beppu@lineo.com</A>>
<br>
<P>
Brian Candler <<A
HREF="mailto:B.Candler@pobox.com">B.Candler@pobox.com</A>>
<br>
<P>
Randolph Chung <<A
HREF="mailto:tausq@debian.org">tausq@debian.org</A>>
<br>
<P>
Dave Cinege <<A
HREF="mailto:dcinege@psychosis.com">dcinege@psychosis.com</A>>
<br>
<P>
Karl M. Hegbloom <<A
HREF="mailto:karlheg@debian.org">karlheg@debian.org</A>>
<br>
<P>
John Lombardo <<A
HREF="mailto:john@deltanet.com">john@deltanet.com</A>>
<br>
<P>
Bruce Perens <<A HREF="mailto:bruce@perens.com">bruce@perens.com</A>>
<br>
<P>
Linus Torvalds <<A
HREF="mailto:torvalds@transmeta.com">torvalds@transmeta.com</A>>
<br>
<P>
Charles P. Wright <<A
HREF="mailto:cpwright@villagenet.com">cpwright@villagenet.com</A>>
<br>
<P>
Enrique Zanardi <<A
HREF="mailto:ezanardi@ull.es">ezanardi@ull.es</A>>
<br>
</BODY>
</HTML>
|
