========== Installing ========== .. note:: These instructions cover Paramiko 2.0 and above. If you're looking to install Paramiko 1.x, see :doc:`installing-1.x`. However, **the 1.x line relies on insecure dependencies** so upgrading is strongly encouraged. .. _paramiko-itself: Paramiko itself =============== The recommended way to get Paramiko is to **install the latest stable release** via `pip `_:: $ pip install paramiko We currently support **Python 2.7, 3.4+, and PyPy**. Users on Python 2.6 or older (or 3.3 or older) are urged to upgrade. Paramiko has only a few direct dependencies: - The big one, with its own sub-dependencies, is Cryptography; see :ref:`its specific note below ` for more details. - `bcrypt `_, for Ed25519 key support; - `pynacl `_, also for Ed25519 key support. If you need GSS-API / SSPI support, see :ref:`the below subsection on it ` for details on its optional dependencies. .. _release-lines: Release lines ------------- Users desiring stability may wish to pin themselves to a specific release line once they first start using Paramiko; to assist in this, we guarantee bugfixes for the last 2-3 releases including the latest stable one. This typically spans major & minor versions, so even if e.g. 3.1 is the latest stable release, it's likely that bugfixes will occasionally come out for the latest 2.x and perhaps even 1.x releases, as well as for 3.0. New feature releases for previous major-version lines are less likely but not unheard of. If you're unsure which version to install: * **Completely new users** should always default to the **latest stable release** (as above, whatever is newest / whatever shows up with ``pip install paramiko``.) * **Users upgrading from a much older version** (e.g. 1.7.x through 1.10.x) should probably get the **oldest actively supported line** (check the :doc:`changelog` for recent releases). * **Everybody else** is hopefully already "on" a given version and can carefully upgrade to whichever version they care to, when their release line stops being supported. .. _cryptography: Cryptography ============ `Cryptography `__ provides the low-level (C-based) encryption algorithms we need to implement the SSH protocol. It has detailed `installation instructions`_ (and an `FAQ `_) which you should read carefully. In general, you'll need one of the following setups: * On Windows or Mac OS X, provided your ``pip`` is modern (8.x+): nothing else is required. ``pip`` will install statically compiled binary archives of Cryptography & its dependencies. * On Linux, or on other platforms with older versions of ``pip``: you'll need a C build toolchain, plus development headers for Python, OpenSSL and ``libffi``. Again, see `Cryptography's install docs`_; these requirements may occasionally change. .. warning:: If you go this route, note that **OpenSSL 1.0.1 or newer is effectively required**. Cryptography 1.3 and older technically allow OpenSSL 0.9.8, but 1.4 and newer - which Paramiko will gladly install or upgrade, if you e.g. ``pip install -U`` - drop that support. * Similarly, Cryptography 3.4 and above require Rust language tooling to install from source; once again see Cryptography's documentation for details here, such as `their Rust install section`_ and `this FAQ entry`_. .. _installation instructions: .. _Cryptography's install docs: https://cryptography.io/en/latest/installation.html .. _their Rust install section: https://cryptography.io/en/latest/installation.html#rust .. _this FAQ entry: https://cryptography.io/en/latest/faq.html#installing-cryptography-fails-with-error-can-not-find-rust-compiler .. _gssapi: Optional dependencies for GSS-API / SSPI / Kerberos =================================================== In order to use GSS-API/Kerberos & related functionality, additional dependencies are required. It hopefully goes without saying but **all platforms** need **a working installation of GSS-API itself**, e.g. Heimdal. .. note:: If you use Microsoft SSPI for kerberos authentication and credential delegation, make sure that the target host is trusted for delegation in the active directory configuration. For details see: http://technet.microsoft.com/en-us/library/cc738491%28v=ws.10%29.aspx The ``gssapi`` "extra" install flavor ------------------------------------- If you're installing via ``pip`` (recommended), you should be able to get the optional Python package requirements by changing your installation to refer to ``paramiko[gssapi]`` (from simply ``paramiko``), e.g.:: pip install "paramiko[gssapi]" (Or update your ``requirements.txt``, or etc.) Manual dependency installation ------------------------------ If you're not using ``pip`` or your ``pip`` is too old to support the "extras" functionality, the optional dependencies are as follows: * All platforms need `pyasn1 `_ ``0.1.7`` or later. * **Unix** needs: `gssapi `__ ``1.4.1`` or better. * An alternative is the `python-gssapi `_ library (``0.6.1`` or above), though it is no longer maintained upstream, and Paramiko's support for its API may eventually become deprecated. * **Windows** needs `pywin32 `_ ``2.1.8`` or better.