path: root/pkg/tcpip/network/ipv4/ipv4.go

// Copyright 2018 The gVisor Authors.
//
// Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License");
// you may not use this file except in compliance with the License.
// You may obtain a copy of the License at
//
//     http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
//
// Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software
// distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS,
// WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.
// See the License for the specific language governing permissions and
// limitations under the License.

// Package ipv4 contains the implementation of the ipv4 network protocol.
package ipv4

import (
	"fmt"
	"sync/atomic"

	"gvisor.dev/gvisor/pkg/sync"
	"gvisor.dev/gvisor/pkg/tcpip"
	"gvisor.dev/gvisor/pkg/tcpip/buffer"
	"gvisor.dev/gvisor/pkg/tcpip/header"
	"gvisor.dev/gvisor/pkg/tcpip/header/parse"
	"gvisor.dev/gvisor/pkg/tcpip/network/fragmentation"
	"gvisor.dev/gvisor/pkg/tcpip/network/hash"
	"gvisor.dev/gvisor/pkg/tcpip/stack"
)

const (
	// ProtocolNumber is the ipv4 protocol number.
	ProtocolNumber = header.IPv4ProtocolNumber

	// MaxTotalSize is maximum size that can be encoded in the 16-bit
	// TotalLength field of the ipv4 header.
	MaxTotalSize = 0xffff

	// DefaultTTL is the default time-to-live value for this endpoint.
	DefaultTTL = 64

	// buckets is the number of identifier buckets.
	buckets = 2048

	// The size of a fragment block, in bytes, as per RFC 791 section 3.1,
	// page 14.
	fragmentblockSize = 8
)

var ipv4BroadcastAddr = header.IPv4Broadcast.WithPrefix()

var _ stack.GroupAddressableEndpoint = (*endpoint)(nil)
var _ stack.AddressableEndpoint = (*endpoint)(nil)
var _ stack.NetworkEndpoint = (*endpoint)(nil)

type endpoint struct {
	nic        stack.NetworkInterface
	linkEP     stack.LinkEndpoint
	dispatcher stack.TransportDispatcher
	protocol   *protocol

	// enabled is set to 1 when the enpoint is enabled and 0 when it is
	// disabled.
	//
	// Must be accessed using atomic operations.
	enabled uint32

	mu struct {
		sync.RWMutex

		addressableEndpointState stack.AddressableEndpointState
	}
}

// NewEndpoint creates a new ipv4 endpoint.
func (p *protocol) NewEndpoint(nic stack.NetworkInterface, _ stack.LinkAddressCache, _ stack.NUDHandler, dispatcher stack.TransportDispatcher) stack.NetworkEndpoint {
	e := &endpoint{
		nic:        nic,
		linkEP:     nic.LinkEndpoint(),
		dispatcher: dispatcher,
		protocol:   p,
	}
	e.mu.addressableEndpointState.Init(e)
	return e
}

// Enable implements stack.NetworkEndpoint.
func (e *endpoint) Enable() *tcpip.Error {
	e.mu.Lock()
	defer e.mu.Unlock()

	// If the NIC is not enabled, the endpoint can't do anything meaningful so
	// don't enable the endpoint.
	if !e.nic.Enabled() {
		return tcpip.ErrNotPermitted
	}

	// If the endpoint is already enabled, there is nothing for it to do.
	if !e.setEnabled(true) {
		return nil
	}

	// Create an endpoint to receive broadcast packets on this interface.
	ep, err := e.mu.addressableEndpointState.AddAndAcquirePermanentAddress(ipv4BroadcastAddr, stack.NeverPrimaryEndpoint, stack.AddressConfigStatic, false /* deprecated */)
	if err != nil {
		return err
	}
	// We have no need for the address endpoint.
	ep.DecRef()

	// As per RFC 1122 section 3.3.7, all hosts should join the all-hosts
	// multicast group. Note, the IANA calls the all-hosts multicast group the
	// all-systems multicast group.
	_, err = e.mu.addressableEndpointState.JoinGroup(header.IPv4AllSystems)
	return err
}

// Enabled implements stack.NetworkEndpoint.
func (e *endpoint) Enabled() bool {
	return e.nic.Enabled() && e.isEnabled()
}

// isEnabled returns true if the endpoint is enabled, regardless of the
// enabled status of the NIC.
func (e *endpoint) isEnabled() bool {
	return atomic.LoadUint32(&e.enabled) == 1
}

// setEnabled sets the enabled status for the endpoint.
//
// Returns true if the enabled status was updated.
func (e *endpoint) setEnabled(v bool) bool {
	if v {
		return atomic.SwapUint32(&e.enabled, 1) == 0
	}
	return atomic.SwapUint32(&e.enabled, 0) == 1
}

// Disable implements stack.NetworkEndpoint.
func (e *endpoint) Disable() {
	e.mu.Lock()
	defer e.mu.Unlock()
	e.disableLocked()
}

func (e *endpoint) disableLocked() {
	if !e.setEnabled(false) {
		return
	}

	// The endpoint may have already left the multicast group.
	if _, err := e.mu.addressableEndpointState.LeaveGroup(header.IPv4AllSystems); err != nil && err != tcpip.ErrBadLocalAddress {
		panic(fmt.Sprintf("unexpected error when leaving group = %s: %s", header.IPv4AllSystems, err))
	}

	// The address may have already been removed.
	if err := e.mu.addressableEndpointState.RemovePermanentAddress(ipv4BroadcastAddr.Address); err != nil && err != tcpip.ErrBadLocalAddress {
		panic(fmt.Sprintf("unexpected error when removing address = %s: %s", ipv4BroadcastAddr.Address, err))
	}
}

// DefaultTTL is the default time-to-live value for this endpoint.
func (e *endpoint) DefaultTTL() uint8 {
	return e.protocol.DefaultTTL()
}

// MTU implements stack.NetworkEndpoint.MTU. It returns the link-layer MTU minus
// the network layer max header length.
func (e *endpoint) MTU() uint32 {
	return calculateMTU(e.linkEP.MTU())
}

// MaxHeaderLength returns the maximum length needed by ipv4 headers (and
// underlying protocols).
func (e *endpoint) MaxHeaderLength() uint16 {
	return e.linkEP.MaxHeaderLength() + header.IPv4MinimumSize
}

// GSOMaxSize returns the maximum GSO packet size.
func (e *endpoint) GSOMaxSize() uint32 {
	if gso, ok := e.linkEP.(stack.GSOEndpoint); ok {
		return gso.GSOMaxSize()
	}
	return 0
}

// NetworkProtocolNumber implements stack.NetworkEndpoint.NetworkProtocolNumber.
func (e *endpoint) NetworkProtocolNumber() tcpip.NetworkProtocolNumber {
	return e.protocol.Number()
}

// writePacketFragments calls e.linkEP.WritePacket with each packet fragment to
// write. It assumes that the IP header is already present in pkt.NetworkHeader.
// pkt.TransportHeader may be set. mtu includes the IP header and options. This
// does not support the DontFragment IP flag.
func (e *endpoint) writePacketFragments(r *stack.Route, gso *stack.GSO, mtu int, pkt *stack.PacketBuffer) *tcpip.Error {
	// This packet is too big, it needs to be fragmented.
	ip := header.IPv4(pkt.NetworkHeader().View())
	flags := ip.Flags()

	// Update mtu to take into account the header, which will exist in all
	// fragments anyway.
	innerMTU := mtu - int(ip.HeaderLength())

	// Round the MTU down to align to 8 bytes. Then calculate the number of
	// fragments. Calculate fragment sizes as in RFC791.
	innerMTU &^= 7
	n := (int(ip.PayloadLength()) + innerMTU - 1) / innerMTU

	outerMTU := innerMTU + int(ip.HeaderLength())
	offset := ip.FragmentOffset()

	// Keep the length reserved for link-layer, we need to create fragments with
	// the same reserved length.
	reservedForLink := pkt.AvailableHeaderBytes()

	// Destroy the packet, pull all payloads out for fragmentation.
	transHeader, data := pkt.TransportHeader().View(), pkt.Data

	// Where possible, the first fragment that is sent has the same
	// number of bytes reserved for header as the input packet. The link-layer
	// endpoint may depend on this for looking at, eg, L4 headers.
	transFitsFirst := len(transHeader) <= innerMTU

	for i := 0; i < n; i++ {
		reserve := reservedForLink + int(ip.HeaderLength())
		if i == 0 && transFitsFirst {
			// Reserve for transport header if it's going to be put in the first
			// fragment.
			reserve += len(transHeader)
		}
		fragPkt := stack.NewPacketBuffer(stack.PacketBufferOptions{
			ReserveHeaderBytes: reserve,
		})
		fragPkt.NetworkProtocolNumber = header.IPv4ProtocolNumber

		// Copy data for the fragment.
		avail := innerMTU

		if n := len(transHeader); n > 0 {
			if n > avail {
				n = avail
			}
			if i == 0 && transFitsFirst {
				copy(fragPkt.TransportHeader().Push(n), transHeader)
			} else {
				fragPkt.Data.AppendView(transHeader[:n:n])
			}
			transHeader = transHeader[n:]
			avail -= n
		}

		if avail > 0 {
			n := data.Size()
			if n > avail {
				n = avail
			}
			data.ReadToVV(&fragPkt.Data, n)
			avail -= n
		}

		copied := uint16(innerMTU - avail)

		// Set lengths in header and calculate checksum.
		h := header.IPv4(fragPkt.NetworkHeader().Push(len(ip)))
		copy(h, ip)
		if i != n-1 {
			h.SetTotalLength(uint16(outerMTU))
			h.SetFlagsFragmentOffset(flags|header.IPv4FlagMoreFragments, offset)
		} else {
			h.SetTotalLength(uint16(h.HeaderLength()) + copied)
			h.SetFlagsFragmentOffset(flags, offset)
		}
		h.SetChecksum(0)
		h.SetChecksum(^h.CalculateChecksum())
		offset += copied

		// Send out the fragment.
		if err := e.linkEP.WritePacket(r, gso, ProtocolNumber, fragPkt); err != nil {
			return err
		}
		r.Stats().IP.PacketsSent.Increment()
	}
	return nil
}

func (e *endpoint) addIPHeader(r *stack.Route, pkt *stack.PacketBuffer, params stack.NetworkHeaderParams) {
	ip := header.IPv4(pkt.NetworkHeader().Push(header.IPv4MinimumSize))
	length := uint16(pkt.Size())
	// RFC 6864 section 4.3 mandates uniqueness of ID values for non-atomic
	// datagrams. Since the DF bit is never being set here, all datagrams
	// are non-atomic and need an ID.
	id := atomic.AddUint32(&e.protocol.ids[hashRoute(r, params.Protocol, e.protocol.hashIV)%buckets], 1)
	ip.Encode(&header.IPv4Fields{
		IHL:         header.IPv4MinimumSize,
		TotalLength: length,
		ID:          uint16(id),
		TTL:         params.TTL,
		TOS:         params.TOS,
		Protocol:    uint8(params.Protocol),
		SrcAddr:     r.LocalAddress,
		DstAddr:     r.RemoteAddress,
	})
	ip.SetChecksum(^ip.CalculateChecksum())
	pkt.NetworkProtocolNumber = header.IPv4ProtocolNumber
}

// WritePacket writes a packet to the given destination address and protocol.
func (e *endpoint) WritePacket(r *stack.Route, gso *stack.GSO, params stack.NetworkHeaderParams, pkt *stack.PacketBuffer) *tcpip.Error {
	e.addIPHeader(r, pkt, params)

	// iptables filtering. All packets that reach here are locally
	// generated.
	nicName := e.protocol.stack.FindNICNameFromID(e.nic.ID())
	ipt := e.protocol.stack.IPTables()
	if ok := ipt.Check(stack.Output, pkt, gso, r, "", nicName); !ok {
		// iptables is telling us to drop the packet.
		r.Stats().IP.IPTablesOutputDropped.Increment()
		return nil
	}

	// If the packet is manipulated as per NAT Output rules, handle packet
	// based on destination address and do not send the packet to link
	// layer.
	//
	// TODO(gvisor.dev/issue/170): We should do this for every
	// packet, rather than only NATted packets, but removing this check
	// short circuits broadcasts before they are sent out to other hosts.
	if pkt.NatDone {
		netHeader := header.IPv4(pkt.NetworkHeader().View())
		ep, err := e.protocol.stack.FindNetworkEndpoint(header.IPv4ProtocolNumber, netHeader.DestinationAddress())
		if err == nil {
			route := r.ReverseRoute(netHeader.SourceAddress(), netHeader.DestinationAddress())
			ep.HandlePacket(&route, pkt)
			return nil
		}
	}

	if r.Loop&stack.PacketLoop != 0 {
		loopedR := r.MakeLoopedRoute()
		e.HandlePacket(&loopedR, pkt)
		loopedR.Release()
	}
	if r.Loop&stack.PacketOut == 0 {
		return nil
	}
	if pkt.Size() > int(e.linkEP.MTU()) && (gso == nil || gso.Type == stack.GSONone) {
		return e.writePacketFragments(r, gso, int(e.linkEP.MTU()), pkt)
	}
	if err := e.linkEP.WritePacket(r, gso, ProtocolNumber, pkt); err != nil {
		return err
	}
	r.Stats().IP.PacketsSent.Increment()
	return nil
}

// WritePackets implements stack.NetworkEndpoint.WritePackets.
func (e *endpoint) WritePackets(r *stack.Route, gso *stack.GSO, pkts stack.PacketBufferList, params stack.NetworkHeaderParams) (int, *tcpip.Error) {
	if r.Loop&stack.PacketLoop != 0 {
		panic("multiple packets in local loop")
	}
	if r.Loop&stack.PacketOut == 0 {
		return pkts.Len(), nil
	}

	for pkt := pkts.Front(); pkt != nil; {
		e.addIPHeader(r, pkt, params)
		pkt = pkt.Next()
	}

	nicName := e.protocol.stack.FindNICNameFromID(e.nic.ID())
	// iptables filtering. All packets that reach here are locally
	// generated.
	ipt := e.protocol.stack.IPTables()
	dropped, natPkts := ipt.CheckPackets(stack.Output, pkts, gso, r, nicName)
	if len(dropped) == 0 && len(natPkts) == 0 {
		// Fast path: If no packets are to be dropped then we can just invoke the
		// faster WritePackets API directly.
		n, err := e.linkEP.WritePackets(r, gso, pkts, ProtocolNumber)
		r.Stats().IP.PacketsSent.IncrementBy(uint64(n))
		return n, err
	}
	r.Stats().IP.IPTablesOutputDropped.IncrementBy(uint64(len(dropped)))

	// Slow path as we are dropping some packets in the batch degrade to
	// emitting one packet at a time.
	n := 0
	for pkt := pkts.Front(); pkt != nil; pkt = pkt.Next() {
		if _, ok := dropped[pkt]; ok {
			continue
		}
		if _, ok := natPkts[pkt]; ok {
			netHeader := header.IPv4(pkt.NetworkHeader().View())
			if ep, err := e.protocol.stack.FindNetworkEndpoint(header.IPv4ProtocolNumber, netHeader.DestinationAddress()); err == nil {
				src := netHeader.SourceAddress()
				dst := netHeader.DestinationAddress()
				route := r.ReverseRoute(src, dst)
				ep.HandlePacket(&route, pkt)
				n++
				continue
			}
		}
		if err := e.linkEP.WritePacket(r, gso, ProtocolNumber, pkt); err != nil {
			r.Stats().IP.PacketsSent.IncrementBy(uint64(n))
			// Dropped packets aren't errors, so include them in
			// the return value.
			return n + len(dropped), err
		}
		n++
	}
	r.Stats().IP.PacketsSent.IncrementBy(uint64(n))
	// Dropped packets aren't errors, so include them in the return value.
	return n + len(dropped), nil
}

// WriteHeaderIncludedPacket writes a packet already containing a network
// header through the given route.
func (e *endpoint) WriteHeaderIncludedPacket(r *stack.Route, pkt *stack.PacketBuffer) *tcpip.Error {
	// The packet already has an IP header, but there are a few required
	// checks.
	h, ok := pkt.Data.PullUp(header.IPv4MinimumSize)
	if !ok {
		return tcpip.ErrInvalidOptionValue
	}
	ip := header.IPv4(h)
	if !ip.IsValid(pkt.Data.Size()) {
		return tcpip.ErrInvalidOptionValue
	}

	// Always set the total length.
	ip.SetTotalLength(uint16(pkt.Data.Size()))

	// Set the source address when zero.
	if ip.SourceAddress() == tcpip.Address(([]byte{0, 0, 0, 0})) {
		ip.SetSourceAddress(r.LocalAddress)
	}

	// Set the destination. If the packet already included a destination,
	// it will be part of the route.
	ip.SetDestinationAddress(r.RemoteAddress)

	// Set the packet ID when zero.
	if ip.ID() == 0 {
		// RFC 6864 section 4.3 mandates uniqueness of ID values for
		// non-atomic datagrams, so assign an ID to all such datagrams
		// according to the definition given in RFC 6864 section 4.
		if ip.Flags()&header.IPv4FlagDontFragment == 0 || ip.Flags()&header.IPv4FlagMoreFragments != 0 || ip.FragmentOffset() > 0 {
			ip.SetID(uint16(atomic.AddUint32(&e.protocol.ids[hashRoute(r, 0 /* protocol */, e.protocol.hashIV)%buckets], 1)))
		}
	}

	// Always set the checksum.
	ip.SetChecksum(0)
	ip.SetChecksum(^ip.CalculateChecksum())

	if r.Loop&stack.PacketLoop != 0 {
		e.HandlePacket(r, pkt.Clone())
	}
	if r.Loop&stack.PacketOut == 0 {
		return nil
	}

	r.Stats().IP.PacketsSent.Increment()

	return e.linkEP.WritePacket(r, nil /* gso */, ProtocolNumber, pkt)
}

// HandlePacket is called by the link layer when new ipv4 packets arrive for
// this endpoint.
func (e *endpoint) HandlePacket(r *stack.Route, pkt *stack.PacketBuffer) {
	if !e.isEnabled() {
		return
	}

	h := header.IPv4(pkt.NetworkHeader().View())
	if !h.IsValid(pkt.Data.Size() + pkt.NetworkHeader().View().Size() + pkt.TransportHeader().View().Size()) {
		r.Stats().IP.MalformedPacketsReceived.Increment()
		return
	}

	// iptables filtering. All packets that reach here are intended for
	// this machine and will not be forwarded.
	ipt := e.protocol.stack.IPTables()
	if ok := ipt.Check(stack.Input, pkt, nil, nil, "", ""); !ok {
		// iptables is telling us to drop the packet.
		r.Stats().IP.IPTablesInputDropped.Increment()
		return
	}

	if h.More() || h.FragmentOffset() != 0 {
		if pkt.Data.Size()+pkt.TransportHeader().View().Size() == 0 {
			// Drop the packet as it's marked as a fragment but has
			// no payload.
			r.Stats().IP.MalformedPacketsReceived.Increment()
			r.Stats().IP.MalformedFragmentsReceived.Increment()
			return
		}
		// The packet is a fragment, let's try to reassemble it.
		start := h.FragmentOffset()
		// Drop the fragment if the size of the reassembled payload would exceed the
		// maximum payload size.
		//
		// Note that this addition doesn't overflow even on 32bit architecture
		// because pkt.Data.Size() should not exceed 65535 (the max IP datagram
		// size). Otherwise the packet would've been rejected as invalid before
		// reaching here.
		if int(start)+pkt.Data.Size() > header.IPv4MaximumPayloadSize {
			r.Stats().IP.MalformedPacketsReceived.Increment()
			r.Stats().IP.MalformedFragmentsReceived.Increment()
			return
		}
		var ready bool
		var err error
		proto := h.Protocol()
		pkt.Data, _, ready, err = e.protocol.fragmentation.Process(
			// As per RFC 791 section 2.3, the identification value is unique
			// for a source-destination pair and protocol.
			fragmentation.FragmentID{
				Source:      h.SourceAddress(),
				Destination: h.DestinationAddress(),
				ID:          uint32(h.ID()),
				Protocol:    proto,
			},
			start,
			start+uint16(pkt.Data.Size())-1,
			h.More(),
			proto,
			pkt.Data,
		)
		if err != nil {
			r.Stats().IP.MalformedPacketsReceived.Increment()
			r.Stats().IP.MalformedFragmentsReceived.Increment()
			return
		}
		if !ready {
			return
		}
	}
	p := h.TransportProtocol()
	if p == header.ICMPv4ProtocolNumber {
		// TODO(gvisor.dev/issues/3810): when we sort out ICMP and transport
		// headers, the setting of the transport number here should be
		// unnecessary and removed.
		pkt.TransportProtocolNumber = p
		e.handleICMP(r, pkt)
		return
	}
	r.Stats().IP.PacketsDelivered.Increment()

	switch res := e.dispatcher.DeliverTransportPacket(r, p, pkt); res {
	case stack.TransportPacketHandled:
	case stack.TransportPacketDestinationPortUnreachable:
		// As per RFC: 1122 Section 3.2.2.1 A host SHOULD generate Destination
		//   Unreachable messages with code:
		//     3 (Port Unreachable), when the designated transport protocol
		//     (e.g., UDP) is unable to demultiplex the datagram but has no
		//     protocol mechanism to inform the sender.
		_ = returnError(r, &icmpReasonPortUnreachable{}, pkt)
	default:
		panic(fmt.Sprintf("unrecognized result from DeliverTransportPacket = %d", res))
	}
}

// Close cleans up resources associated with the endpoint.
func (e *endpoint) Close() {
	e.mu.Lock()
	defer e.mu.Unlock()

	e.disableLocked()
	e.mu.addressableEndpointState.Cleanup()
}

// AddAndAcquirePermanentAddress implements stack.AddressableEndpoint.
func (e *endpoint) AddAndAcquirePermanentAddress(addr tcpip.AddressWithPrefix, peb stack.PrimaryEndpointBehavior, configType stack.AddressConfigType, deprecated bool) (stack.AddressEndpoint, *tcpip.Error) {
	e.mu.Lock()
	defer e.mu.Unlock()
	return e.mu.addressableEndpointState.AddAndAcquirePermanentAddress(addr, peb, configType, deprecated)
}

// RemovePermanentAddress implements stack.AddressableEndpoint.
func (e *endpoint) RemovePermanentAddress(addr tcpip.Address) *tcpip.Error {
	e.mu.Lock()
	defer e.mu.Unlock()
	return e.mu.addressableEndpointState.RemovePermanentAddress(addr)
}

// AcquireAssignedAddress implements stack.AddressableEndpoint.
func (e *endpoint) AcquireAssignedAddress(localAddr tcpip.Address, allowTemp bool, tempPEB stack.PrimaryEndpointBehavior) stack.AddressEndpoint {
	e.mu.Lock()
	defer e.mu.Unlock()

	loopback := e.nic.IsLoopback()
	addressEndpoint := e.mu.addressableEndpointState.ReadOnly().AddrOrMatching(localAddr, allowTemp, func(addressEndpoint stack.AddressEndpoint) bool {
		subnet := addressEndpoint.AddressWithPrefix().Subnet()
		// IPv4 has a notion of a subnet broadcast address and considers the
		// loopback interface bound to an address's whole subnet (on linux).
		return subnet.IsBroadcast(localAddr) || (loopback && subnet.Contains(localAddr))
	})
	if addressEndpoint != nil {
		return addressEndpoint
	}

	if !allowTemp {
		return nil
	}

	addr := localAddr.WithPrefix()
	addressEndpoint, err := e.mu.addressableEndpointState.AddAndAcquireTemporaryAddress(addr, tempPEB)
	if err != nil {
		// AddAddress only returns an error if the address is already assigned,
		// but we just checked above if the address exists so we expect no error.
		panic(fmt.Sprintf("e.mu.addressableEndpointState.AddAndAcquireTemporaryAddress(%s, %d): %s", addr, tempPEB, err))
	}
	return addressEndpoint
}

// AcquirePrimaryAddress implements stack.AddressableEndpoint.
func (e *endpoint) AcquirePrimaryAddress(remoteAddr tcpip.Address, allowExpired bool) stack.AddressEndpoint {
	e.mu.RLock()
	defer e.mu.RUnlock()
	return e.mu.addressableEndpointState.AcquirePrimaryAddress(remoteAddr, allowExpired)
}

// PrimaryAddresses implements stack.AddressableEndpoint.
func (e *endpoint) PrimaryAddresses() []tcpip.AddressWithPrefix {
	e.mu.RLock()
	defer e.mu.RUnlock()
	return e.mu.addressableEndpointState.PrimaryAddresses()
}

// PermanentAddresses implements stack.AddressableEndpoint.
func (e *endpoint) PermanentAddresses() []tcpip.AddressWithPrefix {
	e.mu.RLock()
	defer e.mu.RUnlock()
	return e.mu.addressableEndpointState.PermanentAddresses()
}

// JoinGroup implements stack.GroupAddressableEndpoint.
func (e *endpoint) JoinGroup(addr tcpip.Address) (bool, *tcpip.Error) {
	if !header.IsV4MulticastAddress(addr) {
		return false, tcpip.ErrBadAddress
	}

	e.mu.Lock()
	defer e.mu.Unlock()
	return e.mu.addressableEndpointState.JoinGroup(addr)
}

// LeaveGroup implements stack.GroupAddressableEndpoint.
func (e *endpoint) LeaveGroup(addr tcpip.Address) (bool, *tcpip.Error) {
	e.mu.Lock()
	defer e.mu.Unlock()
	return e.mu.addressableEndpointState.LeaveGroup(addr)
}

// IsInGroup implements stack.GroupAddressableEndpoint.
func (e *endpoint) IsInGroup(addr tcpip.Address) bool {
	e.mu.RLock()
	defer e.mu.RUnlock()
	return e.mu.addressableEndpointState.IsInGroup(addr)
}

var _ stack.ForwardingNetworkProtocol = (*protocol)(nil)
var _ stack.NetworkProtocol = (*protocol)(nil)

type protocol struct {
	stack *stack.Stack

	// defaultTTL is the current default TTL for the protocol. Only the
	// uint8 portion of it is meaningful.
	//
	// Must be accessed using atomic operations.
	defaultTTL uint32

	// forwarding is set to 1 when the protocol has forwarding enabled and 0
	// when it is disabled.
	//
	// Must be accessed using atomic operations.
	forwarding uint32

	ids    []uint32
	hashIV uint32

	fragmentation *fragmentation.Fragmentation
}

// Number returns the ipv4 protocol number.
func (p *protocol) Number() tcpip.NetworkProtocolNumber {
	return ProtocolNumber
}

// MinimumPacketSize returns the minimum valid ipv4 packet size.
func (p *protocol) MinimumPacketSize() int {
	return header.IPv4MinimumSize
}

// DefaultPrefixLen returns the IPv4 default prefix length.
func (p *protocol) DefaultPrefixLen() int {
	return header.IPv4AddressSize * 8
}

// ParseAddresses implements NetworkProtocol.ParseAddresses.
func (*protocol) ParseAddresses(v buffer.View) (src, dst tcpip.Address) {
	h := header.IPv4(v)
	return h.SourceAddress(), h.DestinationAddress()
}

// SetOption implements NetworkProtocol.SetOption.
func (p *protocol) SetOption(option tcpip.SettableNetworkProtocolOption) *tcpip.Error {
	switch v := option.(type) {
	case *tcpip.DefaultTTLOption:
		p.SetDefaultTTL(uint8(*v))
		return nil
	default:
		return tcpip.ErrUnknownProtocolOption
	}
}

// Option implements NetworkProtocol.Option.
func (p *protocol) Option(option tcpip.GettableNetworkProtocolOption) *tcpip.Error {
	switch v := option.(type) {
	case *tcpip.DefaultTTLOption:
		*v = tcpip.DefaultTTLOption(p.DefaultTTL())
		return nil
	default:
		return tcpip.ErrUnknownProtocolOption
	}
}

// SetDefaultTTL sets the default TTL for endpoints created with this protocol.
func (p *protocol) SetDefaultTTL(ttl uint8) {
	atomic.StoreUint32(&p.defaultTTL, uint32(ttl))
}

// DefaultTTL returns the default TTL for endpoints created with this protocol.
func (p *protocol) DefaultTTL() uint8 {
	return uint8(atomic.LoadUint32(&p.defaultTTL))
}

// Close implements stack.TransportProtocol.Close.
func (*protocol) Close() {}

// Wait implements stack.TransportProtocol.Wait.
func (*protocol) Wait() {}

// Parse implements stack.NetworkProtocol.Parse.
func (*protocol) Parse(pkt *stack.PacketBuffer) (proto tcpip.TransportProtocolNumber, hasTransportHdr bool, ok bool) {
	if ok := parse.IPv4(pkt); !ok {
		return 0, false, false
	}

	ipHdr := header.IPv4(pkt.NetworkHeader().View())
	return ipHdr.TransportProtocol(), !ipHdr.More() && ipHdr.FragmentOffset() == 0, true
}

// Forwarding implements stack.ForwardingNetworkProtocol.
func (p *protocol) Forwarding() bool {
	return uint8(atomic.LoadUint32(&p.forwarding)) == 1
}

// SetForwarding implements stack.ForwardingNetworkProtocol.
func (p *protocol) SetForwarding(v bool) {
	if v {
		atomic.StoreUint32(&p.forwarding, 1)
	} else {
		atomic.StoreUint32(&p.forwarding, 0)
	}
}

// calculateMTU calculates the network-layer payload MTU based on the link-layer
// payload mtu.
func calculateMTU(mtu uint32) uint32 {
	if mtu > MaxTotalSize {
		mtu = MaxTotalSize
	}
	return mtu - header.IPv4MinimumSize
}

// hashRoute calculates a hash value for the given route. It uses the source &
// destination address, the transport protocol number, and a random initial
// value (generated once on initialization) to generate the hash.
func hashRoute(r *stack.Route, protocol tcpip.TransportProtocolNumber, hashIV uint32) uint32 {
	t := r.LocalAddress
	a := uint32(t[0]) | uint32(t[1])<<8 | uint32(t[2])<<16 | uint32(t[3])<<24
	t = r.RemoteAddress
	b := uint32(t[0]) | uint32(t[1])<<8 | uint32(t[2])<<16 | uint32(t[3])<<24
	return hash.Hash3Words(a, b, uint32(protocol), hashIV)
}

// NewProtocol returns an IPv4 network protocol.
func NewProtocol(s *stack.Stack) stack.NetworkProtocol {
	ids := make([]uint32, buckets)

	// Randomly initialize hashIV and the ids.
	r := hash.RandN32(1 + buckets)
	for i := range ids {
		ids[i] = r[i]
	}
	hashIV := r[buckets]

	return &protocol{
		stack:         s,
		ids:           ids,
		hashIV:        hashIV,
		defaultTTL:    DefaultTTL,
		fragmentation: fragmentation.NewFragmentation(fragmentblockSize, fragmentation.HighFragThreshold, fragmentation.LowFragThreshold, fragmentation.DefaultReassembleTimeout),
	}
}