path: root/pkg/tcpip/transport/tcp/connect.go

// Copyright 2018 The gVisor Authors.
//
// Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License");
// you may not use this file except in compliance with the License.
// You may obtain a copy of the License at
//
//     http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
//
// Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software
// distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS,
// WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.
// See the License for the specific language governing permissions and
// limitations under the License.

package tcp

import (
	"sync"
	"time"

	"gvisor.dev/gvisor/pkg/rand"
	"gvisor.dev/gvisor/pkg/sleep"
	"gvisor.dev/gvisor/pkg/tcpip"
	"gvisor.dev/gvisor/pkg/tcpip/buffer"
	"gvisor.dev/gvisor/pkg/tcpip/header"
	"gvisor.dev/gvisor/pkg/tcpip/seqnum"
	"gvisor.dev/gvisor/pkg/tcpip/stack"
	"gvisor.dev/gvisor/pkg/waiter"
)

// maxSegmentsPerWake is the maximum number of segments to process in the main
// protocol goroutine per wake-up. Yielding [after this number of segments are
// processed] allows other events to be processed as well (e.g., timeouts,
// resets, etc.).
const maxSegmentsPerWake = 100

type handshakeState int

// The following are the possible states of the TCP connection during a 3-way
// handshake. A depiction of the states and transitions can be found in RFC 793,
// page 23.
const (
	handshakeSynSent handshakeState = iota
	handshakeSynRcvd
	handshakeCompleted
)

// The following are used to set up sleepers.
const (
	wakerForNotification = iota
	wakerForNewSegment
	wakerForResend
	wakerForResolution
)

const (
	// Maximum space available for options.
	maxOptionSize = 40
)

// handshake holds the state used during a TCP 3-way handshake.
type handshake struct {
	ep     *endpoint
	state  handshakeState
	active bool
	flags  uint8
	ackNum seqnum.Value

	// iss is the initial send sequence number, as defined in RFC 793.
	iss seqnum.Value

	// rcvWnd is the receive window, as defined in RFC 793.
	rcvWnd seqnum.Size

	// sndWnd is the send window, as defined in RFC 793.
	sndWnd seqnum.Size

	// mss is the maximum segment size received from the peer.
	mss uint16

	// amss is the maximum segment size advertised by us to the peer.
	amss uint16

	// sndWndScale is the send window scale, as defined in RFC 1323. A
	// negative value means no scaling is supported by the peer.
	sndWndScale int

	// rcvWndScale is the receive window scale, as defined in RFC 1323.
	rcvWndScale int
}

func newHandshake(ep *endpoint, rcvWnd seqnum.Size) handshake {
	rcvWndScale := ep.rcvWndScaleForHandshake()

	// Round-down the rcvWnd to a multiple of wndScale. This ensures that the
	// window offered in SYN won't be reduced due to the loss of precision if
	// window scaling is enabled after the handshake.
	rcvWnd = (rcvWnd >> uint8(rcvWndScale)) << uint8(rcvWndScale)

	// Ensure we can always accept at least 1 byte if the scale specified
	// was too high for the provided rcvWnd.
	if rcvWnd == 0 {
		rcvWnd = 1
	}

	h := handshake{
		ep:          ep,
		active:      true,
		rcvWnd:      rcvWnd,
		rcvWndScale: int(rcvWndScale),
	}
	h.resetState()
	return h
}

// FindWndScale determines the window scale to use for the given maximum window
// size.
func FindWndScale(wnd seqnum.Size) int {
	if wnd < 0x10000 {
		return 0
	}

	max := seqnum.Size(0xffff)
	s := 0
	for wnd > max && s < header.MaxWndScale {
		s++
		max <<= 1
	}

	return s
}

// resetState resets the state of the handshake object such that it becomes
// ready for a new 3-way handshake.
func (h *handshake) resetState() {
	b := make([]byte, 4)
	if _, err := rand.Read(b); err != nil {
		panic(err)
	}

	h.state = handshakeSynSent
	h.flags = header.TCPFlagSyn
	h.ackNum = 0
	h.mss = 0
	h.iss = seqnum.Value(uint32(b[0]) | uint32(b[1])<<8 | uint32(b[2])<<16 | uint32(b[3])<<24)
}

// effectiveRcvWndScale returns the effective receive window scale to be used.
// If the peer doesn't support window scaling, the effective rcv wnd scale is
// zero; otherwise it's the value calculated based on the initial rcv wnd.
func (h *handshake) effectiveRcvWndScale() uint8 {
	if h.sndWndScale < 0 {
		return 0
	}
	return uint8(h.rcvWndScale)
}

// resetToSynRcvd resets the state of the handshake object to the SYN-RCVD
// state.
func (h *handshake) resetToSynRcvd(iss seqnum.Value, irs seqnum.Value, opts *header.TCPSynOptions) {
	h.active = false
	h.state = handshakeSynRcvd
	h.flags = header.TCPFlagSyn | header.TCPFlagAck
	h.iss = iss
	h.ackNum = irs + 1
	h.mss = opts.MSS
	h.sndWndScale = opts.WS
	h.ep.mu.Lock()
	h.ep.state = StateSynRecv
	h.ep.mu.Unlock()
}

// checkAck checks if the ACK number, if present, of a segment received during
// a TCP 3-way handshake is valid. If it's not, a RST segment is sent back in
// response.
func (h *handshake) checkAck(s *segment) bool {
	if s.flagIsSet(header.TCPFlagAck) && s.ackNumber != h.iss+1 {
		// RFC 793, page 36, states that a reset must be generated when
		// the connection is in any non-synchronized state and an
		// incoming segment acknowledges something not yet sent. The
		// connection remains in the same state.
		ack := s.sequenceNumber.Add(s.logicalLen())
		h.ep.sendRaw(buffer.VectorisedView{}, header.TCPFlagRst|header.TCPFlagAck, s.ackNumber, ack, 0)
		return false
	}

	return true
}

// synSentState handles a segment received when the TCP 3-way handshake is in
// the SYN-SENT state.
func (h *handshake) synSentState(s *segment) *tcpip.Error {
	// RFC 793, page 37, states that in the SYN-SENT state, a reset is
	// acceptable if the ack field acknowledges the SYN.
	if s.flagIsSet(header.TCPFlagRst) {
		if s.flagIsSet(header.TCPFlagAck) && s.ackNumber == h.iss+1 {
			return tcpip.ErrConnectionRefused
		}
		return nil
	}

	if !h.checkAck(s) {
		return nil
	}

	// We are in the SYN-SENT state. We only care about segments that have
	// the SYN flag.
	if !s.flagIsSet(header.TCPFlagSyn) {
		return nil
	}

	// Parse the SYN options.
	rcvSynOpts := parseSynSegmentOptions(s)

	// Remember if the Timestamp option was negotiated.
	h.ep.maybeEnableTimestamp(&rcvSynOpts)

	// Remember if the SACKPermitted option was negotiated.
	h.ep.maybeEnableSACKPermitted(&rcvSynOpts)

	// Remember the sequence we'll ack from now on.
	h.ackNum = s.sequenceNumber + 1
	h.flags |= header.TCPFlagAck
	h.mss = rcvSynOpts.MSS
	h.sndWndScale = rcvSynOpts.WS

	// If this is a SYN ACK response, we only need to acknowledge the SYN
	// and the handshake is completed.
	if s.flagIsSet(header.TCPFlagAck) {
		h.state = handshakeCompleted
		h.ep.sendRaw(buffer.VectorisedView{}, header.TCPFlagAck, h.iss+1, h.ackNum, h.rcvWnd>>h.effectiveRcvWndScale())
		return nil
	}

	// A SYN segment was received, but no ACK in it. We acknowledge the SYN
	// but resend our own SYN and wait for it to be acknowledged in the
	// SYN-RCVD state.
	h.state = handshakeSynRcvd
	h.ep.mu.Lock()
	h.ep.state = StateSynRecv
	ttl := h.ep.ttl
	h.ep.mu.Unlock()
	synOpts := header.TCPSynOptions{
		WS:    int(h.effectiveRcvWndScale()),
		TS:    rcvSynOpts.TS,
		TSVal: h.ep.timestamp(),
		TSEcr: h.ep.recentTS,

		// We only send SACKPermitted if the other side indicated it
		// permits SACK. This is not explicitly defined in the RFC but
		// this is the behaviour implemented by Linux.
		SACKPermitted: rcvSynOpts.SACKPermitted,
		MSS:           h.ep.amss,
	}
	if ttl == 0 {
		ttl = s.route.DefaultTTL()
	}
	h.ep.sendSynTCP(&s.route, h.ep.ID, ttl, h.ep.sendTOS, h.flags, h.iss, h.ackNum, h.rcvWnd, synOpts)
	return nil
}

// synRcvdState handles a segment received when the TCP 3-way handshake is in
// the SYN-RCVD state.
func (h *handshake) synRcvdState(s *segment) *tcpip.Error {
	if s.flagIsSet(header.TCPFlagRst) {
		// RFC 793, page 37, states that in the SYN-RCVD state, a reset
		// is acceptable if the sequence number is in the window.
		if s.sequenceNumber.InWindow(h.ackNum, h.rcvWnd) {
			return tcpip.ErrConnectionRefused
		}
		return nil
	}

	if !h.checkAck(s) {
		return nil
	}

	if s.flagIsSet(header.TCPFlagSyn) && s.sequenceNumber != h.ackNum-1 {
		// We received two SYN segments with different sequence
		// numbers, so we reset this and restart the whole
		// process, except that we don't reset the timer.
		ack := s.sequenceNumber.Add(s.logicalLen())
		seq := seqnum.Value(0)
		if s.flagIsSet(header.TCPFlagAck) {
			seq = s.ackNumber
		}
		h.ep.sendRaw(buffer.VectorisedView{}, header.TCPFlagRst|header.TCPFlagAck, seq, ack, 0)

		if !h.active {
			return tcpip.ErrInvalidEndpointState
		}

		h.resetState()
		synOpts := header.TCPSynOptions{
			WS:            h.rcvWndScale,
			TS:            h.ep.sendTSOk,
			TSVal:         h.ep.timestamp(),
			TSEcr:         h.ep.recentTS,
			SACKPermitted: h.ep.sackPermitted,
			MSS:           h.ep.amss,
		}
		h.ep.sendSynTCP(&s.route, h.ep.ID, h.ep.ttl, h.ep.sendTOS, h.flags, h.iss, h.ackNum, h.rcvWnd, synOpts)
		return nil
	}

	// We have previously received (and acknowledged) the peer's SYN. If the
	// peer acknowledges our SYN, the handshake is completed.
	if s.flagIsSet(header.TCPFlagAck) {
		// If the timestamp option is negotiated and the segment does
		// not carry a timestamp option then the segment must be dropped
		// as per https://tools.ietf.org/html/rfc7323#section-3.2.
		if h.ep.sendTSOk && !s.parsedOptions.TS {
			h.ep.stack.Stats().DroppedPackets.Increment()
			return nil
		}

		// Update timestamp if required. See RFC7323, section-4.3.
		if h.ep.sendTSOk && s.parsedOptions.TS {
			h.ep.updateRecentTimestamp(s.parsedOptions.TSVal, h.ackNum, s.sequenceNumber)
		}
		h.state = handshakeCompleted
		return nil
	}

	return nil
}

func (h *handshake) handleSegment(s *segment) *tcpip.Error {
	h.sndWnd = s.window
	if !s.flagIsSet(header.TCPFlagSyn) && h.sndWndScale > 0 {
		h.sndWnd <<= uint8(h.sndWndScale)
	}

	switch h.state {
	case handshakeSynRcvd:
		return h.synRcvdState(s)
	case handshakeSynSent:
		return h.synSentState(s)
	}
	return nil
}

// processSegments goes through the segment queue and processes up to
// maxSegmentsPerWake (if they're available).
func (h *handshake) processSegments() *tcpip.Error {
	for i := 0; i < maxSegmentsPerWake; i++ {
		s := h.ep.segmentQueue.dequeue()
		if s == nil {
			return nil
		}

		err := h.handleSegment(s)
		s.decRef()
		if err != nil {
			return err
		}

		// We stop processing packets once the handshake is completed,
		// otherwise we may process packets meant to be processed by
		// the main protocol goroutine.
		if h.state == handshakeCompleted {
			break
		}
	}

	// If the queue is not empty, make sure we'll wake up in the next
	// iteration.
	if !h.ep.segmentQueue.empty() {
		h.ep.newSegmentWaker.Assert()
	}

	return nil
}

func (h *handshake) resolveRoute() *tcpip.Error {
	// Set up the wakers.
	s := sleep.Sleeper{}
	resolutionWaker := &sleep.Waker{}
	s.AddWaker(resolutionWaker, wakerForResolution)
	s.AddWaker(&h.ep.notificationWaker, wakerForNotification)
	defer s.Done()

	// Initial action is to resolve route.
	index := wakerForResolution
	for {
		switch index {
		case wakerForResolution:
			if _, err := h.ep.route.Resolve(resolutionWaker); err != tcpip.ErrWouldBlock {
				if err == tcpip.ErrNoLinkAddress {
					h.ep.stats.SendErrors.NoLinkAddr.Increment()
				} else if err != nil {
					h.ep.stats.SendErrors.NoRoute.Increment()
				}
				// Either success (err == nil) or failure.
				return err
			}
			// Resolution not completed. Keep trying...

		case wakerForNotification:
			n := h.ep.fetchNotifications()
			if n&notifyClose != 0 {
				h.ep.route.RemoveWaker(resolutionWaker)
				return tcpip.ErrAborted
			}
			if n&notifyDrain != 0 {
				close(h.ep.drainDone)
				<-h.ep.undrain
			}
		}

		// Wait for notification.
		index, _ = s.Fetch(true)
	}
}

// execute executes the TCP 3-way handshake.
func (h *handshake) execute() *tcpip.Error {
	if h.ep.route.IsResolutionRequired() {
		if err := h.resolveRoute(); err != nil {
			return err
		}
	}

	// Initialize the resend timer.
	resendWaker := sleep.Waker{}
	timeOut := time.Duration(time.Second)
	rt := time.AfterFunc(timeOut, func() {
		resendWaker.Assert()
	})
	defer rt.Stop()

	// Set up the wakers.
	s := sleep.Sleeper{}
	s.AddWaker(&resendWaker, wakerForResend)
	s.AddWaker(&h.ep.notificationWaker, wakerForNotification)
	s.AddWaker(&h.ep.newSegmentWaker, wakerForNewSegment)
	defer s.Done()

	var sackEnabled SACKEnabled
	if err := h.ep.stack.TransportProtocolOption(ProtocolNumber, &sackEnabled); err != nil {
		// If stack returned an error when checking for SACKEnabled
		// status then just default to switching off SACK negotiation.
		sackEnabled = false
	}

	// Send the initial SYN segment and loop until the handshake is
	// completed.
	h.ep.amss = mssForRoute(&h.ep.route)

	synOpts := header.TCPSynOptions{
		WS:            h.rcvWndScale,
		TS:            true,
		TSVal:         h.ep.timestamp(),
		TSEcr:         h.ep.recentTS,
		SACKPermitted: bool(sackEnabled),
		MSS:           h.ep.amss,
	}

	// Execute is also called in a listen context so we want to make sure we
	// only send the TS/SACK option when we received the TS/SACK in the
	// initial SYN.
	if h.state == handshakeSynRcvd {
		synOpts.TS = h.ep.sendTSOk
		synOpts.SACKPermitted = h.ep.sackPermitted && bool(sackEnabled)
		if h.sndWndScale < 0 {
			// Disable window scaling if the peer did not send us
			// the window scaling option.
			synOpts.WS = -1
		}
	}
	h.ep.sendSynTCP(&h.ep.route, h.ep.ID, h.ep.ttl, h.ep.sendTOS, h.flags, h.iss, h.ackNum, h.rcvWnd, synOpts)

	for h.state != handshakeCompleted {
		switch index, _ := s.Fetch(true); index {
		case wakerForResend:
			timeOut *= 2
			if timeOut > 60*time.Second {
				return tcpip.ErrTimeout
			}
			rt.Reset(timeOut)
			h.ep.sendSynTCP(&h.ep.route, h.ep.ID, h.ep.ttl, h.ep.sendTOS, h.flags, h.iss, h.ackNum, h.rcvWnd, synOpts)

		case wakerForNotification:
			n := h.ep.fetchNotifications()
			if n&notifyClose != 0 {
				return tcpip.ErrAborted
			}
			if n&notifyDrain != 0 {
				for !h.ep.segmentQueue.empty() {
					s := h.ep.segmentQueue.dequeue()
					err := h.handleSegment(s)
					s.decRef()
					if err != nil {
						return err
					}
					if h.state == handshakeCompleted {
						return nil
					}
				}
				close(h.ep.drainDone)
				<-h.ep.undrain
			}

		case wakerForNewSegment:
			if err := h.processSegments(); err != nil {
				return err
			}
		}
	}

	return nil
}

func parseSynSegmentOptions(s *segment) header.TCPSynOptions {
	synOpts := header.ParseSynOptions(s.options, s.flagIsSet(header.TCPFlagAck))
	if synOpts.TS {
		s.parsedOptions.TSVal = synOpts.TSVal
		s.parsedOptions.TSEcr = synOpts.TSEcr
	}
	return synOpts
}

var optionPool = sync.Pool{
	New: func() interface{} {
		return make([]byte, maxOptionSize)
	},
}

func getOptions() []byte {
	return optionPool.Get().([]byte)
}

func putOptions(options []byte) {
	// Reslice to full capacity.
	optionPool.Put(options[0:cap(options)])
}

func makeSynOptions(opts header.TCPSynOptions) []byte {
	// Emulate linux option order. This is as follows:
	//
	// if md5: NOP NOP MD5SIG 18 md5sig(16)
	// if mss: MSS 4 mss(2)
	// if ts and sack_advertise:
	//	SACK 2 TIMESTAMP 2 timestamp(8)
	// elif ts: NOP NOP TIMESTAMP 10 timestamp(8)
	// elif sack: NOP NOP SACK 2
	// if wscale: NOP WINDOW 3 ws(1)
	// if sack_blocks: NOP NOP SACK ((2 + (#blocks * 8))
	//	[for each block] start_seq(4) end_seq(4)
	// if fastopen_cookie:
	//	if exp: EXP (4 + len(cookie)) FASTOPEN_MAGIC(2)
	// 	else: FASTOPEN (2 + len(cookie))
	//	cookie(variable) [padding to four bytes]
	//
	options := getOptions()

	// Always encode the mss.
	offset := header.EncodeMSSOption(uint32(opts.MSS), options)

	// Special ordering is required here. If both TS and SACK are enabled,
	// then the SACK option precedes TS, with no padding. If they are
	// enabled individually, then we see padding before the option.
	if opts.TS && opts.SACKPermitted {
		offset += header.EncodeSACKPermittedOption(options[offset:])
		offset += header.EncodeTSOption(opts.TSVal, opts.TSEcr, options[offset:])
	} else if opts.TS {
		offset += header.EncodeNOP(options[offset:])
		offset += header.EncodeNOP(options[offset:])
		offset += header.EncodeTSOption(opts.TSVal, opts.TSEcr, options[offset:])
	} else if opts.SACKPermitted {
		offset += header.EncodeNOP(options[offset:])
		offset += header.EncodeNOP(options[offset:])
		offset += header.EncodeSACKPermittedOption(options[offset:])
	}

	// Initialize the WS option.
	if opts.WS >= 0 {
		offset += header.EncodeNOP(options[offset:])
		offset += header.EncodeWSOption(opts.WS, options[offset:])
	}

	// Padding to the end; note that this never apply unless we add a
	// fastopen option, we always expect the offset to remain the same.
	if delta := header.AddTCPOptionPadding(options, offset); delta != 0 {
		panic("unexpected option encoding")
	}

	return options[:offset]
}

func (e *endpoint) sendSynTCP(r *stack.Route, id stack.TransportEndpointID, ttl, tos uint8, flags byte, seq, ack seqnum.Value, rcvWnd seqnum.Size, opts header.TCPSynOptions) *tcpip.Error {
	options := makeSynOptions(opts)
	// We ignore SYN send errors and let the callers re-attempt send.
	if err := e.sendTCP(r, id, buffer.VectorisedView{}, ttl, tos, flags, seq, ack, rcvWnd, options, nil); err != nil {
		e.stats.SendErrors.SynSendToNetworkFailed.Increment()
	}
	putOptions(options)
	return nil
}

func (e *endpoint) sendTCP(r *stack.Route, id stack.TransportEndpointID, data buffer.VectorisedView, ttl, tos uint8, flags byte, seq, ack seqnum.Value, rcvWnd seqnum.Size, opts []byte, gso *stack.GSO) *tcpip.Error {
	if err := sendTCP(r, id, data, ttl, tos, flags, seq, ack, rcvWnd, opts, gso); err != nil {
		e.stats.SendErrors.SegmentSendToNetworkFailed.Increment()
		return err
	}
	e.stats.SegmentsSent.Increment()
	return nil
}

func buildTCPHdr(r *stack.Route, id stack.TransportEndpointID, d *stack.PacketDescriptor, data buffer.VectorisedView, flags byte, seq, ack seqnum.Value, rcvWnd seqnum.Size, opts []byte, gso *stack.GSO) {
	optLen := len(opts)
	hdr := &d.Hdr
	packetSize := d.Size
	off := d.Off
	// Initialize the header.
	tcp := header.TCP(hdr.Prepend(header.TCPMinimumSize + optLen))
	tcp.Encode(&header.TCPFields{
		SrcPort:    id.LocalPort,
		DstPort:    id.RemotePort,
		SeqNum:     uint32(seq),
		AckNum:     uint32(ack),
		DataOffset: uint8(header.TCPMinimumSize + optLen),
		Flags:      flags,
		WindowSize: uint16(rcvWnd),
	})
	copy(tcp[header.TCPMinimumSize:], opts)

	length := uint16(hdr.UsedLength() + packetSize)
	xsum := r.PseudoHeaderChecksum(ProtocolNumber, length)
	// Only calculate the checksum if offloading isn't supported.
	if gso != nil && gso.NeedsCsum {
		// This is called CHECKSUM_PARTIAL in the Linux kernel. We
		// calculate a checksum of the pseudo-header and save it in the
		// TCP header, then the kernel calculate a checksum of the
		// header and data and get the right sum of the TCP packet.
		tcp.SetChecksum(xsum)
	} else if r.Capabilities()&stack.CapabilityTXChecksumOffload == 0 {
		xsum = header.ChecksumVVWithOffset(data, xsum, off, packetSize)
		tcp.SetChecksum(^tcp.CalculateChecksum(xsum))
	}

}

func sendTCPBatch(r *stack.Route, id stack.TransportEndpointID, data buffer.VectorisedView, ttl, tos uint8, flags byte, seq, ack seqnum.Value, rcvWnd seqnum.Size, opts []byte, gso *stack.GSO) *tcpip.Error {
	optLen := len(opts)
	if rcvWnd > 0xffff {
		rcvWnd = 0xffff
	}

	mss := int(gso.MSS)
	n := (data.Size() + mss - 1) / mss

	hdrs := stack.NewPacketDescriptors(n, header.TCPMinimumSize+int(r.MaxHeaderLength())+optLen)

	size := data.Size()
	off := 0
	for i := 0; i < n; i++ {
		packetSize := mss
		if packetSize > size {
			packetSize = size
		}
		size -= packetSize
		hdrs[i].Off = off
		hdrs[i].Size = packetSize
		buildTCPHdr(r, id, &hdrs[i], data, flags, seq, ack, rcvWnd, opts, gso)
		off += packetSize
		seq = seq.Add(seqnum.Size(packetSize))
	}
	if ttl == 0 {
		ttl = r.DefaultTTL()
	}
	sent, err := r.WritePackets(gso, hdrs, data, stack.NetworkHeaderParams{Protocol: ProtocolNumber, TTL: ttl, TOS: tos})
	if err != nil {
		r.Stats().TCP.SegmentSendErrors.IncrementBy(uint64(n - sent))
	}
	r.Stats().TCP.SegmentsSent.IncrementBy(uint64(sent))
	return err
}

// sendTCP sends a TCP segment with the provided options via the provided
// network endpoint and under the provided identity.
func sendTCP(r *stack.Route, id stack.TransportEndpointID, data buffer.VectorisedView, ttl, tos uint8, flags byte, seq, ack seqnum.Value, rcvWnd seqnum.Size, opts []byte, gso *stack.GSO) *tcpip.Error {
	optLen := len(opts)
	if rcvWnd > 0xffff {
		rcvWnd = 0xffff
	}

	if r.Loop&stack.PacketLoop == 0 && gso != nil && gso.Type == stack.GSOSW && int(gso.MSS) < data.Size() {
		return sendTCPBatch(r, id, data, ttl, tos, flags, seq, ack, rcvWnd, opts, gso)
	}

	d := &stack.PacketDescriptor{
		Hdr:  buffer.NewPrependable(header.TCPMinimumSize + int(r.MaxHeaderLength()) + optLen),
		Off:  0,
		Size: data.Size(),
	}
	buildTCPHdr(r, id, d, data, flags, seq, ack, rcvWnd, opts, gso)

	if ttl == 0 {
		ttl = r.DefaultTTL()
	}
	if err := r.WritePacket(gso, d.Hdr, data, stack.NetworkHeaderParams{Protocol: ProtocolNumber, TTL: ttl, TOS: tos}); err != nil {
		r.Stats().TCP.SegmentSendErrors.Increment()
		return err
	}
	r.Stats().TCP.SegmentsSent.Increment()
	if (flags & header.TCPFlagRst) != 0 {
		r.Stats().TCP.ResetsSent.Increment()
	}
	return nil
}

// makeOptions makes an options slice.
func (e *endpoint) makeOptions(sackBlocks []header.SACKBlock) []byte {
	options := getOptions()
	offset := 0

	// N.B. the ordering here matches the ordering used by Linux internally
	// and described in the raw makeOptions function. We don't include
	// unnecessary cases here (post connection.)
	if e.sendTSOk {
		// Embed the timestamp if timestamp has been enabled.
		//
		// We only use the lower 32 bits of the unix time in
		// milliseconds. This is similar to what Linux does where it
		// uses the lower 32 bits of the jiffies value in the tsVal
		// field of the timestamp option.
		//
		// Further, RFC7323 section-5.4 recommends millisecond
		// resolution as the lowest recommended resolution for the
		// timestamp clock.
		//
		// Ref: https://tools.ietf.org/html/rfc7323#section-5.4.
		offset += header.EncodeNOP(options[offset:])
		offset += header.EncodeNOP(options[offset:])
		offset += header.EncodeTSOption(e.timestamp(), uint32(e.recentTS), options[offset:])
	}
	if e.sackPermitted && len(sackBlocks) > 0 {
		offset += header.EncodeNOP(options[offset:])
		offset += header.EncodeNOP(options[offset:])
		offset += header.EncodeSACKBlocks(sackBlocks, options[offset:])
	}

	// We expect the above to produce an aligned offset.
	if delta := header.AddTCPOptionPadding(options, offset); delta != 0 {
		panic("unexpected option encoding")
	}

	return options[:offset]
}

// sendRaw sends a TCP segment to the endpoint's peer.
func (e *endpoint) sendRaw(data buffer.VectorisedView, flags byte, seq, ack seqnum.Value, rcvWnd seqnum.Size) *tcpip.Error {
	var sackBlocks []header.SACKBlock
	if e.state == StateEstablished && e.rcv.pendingBufSize > 0 && (flags&header.TCPFlagAck != 0) {
		sackBlocks = e.sack.Blocks[:e.sack.NumBlocks]
	}
	options := e.makeOptions(sackBlocks)
	err := e.sendTCP(&e.route, e.ID, data, e.ttl, e.sendTOS, flags, seq, ack, rcvWnd, options, e.gso)
	putOptions(options)
	return err
}

func (e *endpoint) handleWrite() *tcpip.Error {
	// Move packets from send queue to send list. The queue is accessible
	// from other goroutines and protected by the send mutex, while the send
	// list is only accessible from the handler goroutine, so it needs no
	// mutexes.
	e.sndBufMu.Lock()

	first := e.sndQueue.Front()
	if first != nil {
		e.snd.writeList.PushBackList(&e.sndQueue)
		e.snd.sndNxtList.UpdateForward(e.sndBufInQueue)
		e.sndBufInQueue = 0
	}

	e.sndBufMu.Unlock()

	// Initialize the next segment to write if it's currently nil.
	if e.snd.writeNext == nil {
		e.snd.writeNext = first
	}

	// Push out any new packets.
	e.snd.sendData()

	return nil
}

func (e *endpoint) handleClose() *tcpip.Error {
	// Drain the send queue.
	e.handleWrite()

	// Mark send side as closed.
	e.snd.closed = true

	return nil
}

// resetConnectionLocked puts the endpoint in an error state with the given
// error code and sends a RST if and only if the error is not ErrConnectionReset
// indicating that the connection is being reset due to receiving a RST. This
// method must only be called from the protocol goroutine.
func (e *endpoint) resetConnectionLocked(err *tcpip.Error) {
	// Only send a reset if the connection is being aborted for a reason
	// other than receiving a reset.
	if e.state == StateEstablished || e.state == StateCloseWait {
		e.stack.Stats().TCP.EstablishedResets.Increment()
		e.stack.Stats().TCP.CurrentEstablished.Decrement()
	}
	e.state = StateError
	e.HardError = err
	if err != tcpip.ErrConnectionReset {
		e.sendRaw(buffer.VectorisedView{}, header.TCPFlagAck|header.TCPFlagRst, e.snd.sndUna, e.rcv.rcvNxt, 0)
	}
}

// completeWorkerLocked is called by the worker goroutine when it's about to
// exit. It marks the worker as completed and performs cleanup work if requested
// by Close().
func (e *endpoint) completeWorkerLocked() {
	e.workerRunning = false
	if e.workerCleanup {
		e.cleanupLocked()
	}
}

// handleSegments pulls segments from the queue and processes them. It returns
// no error if the protocol loop should continue, an error otherwise.
func (e *endpoint) handleSegments() *tcpip.Error {
	checkRequeue := true
	for i := 0; i < maxSegmentsPerWake; i++ {
		s := e.segmentQueue.dequeue()
		if s == nil {
			checkRequeue = false
			break
		}

		// Invoke the tcp probe if installed.
		if e.probe != nil {
			e.probe(e.completeState())
		}

		if s.flagIsSet(header.TCPFlagRst) {
			if e.rcv.acceptable(s.sequenceNumber, 0) {
				// RFC 793, page 37 states that "in all states
				// except SYN-SENT, all reset (RST) segments are
				// validated by checking their SEQ-fields." So
				// we only process it if it's acceptable.
				s.decRef()
				return tcpip.ErrConnectionReset
			}
		} else if s.flagIsSet(header.TCPFlagAck) {
			// Patch the window size in the segment according to the
			// send window scale.
			s.window <<= e.snd.sndWndScale

			// RFC 793, page 41 states that "once in the ESTABLISHED
			// state all segments must carry current acknowledgment
			// information."
			e.rcv.handleRcvdSegment(s)
			e.snd.handleRcvdSegment(s)
		}
		s.decRef()
	}

	// If the queue is not empty, make sure we'll wake up in the next
	// iteration.
	if checkRequeue && !e.segmentQueue.empty() {
		e.newSegmentWaker.Assert()
	}

	// Send an ACK for all processed packets if needed.
	if e.rcv.rcvNxt != e.snd.maxSentAck {
		e.snd.sendAck()
	}

	e.resetKeepaliveTimer(true)

	return nil
}

// keepaliveTimerExpired is called when the keepaliveTimer fires. We send TCP
// keepalive packets periodically when the connection is idle. If we don't hear
// from the other side after a number of tries, we terminate the connection.
func (e *endpoint) keepaliveTimerExpired() *tcpip.Error {
	e.keepalive.Lock()
	if !e.keepalive.enabled || !e.keepalive.timer.checkExpiration() {
		e.keepalive.Unlock()
		return nil
	}

	if e.keepalive.unacked >= e.keepalive.count {
		e.keepalive.Unlock()
		return tcpip.ErrTimeout
	}

	// RFC1122 4.2.3.6: TCP keepalive is a dataless ACK with
	// seg.seq = snd.nxt-1.
	e.keepalive.unacked++
	e.keepalive.Unlock()
	e.snd.sendSegmentFromView(buffer.VectorisedView{}, header.TCPFlagAck, e.snd.sndNxt-1)
	e.resetKeepaliveTimer(false)
	return nil
}

// resetKeepaliveTimer restarts or stops the keepalive timer, depending on
// whether it is enabled for this endpoint.
func (e *endpoint) resetKeepaliveTimer(receivedData bool) {
	e.keepalive.Lock()
	defer e.keepalive.Unlock()
	if receivedData {
		e.keepalive.unacked = 0
	}
	// Start the keepalive timer IFF it's enabled and there is no pending
	// data to send.
	if !e.keepalive.enabled || e.snd == nil || e.snd.sndUna != e.snd.sndNxt {
		e.keepalive.timer.disable()
		return
	}
	if e.keepalive.unacked > 0 {
		e.keepalive.timer.enable(e.keepalive.interval)
	} else {
		e.keepalive.timer.enable(e.keepalive.idle)
	}
}

// disableKeepaliveTimer stops the keepalive timer.
func (e *endpoint) disableKeepaliveTimer() {
	e.keepalive.Lock()
	e.keepalive.timer.disable()
	e.keepalive.Unlock()
}

// protocolMainLoop is the main loop of the TCP protocol. It runs in its own
// goroutine and is responsible for sending segments and handling received
// segments.
func (e *endpoint) protocolMainLoop(handshake bool) *tcpip.Error {
	var closeTimer *time.Timer
	var closeWaker sleep.Waker

	epilogue := func() {
		// e.mu is expected to be hold upon entering this section.

		if e.snd != nil {
			e.snd.resendTimer.cleanup()
		}

		if closeTimer != nil {
			closeTimer.Stop()
		}

		e.completeWorkerLocked()

		if e.drainDone != nil {
			close(e.drainDone)
		}

		e.mu.Unlock()

		// When the protocol loop exits we should wake up our waiters.
		e.waiterQueue.Notify(waiter.EventHUp | waiter.EventErr | waiter.EventIn | waiter.EventOut)
	}

	if handshake {
		// This is an active connection, so we must initiate the 3-way
		// handshake, and then inform potential waiters about its
		// completion.
		initialRcvWnd := e.initialReceiveWindow()
		h := newHandshake(e, seqnum.Size(initialRcvWnd))
		e.mu.Lock()
		h.ep.state = StateSynSent
		e.mu.Unlock()

		if err := h.execute(); err != nil {
			e.lastErrorMu.Lock()
			e.lastError = err
			e.lastErrorMu.Unlock()

			e.mu.Lock()
			e.stack.Stats().TCP.EstablishedResets.Increment()
			e.stack.Stats().TCP.CurrentEstablished.Decrement()
			e.state = StateError
			e.HardError = err

			// Lock released below.
			epilogue()

			return err
		}

		// Transfer handshake state to TCP connection. We disable
		// receive window scaling if the peer doesn't support it
		// (indicated by a negative send window scale).
		e.snd = newSender(e, h.iss, h.ackNum-1, h.sndWnd, h.mss, h.sndWndScale)

		rcvBufSize := seqnum.Size(e.receiveBufferSize())
		e.rcvListMu.Lock()
		e.rcv = newReceiver(e, h.ackNum-1, h.rcvWnd, h.effectiveRcvWndScale(), rcvBufSize)
		// boot strap the auto tuning algorithm. Starting at zero will
		// result in a large step function on the first proper causing
		// the window to just go to a really large value after the first
		// RTT itself.
		e.rcvAutoParams.prevCopied = initialRcvWnd
		e.rcvListMu.Unlock()
	}

	e.keepalive.timer.init(&e.keepalive.waker)
	defer e.keepalive.timer.cleanup()

	// Tell waiters that the endpoint is connected and writable.
	e.mu.Lock()
	if e.state != StateEstablished {
		e.stack.Stats().TCP.CurrentEstablished.Increment()
		e.state = StateEstablished
	}
	drained := e.drainDone != nil
	e.mu.Unlock()
	if drained {
		close(e.drainDone)
		<-e.undrain
	}

	e.waiterQueue.Notify(waiter.EventOut)

	// Set up the functions that will be called when the main protocol loop
	// wakes up.
	funcs := []struct {
		w *sleep.Waker
		f func() *tcpip.Error
	}{
		{
			w: &e.sndWaker,
			f: e.handleWrite,
		},
		{
			w: &e.sndCloseWaker,
			f: e.handleClose,
		},
		{
			w: &e.newSegmentWaker,
			f: e.handleSegments,
		},
		{
			w: &closeWaker,
			f: func() *tcpip.Error {
				return tcpip.ErrConnectionAborted
			},
		},
		{
			w: &e.snd.resendWaker,
			f: func() *tcpip.Error {
				if !e.snd.retransmitTimerExpired() {
					return tcpip.ErrTimeout
				}
				return nil
			},
		},
		{
			w: &e.keepalive.waker,
			f: e.keepaliveTimerExpired,
		},
		{
			w: &e.notificationWaker,
			f: func() *tcpip.Error {
				n := e.fetchNotifications()
				if n&notifyNonZeroReceiveWindow != 0 {
					e.rcv.nonZeroWindow()
				}

				if n&notifyReceiveWindowChanged != 0 {
					e.rcv.pendingBufSize = seqnum.Size(e.receiveBufferSize())
				}

				if n&notifyMTUChanged != 0 {
					e.sndBufMu.Lock()
					count := e.packetTooBigCount
					e.packetTooBigCount = 0
					mtu := e.sndMTU
					e.sndBufMu.Unlock()

					e.snd.updateMaxPayloadSize(mtu, count)
				}

				if n&notifyReset != 0 {
					e.mu.Lock()
					e.resetConnectionLocked(tcpip.ErrConnectionAborted)
					e.mu.Unlock()
				}
				if n&notifyClose != 0 && closeTimer == nil {
					// Reset the connection 3 seconds after
					// the endpoint has been closed.
					//
					// The timer could fire in background
					// when the endpoint is drained. That's
					// OK as the loop here will not honor
					// the firing until the undrain arrives.
					closeTimer = time.AfterFunc(3*time.Second, func() {
						closeWaker.Assert()
					})
				}

				if n&notifyKeepaliveChanged != 0 {
					// The timer could fire in background
					// when the endpoint is drained. That's
					// OK. See above.
					e.resetKeepaliveTimer(true)
				}

				if n&notifyDrain != 0 {
					for !e.segmentQueue.empty() {
						if err := e.handleSegments(); err != nil {
							return err
						}
					}
					if e.state != StateError {
						close(e.drainDone)
						<-e.undrain
					}
				}

				return nil
			},
		},
	}

	// Initialize the sleeper based on the wakers in funcs.
	s := sleep.Sleeper{}
	for i := range funcs {
		s.AddWaker(funcs[i].w, i)
	}

	// The following assertions and notifications are needed for restored
	// endpoints. Fresh newly created endpoints have empty states and should
	// not invoke any.
	e.segmentQueue.mu.Lock()
	if !e.segmentQueue.list.Empty() {
		e.newSegmentWaker.Assert()
	}
	e.segmentQueue.mu.Unlock()

	e.rcvListMu.Lock()
	if !e.rcvList.Empty() {
		e.waiterQueue.Notify(waiter.EventIn)
	}
	e.rcvListMu.Unlock()

	e.mu.RLock()
	if e.workerCleanup {
		e.notifyProtocolGoroutine(notifyClose)
	}
	e.mu.RUnlock()

	// Main loop. Handle segments until both send and receive ends of the
	// connection have completed.
	for !e.rcv.closed || !e.snd.closed || e.snd.sndUna != e.snd.sndNxtList {
		e.workMu.Unlock()
		v, _ := s.Fetch(true)
		e.workMu.Lock()
		if err := funcs[v].f(); err != nil {
			e.mu.Lock()
			// Ensure we release all endpoint registration and route
			// references as the connection is now in an error
			// state.
			e.workerCleanup = true
			e.resetConnectionLocked(err)
			// Lock released below.
			epilogue()

			return nil
		}
	}

	// Mark endpoint as closed.
	e.mu.Lock()
	if e.state != StateError {
		e.stack.Stats().TCP.EstablishedResets.Increment()
		e.stack.Stats().TCP.CurrentEstablished.Decrement()
		e.state = StateClose
	}
	// Lock released below.
	epilogue()

	return nil
}