The `printf()` function formats given input value according to a format
string specified as first argument. The format string mimicks the syntax
and directives used by C printf().

Each directive (with the exception of %%) in the format string expects
a corresponding argument. If fewer arguments are passed to printf() than
required by the format string, missing values will be assumed to be `null`
and be interpreted accordingly. Excess arguments are ignored.

Writes the output string formatted according to the format string with all
format directives interpolated by their respective values to the standard
output stream of the VM.

Returns the number of bytes written to the output stream.

Writes an empty string in case the format string argument is not a valid
string value.

-- Testcase --
{%
	// String interpolation, corresponding value will be converted
	// into string if needed.
	printf("Hello %s!\n", "World");
	printf("Hello %s!\n", false);
	printf("Hello %s!\n", 123);
	printf("Hello %s!\n", null);
	printf("Hello %s!\n");

	// Signed integer interpolation, corresponding value will be
	// converted into integer if needed. Also `d` and `i` are aliases.
	printf("%d\n", 123);
	printf("%i\n", 456.789);
	printf("%d\n", true);
	printf("%d\n", "0x42");
	printf("%d\n", "invalid");
	printf("%d\n", null);
	printf("%d\n", 0xffffffffffffffff);
	printf("%d\n");

	// Unsigned integer interpolation in decimal notation, corresponding
	// value will be converted into unsigned integer if needed.
	printf("%u\n", 123);
	printf("%u\n", -123);
	printf("%u\n", 0xffffffffffffffff);
	printf("%u\n", 456.789);
	printf("%u\n", "invalid");
	printf("%u\n", null);
	printf("%u\n");

	// Unsigned integer interpolation in octal notation, corresponding
	// value will be converted into unsigned integer if needed.
	printf("%o\n", 123);
	printf("%o\n", -123);
	printf("%o\n", 0xffffffffffffffff);
	printf("%o\n", 456.789);
	printf("%o\n", "invalid");
	printf("%o\n", null);
	printf("%o\n");

	// Unsigned integer interpolation in lower case hexadecimal notation,
	// corresponding value will be converted into unsigned integer if
	// needed.
	printf("%x\n", 123);
	printf("%x\n", -123);
	printf("%x\n", 0xffffffffffffffff);
	printf("%x\n", 456.789);
	printf("%x\n", "invalid");
	printf("%x\n", null);
	printf("%x\n");

	// Unsigned integer interpolation in upper case hexadecimal notation,
	// corresponding value will be converted into unsigned integer if
	// needed.
	printf("%X\n", 123);
	printf("%X\n", -123);
	printf("%X\n", 0xffffffffffffffff);
	printf("%X\n", 456.789);
	printf("%X\n", "invalid");
	printf("%X\n", null);
	printf("%X\n");

	// Floating point value interpolation in exponential notation,
	// corresponding value will be converted to double if needed.
	printf("%e\n", 123);
	printf("%e\n", -123);
	printf("%e\n", 456.789);
	printf("%e\n", -456.789);
	printf("%e\n", "invalid");
	printf("%e\n", null);
	printf("%e\n");

	// Floating point value interpolation in exponential notation,
	// using uppercase characters. Corresponding value will be converted
	// to double if needed.
	printf("%E\n", 123);
	printf("%E\n", -123);
	printf("%E\n", 456.789);
	printf("%E\n", -456.789);
	printf("%E\n", "invalid");
	printf("%E\n", null);
	printf("%E\n");

	// Floating point value interpolation in decimal point notation,
	// corresponding value will be converted to double if needed.
	printf("%f\n", 123);
	printf("%f\n", -123);
	printf("%f\n", 456.789);
	printf("%f\n", -456.789);
	printf("%f\n", "invalid");
	printf("%f\n", null);
	printf("%f\n");

	// Floating point value interpolation in decimal point notation,
	// using uppercase characters. Corresponding value will be converted
	// to double if needed.
	printf("%F\n", 123);
	printf("%F\n", -123);
	printf("%F\n", 456.789);
	printf("%F\n", -456.789);
	printf("%F\n", "invalid");
	printf("%F\n", null);
	printf("%F\n");

	// Floating point value interpolation in either decimal point or
	// exponential notation, depending on size of exponent. Corresponding
	// value will be converted to double if needed.
	printf("%g\n", 123.456);
	printf("%g\n", 0.0000001);
	printf("%g\n", "invalid");

	// Floating point value interpolation in either decimal point or
	// exponential notation, depending on size of exponent and using
	// uppercase characters. Corresponding value will be converted to
	// double if needed.
	printf("%G\n", 123.456);
	printf("%G\n", 0.0000001);
	printf("%G\n", "invalid");

	// Character interpolation. The corresponding value is casted as `char`
	// and the resulting character is interpolated.
	printf("%c\n", 65);
	//printf("%c\n", -1);
	//printf("%c\n", 456.789);
	//printf("%c\n", "invalid");

	// JSON interpolation. The corresponding value is JSON encoded and
	// interpolated as string.
	printf("%J\n", "Hello\n");
	printf("%J\n", 123);
	printf("%J\n", [ 1, 2, 3 ]);
	printf("%J\n", { some: "dictionary", an: [ "array", true, false ] });
	printf("%J\n", null);
	printf("%J\n");

	// Escaping `%`. The `%%` format string will produce a literal `%`.
	// No corresponding argument is expected.
	printf("%%\n");
%}
-- End --

-- Expect stdout --
Hello World!
Hello false!
Hello 123!
Hello (null)!
Hello (null)!
123
456
1
66
0
0
-1
0
123
18446744073709551493
18446744073709551615
456
0
0
0
173
1777777777777777777605
1777777777777777777777
710
0
0
0
7b
ffffffffffffff85
ffffffffffffffff
1c8
0
0
0
7B
FFFFFFFFFFFFFF85
FFFFFFFFFFFFFFFF
1C8
0
0
0
1.230000e+02
-1.230000e+02
4.567890e+02
-4.567890e+02
nan
0.000000e+00
0.000000e+00
1.230000E+02
-1.230000E+02
4.567890E+02
-4.567890E+02
NAN
0.000000E+00
0.000000E+00
123.000000
-123.000000
456.789000
-456.789000
nan
0.000000
0.000000
123.000000
-123.000000
456.789000
-456.789000
NAN
0.000000
0.000000
123.456
1e-07
nan
123.456
1E-07
NAN
A
"Hello\n"
123
[ 1, 2, 3 ]
{ "some": "dictionary", "an": [ "array", true, false ] }
null
null
%
-- End --


Field widths may be specified for format directives.

-- Testcase --
{%
	// by default the output of a format directive is as long as the
	// string representation of the corresponding value
	printf("[%s]\n", "test");

	// by specifying a field width, the output will be padded to the
	// given length
	printf("[%10s]\n", "test");

	// the same applies to numbers
	printf("[%10d]\n", 123);
	printf("[%10f]\n", 1.0);

	// and to char formats
	printf("[%10c]\n", 65);

	// field width is not applicable to `%` formats
	printf("[%10%]\n");
%}
-- End --

-- Expect stdout --
[test]
[      test]
[       123]
[  1.000000]
[         A]
[%]
-- End --


Precisions may be specified for format directives.

-- Testcase --
{%
	// For `f`, `F`, `e` and `E`, the precision specifies the amount of
	// digits after the comma
	printf("[%.3f]\n", 1/3);
	printf("[%.3F]\n", 1/3);
	printf("[%.3e]\n", 1/3);
	printf("[%.3E]\n", 1/3);

	// For `g` and `G` the precision specifies the number of significant
	// digits to print before switching to exponential notation
	printf("[%.3g]\n", 1000.1);
	printf("[%.3G]\n", 1000.1);

	// For strings, the precision specifies the amount of characters to
	// print at most
	printf("[%.5s]\n", "test");
	printf("[%.3s]\n", "test");

	// For JSON format, the precision specifies the amount of indentation
	// to use. Omitting precision will not indent, specifying a precision
	// of `0` uses tabs for indentation, any other precision uses this
	// many spaces
	printf("<%J>\n", [ 1, 2, 3, { true: false } ]),    // no indent
	printf("<%.J>\n", [ 1, 2, 3, { true: false } ]),   // tab indent
	printf("<%.0J>\n", [ 1, 2, 3, { true: false } ]),  // tab indent
	printf("<%.1J>\n", [ 1, 2, 3, { true: false } ]),  // indent using one space
	printf("<%.4J>\n", [ 1, 2, 3, { true: false } ]),  // indent using four spaces

	// precision does not apply to char, integer or `%` formats
	printf("[%.3d]\n", 1000);
	printf("[%.3c]\n", 65);
	printf("[%.3%]\n");
%}
-- End --

-- Expect stdout --
[0.000]
[0.000]
[0.000e+00]
[0.000E+00]
[1e+03]
[1E+03]
[test]
[tes]
<[ 1, 2, 3, { "true": false } ]>
<[
	1,
	2,
	3,
	{
		"true": false
	}
]>
<[
	1,
	2,
	3,
	{
		"true": false
	}
]>
<[
 1,
 2,
 3,
 {
  "true": false
 }
]>
<[
    1,
    2,
    3,
    {
        "true": false
    }
]>
[1000]
[A]
[%]
-- End --


A number of flag characters are supported for format directives.

-- Testcase --
{%
	// The recognized flag characters are `#`, `0`, `-`, `+` and ` ` (space)
	printf("%#0+- s\n", "test");

	// Repetitions of flag characters are accepted
	printf("%###s\n", "test");
	printf("%000s\n", "test");
	printf("%++-s\n", "test");
	printf("%-- s\n", "test");
	printf("%   s\n", "test");

	// The `#` flag produces alternative forms of various conversions
	printf("%o / %#o\n", 15, 15);
	printf("%x / %#x\n", 16, 16);
	printf("%X / %#X\n", 17, 17);
	printf("%g / %#g\n", 1.0, 1.0);

	// The `0` flag indicates zero- instead of space-padding for various
	// numeric conversions.
	printf("[%5d / %05d]\n", -10, -10);
	printf("[%5d / %05d]\n", 11, 11);
	printf("[%5g / %05g]\n", -12.0, -12.0);
	printf("[%5g / %05g]\n", 13.0, 13.0);
	printf("[%5s / %05s]\n", "a", "a");

	// The `-` flag indicates left, instead of right padding. It will
	// override `0` and always pad with spaces
	printf("[%-5d / %-05d]\n", -10, -10);
	printf("[%-5d / %-05d]\n", 11, 11);
	printf("[%-5g / %-05g]\n", -12.0, -12.0);
	printf("[%-5g / %-05g]\n", 13.0, 13.0);
	printf("[%-5s / %-05s]\n", "a", "a");

	// The `+` flag indicates that a sign (`+` or `-`) should be placed
	// before signed numeric values. It overrides ` ` (space).
	printf("[%+5d / %+05d]\n", -10, -10);
	printf("[%+5d / %+05d]\n", 11, 11);
	printf("[%+5g / %+05g]\n", -12.0, -12.0);
	printf("[%+5g / %+05g]\n", 13.0, 13.0);
	printf("[%+5s / %+05s]\n", "a", "a");

	// The ` ` (space) flag indicates that a blank should be placed
	// before positive numbers (useful to ensure that negative and
	// positive values in output are aligned)
	printf("[%-5d / %- 5d]\n", -10, -10);
	printf("[%-5d / %- 5d]\n", 11, 11);
	printf("[%-5g / %- 5g]\n", -12.0, -12.0);
	printf("[%-5g / %- 5g]\n", 13.0, 13.0);
	printf("[%-5s / %- 5s]\n", "a", "a");
%}
-- End --

-- Expect stdout --
test
test
test
test
test
test
17 / 017
10 / 0x10
11 / 0X11
1 / 1.00000
[  -10 / -0010]
[   11 / 00011]
[  -12 / -0012]
[   13 / 00013]
[    a /     a]
[-10   / -10  ]
[11    / 11   ]
[-12   / -12  ]
[13    / 13   ]
[a     / a    ]
[  -10 / -0010]
[  +11 / +0011]
[  -12 / -0012]
[  +13 / +0013]
[    a /     a]
[-10   / -10  ]
[11    /  11  ]
[-12   / -12  ]
[13    /  13  ]
[a     / a    ]
-- End --


Unrecognized format directives are copied to the output string as-is.

-- Testcase --
{%
	// A truncated format directive is preserved
	printf("test %\n", "test");
	printf("test %-010.3\n", "test");

	// An unrecognized format directive is preserved
	printf("test %y test\n", 123);
	printf("test %~123s test\n", 123);
%}
-- End --

-- Expect stdout --
test %
test %-010.3
test %y test
test %~123s test
-- End --


Missing values for format directives are treated as `null`.

-- Testcase --
{%
	printf("%s\n");
	printf("%d\n");
	printf("%u\n");
	printf("%o\n");
	printf("%x\n");
	printf("%X\n");
	printf("%f\n");
	printf("%F\n");
	printf("%e\n");
	printf("%E\n");
	printf("%g\n");
	printf("%G\n");
	//printf("%c\n");
	printf("%J\n");
%}
-- End --

-- Expect stdout --
(null)
0
0
0
0
0
0.000000
0.000000
0.000000e+00
0.000000E+00
0
0
null
-- End --


Supplying a non-string format value will yield an empty string result.

-- Testcase --
{%
	printf(true, 1, 2, 3);
%}
-- End --

-- Expect stdout --
-- End --


Prefixing a format directive with `n$` will select the corresponding argument
with 1 referring to the first argument. Missing or out-of range arguments will
be treated as `null`.

-- Testcase --
{%
	printf("%2$s\n", "foo", "bar", "baz");
	printf("%10$s\n", "foo", "bar", "baz");
%}
-- End --

-- Expect stdout --
bar
(null)
-- End --