path: root/pkg/sentry/fsimpl/kernfs/kernfs.go

// Copyright 2019 The gVisor Authors.
//
// Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License");
// you may not use this file except in compliance with the License.
// You may obtain a copy of the License at
//
//     http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
//
// Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software
// distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS,
// WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.
// See the License for the specific language governing permissions and
// limitations under the License.

// Package kernfs provides the tools to implement inode-based filesystems.
// Kernfs has two main features:
//
// 1. The Inode interface, which maps VFS2's path-based filesystem operations to
//    specific filesystem nodes. Kernfs uses the Inode interface to provide a
//    blanket implementation for the vfs.FilesystemImpl. Kernfs also serves as
//    the synchronization mechanism for all filesystem operations by holding a
//    filesystem-wide lock across all operations.
//
// 2. Various utility types which provide generic implementations for various
//    parts of the Inode and vfs.FileDescription interfaces. Client filesystems
//    based on kernfs can embed the appropriate set of these to avoid having to
//    reimplement common filesystem operations. See inode_impl_util.go and
//    fd_impl_util.go.
//
// Reference Model:
//
// Kernfs dentries represents named pointers to inodes. Kernfs is solely
// reponsible for maintaining and modifying its dentry tree; inode
// implementations can not access the tree. Dentries and inodes have
// independent lifetimes and reference counts. A child dentry unconditionally
// holds a reference on its parent directory's dentry. A dentry also holds a
// reference on the inode it points to (although that might not be the only
// reference on the inode). Due to this inodes can outlive the dentries that
// point to them. Multiple dentries can point to the same inode (for example,
// in the case of hardlinks). File descriptors hold a reference to the dentry
// they're opened on.
//
// Dentries are guaranteed to exist while holding Filesystem.mu for
// reading. Dropping dentries require holding Filesystem.mu for writing. To
// queue dentries for destruction from a read critical section, see
// Filesystem.deferDecRef.
//
// Lock ordering:
//
// kernfs.Filesystem.mu
//   kernfs.Dentry.dirMu
//     vfs.VirtualFilesystem.mountMu
//       vfs.Dentry.mu
//   (inode implementation locks, if any)
// kernfs.Filesystem.deferredDecRefsMu
package kernfs

import (
	"fmt"
	"sync/atomic"

	"gvisor.dev/gvisor/pkg/abi/linux"
	"gvisor.dev/gvisor/pkg/context"
	"gvisor.dev/gvisor/pkg/errors/linuxerr"
	"gvisor.dev/gvisor/pkg/fspath"
	"gvisor.dev/gvisor/pkg/refsvfs2"
	"gvisor.dev/gvisor/pkg/sentry/kernel/auth"
	"gvisor.dev/gvisor/pkg/sentry/vfs"
	"gvisor.dev/gvisor/pkg/sync"
)

// Filesystem mostly implements vfs.FilesystemImpl for a generic in-memory
// filesystem. Concrete implementations are expected to embed this in their own
// Filesystem type.
//
// +stateify savable
type Filesystem struct {
	vfsfs vfs.Filesystem

	deferredDecRefsMu sync.Mutex `state:"nosave"`

	// deferredDecRefs is a list of dentries waiting to be DecRef()ed. This is
	// used to defer dentry destruction until mu can be acquired for
	// writing. Protected by deferredDecRefsMu.
	deferredDecRefs []refsvfs2.RefCounter

	// mu synchronizes the lifetime of Dentries on this filesystem. Holding it
	// for reading guarantees continued existence of any resolved dentries, but
	// the dentry tree may be modified.
	//
	// Kernfs dentries can only be DecRef()ed while holding mu for writing. For
	// example:
	//
	//   fs.mu.Lock()
	//   defer fs.mu.Unlock()
	//   ...
	//   dentry1.DecRef()
	//   defer dentry2.DecRef() // Ok, will run before Unlock.
	//
	// If discarding dentries in a read context, use Filesystem.deferDecRef. For
	// example:
	//
	//   fs.mu.RLock()
	//   defer fs.processDeferredDecRefs()
	//   defer fs.mu.RUnlock()
	//   ...
	//   fs.deferDecRef(dentry)
	mu sync.RWMutex `state:"nosave"`

	// nextInoMinusOne is used to to allocate inode numbers on this
	// filesystem. Must be accessed by atomic operations.
	nextInoMinusOne uint64

	// cachedDentries contains all dentries with 0 references. (Due to race
	// conditions, it may also contain dentries with non-zero references.)
	// cachedDentriesLen is the number of dentries in cachedDentries. These
	// fields are protected by mu.
	cachedDentries    dentryList
	cachedDentriesLen uint64

	// MaxCachedDentries is the maximum size of cachedDentries. If not set,
	// defaults to 0 and kernfs does not cache any dentries. This is immutable.
	MaxCachedDentries uint64

	// root is the root dentry of this filesystem. Note that root may be nil for
	// filesystems on a disconnected mount without a root (e.g. pipefs, sockfs,
	// hostfs). Filesystem holds an extra reference on root to prevent it from
	// being destroyed prematurely. This is immutable.
	root *Dentry
}

// deferDecRef defers dropping a dentry ref until the next call to
// processDeferredDecRefs{,Locked}. See comment on Filesystem.mu.
// This may be called while Filesystem.mu or Dentry.dirMu is locked.
func (fs *Filesystem) deferDecRef(d refsvfs2.RefCounter) {
	fs.deferredDecRefsMu.Lock()
	fs.deferredDecRefs = append(fs.deferredDecRefs, d)
	fs.deferredDecRefsMu.Unlock()
}

// SafeDecRefFD safely DecRef the FileDescription making sure DecRef is deferred
// in case Filesystem.mu is held. See comment on Filesystem.mu.
func (fs *Filesystem) SafeDecRefFD(ctx context.Context, fd *vfs.FileDescription) {
	if d, ok := fd.Dentry().Impl().(*Dentry); ok && d.fs == fs {
		// Only defer if dentry belongs to this filesystem, since locks cannot cross
		// filesystems.
		fs.deferDecRef(fd)
		return
	}
	fd.DecRef(ctx)
}

// SafeDecRef safely DecRef the virtual dentry making sure DecRef is deferred
// in case Filesystem.mu is held. See comment on Filesystem.mu.
func (fs *Filesystem) SafeDecRef(ctx context.Context, vd vfs.VirtualDentry) {
	if d, ok := vd.Dentry().Impl().(*Dentry); ok && d.fs == fs {
		// Only defer if dentry belongs to this filesystem, since locks cannot cross
		// filesystems.
		fs.deferDecRef(&vd)
		return
	}
	vd.DecRef(ctx)
}

// processDeferredDecRefs calls vfs.Dentry.DecRef on all dentries in the
// deferredDecRefs list. See comment on Filesystem.mu.
//
// Precondition: Filesystem.mu or Dentry.dirMu must NOT be locked.
func (fs *Filesystem) processDeferredDecRefs(ctx context.Context) {
	fs.deferredDecRefsMu.Lock()
	for _, d := range fs.deferredDecRefs {
		// Defer the DecRef call so that we are not holding deferredDecRefsMu
		// when DecRef is called.
		defer d.DecRef(ctx)
	}
	fs.deferredDecRefs = fs.deferredDecRefs[:0] // Keep slice memory for reuse.
	fs.deferredDecRefsMu.Unlock()
}

// VFSFilesystem returns the generic vfs filesystem object.
func (fs *Filesystem) VFSFilesystem() *vfs.Filesystem {
	return &fs.vfsfs
}

// NextIno allocates a new inode number on this filesystem.
func (fs *Filesystem) NextIno() uint64 {
	return atomic.AddUint64(&fs.nextInoMinusOne, 1)
}

// These consts are used in the Dentry.flags field.
const (
	// Dentry points to a directory inode.
	dflagsIsDir = 1 << iota

	// Dentry points to a symlink inode.
	dflagsIsSymlink
)

// Dentry implements vfs.DentryImpl.
//
// A kernfs dentry is similar to a dentry in a traditional filesystem: it's a
// named reference to an inode. A dentry generally lives as long as it's part of
// a mounted filesystem tree. Kernfs drops dentries once all references to them
// are dropped. Dentries hold a single reference to the inode they point
// to, and child dentries hold a reference on their parent.
//
// Must be initialized by Init prior to first use.
//
// +stateify savable
type Dentry struct {
	vfsd vfs.Dentry

	// refs is the reference count. When refs reaches 0, the dentry may be
	// added to the cache or destroyed. If refs == -1, the dentry has already
	// been destroyed. refs are allowed to go to 0 and increase again. refs is
	// accessed using atomic memory operations.
	refs int64

	// fs is the owning filesystem. fs is immutable.
	fs *Filesystem

	// flags caches useful information about the dentry from the inode. See the
	// dflags* consts above. Must be accessed by atomic ops.
	flags uint32

	parent *Dentry
	name   string

	// If cached is true, dentryEntry links dentry into
	// Filesystem.cachedDentries. cached and dentryEntry are protected by
	// Filesystem.mu.
	cached bool
	dentryEntry

	// dirMu protects children and the names of child Dentries.
	//
	// Note that holding fs.mu for writing is not sufficient;
	// revalidateChildLocked(), which is a very hot path, may modify children with
	// fs.mu acquired for reading only.
	dirMu    sync.Mutex `state:"nosave"`
	children map[string]*Dentry

	inode Inode
}

// IncRef implements vfs.DentryImpl.IncRef.
func (d *Dentry) IncRef() {
	// d.refs may be 0 if d.fs.mu is locked, which serializes against
	// d.cacheLocked().
	r := atomic.AddInt64(&d.refs, 1)
	if d.LogRefs() {
		refsvfs2.LogIncRef(d, r)
	}
}

// TryIncRef implements vfs.DentryImpl.TryIncRef.
func (d *Dentry) TryIncRef() bool {
	for {
		r := atomic.LoadInt64(&d.refs)
		if r <= 0 {
			return false
		}
		if atomic.CompareAndSwapInt64(&d.refs, r, r+1) {
			if d.LogRefs() {
				refsvfs2.LogTryIncRef(d, r+1)
			}
			return true
		}
	}
}

// DecRef implements vfs.DentryImpl.DecRef.
func (d *Dentry) DecRef(ctx context.Context) {
	r := atomic.AddInt64(&d.refs, -1)
	if d.LogRefs() {
		refsvfs2.LogDecRef(d, r)
	}
	if r == 0 {
		d.fs.mu.Lock()
		d.cacheLocked(ctx)
		d.fs.mu.Unlock()
	} else if r < 0 {
		panic("kernfs.Dentry.DecRef() called without holding a reference")
	}
}

func (d *Dentry) decRefLocked(ctx context.Context) {
	r := atomic.AddInt64(&d.refs, -1)
	if d.LogRefs() {
		refsvfs2.LogDecRef(d, r)
	}
	if r == 0 {
		d.cacheLocked(ctx)
	} else if r < 0 {
		panic("kernfs.Dentry.DecRef() called without holding a reference")
	}
}

// cacheLocked should be called after d's reference count becomes 0. The ref
// count check may happen before acquiring d.fs.mu so there might be a race
// condition where the ref count is increased again by the time the caller
// acquires d.fs.mu. This race is handled.
// Only reachable dentries are added to the cache. However, a dentry might
// become unreachable *while* it is in the cache due to invalidation.
//
// Preconditions: d.fs.mu must be locked for writing.
func (d *Dentry) cacheLocked(ctx context.Context) {
	// Dentries with a non-zero reference count must be retained. (The only way
	// to obtain a reference on a dentry with zero references is via path
	// resolution, which requires d.fs.mu, so if d.refs is zero then it will
	// remain zero while we hold d.fs.mu for writing.)
	refs := atomic.LoadInt64(&d.refs)
	if refs == -1 {
		// Dentry has already been destroyed.
		return
	}
	if refs > 0 {
		if d.cached {
			d.fs.cachedDentries.Remove(d)
			d.fs.cachedDentriesLen--
			d.cached = false
		}
		return
	}
	// If the dentry is deleted and invalidated or has no parent, then it is no
	// longer reachable by path resolution and should be dropped immediately
	// because it has zero references.
	// Note that a dentry may not always have a parent; for example magic links
	// as described in Inode.Getlink.
	if isDead := d.VFSDentry().IsDead(); isDead || d.parent == nil {
		if !isDead {
			d.fs.vfsfs.VirtualFilesystem().InvalidateDentry(ctx, d.VFSDentry())
		}
		if d.cached {
			d.fs.cachedDentries.Remove(d)
			d.fs.cachedDentriesLen--
			d.cached = false
		}
		d.destroyLocked(ctx)
		return
	}
	// If d is already cached, just move it to the front of the LRU.
	if d.cached {
		d.fs.cachedDentries.Remove(d)
		d.fs.cachedDentries.PushFront(d)
		return
	}
	// Cache the dentry, then evict the least recently used cached dentry if
	// the cache becomes over-full.
	d.fs.cachedDentries.PushFront(d)
	d.fs.cachedDentriesLen++
	d.cached = true
	if d.fs.cachedDentriesLen <= d.fs.MaxCachedDentries {
		return
	}
	d.fs.evictCachedDentryLocked(ctx)
	// Whether or not victim was destroyed, we brought fs.cachedDentriesLen
	// back down to fs.opts.maxCachedDentries, so we don't loop.
}

// Preconditions:
// * fs.mu must be locked for writing.
// * fs.cachedDentriesLen != 0.
func (fs *Filesystem) evictCachedDentryLocked(ctx context.Context) {
	// Evict the least recently used dentry because cache size is greater than
	// max cache size (configured on mount).
	victim := fs.cachedDentries.Back()
	fs.cachedDentries.Remove(victim)
	fs.cachedDentriesLen--
	victim.cached = false
	// victim.refs may have become non-zero from an earlier path resolution
	// after it was inserted into fs.cachedDentries.
	if atomic.LoadInt64(&victim.refs) == 0 {
		if !victim.vfsd.IsDead() {
			victim.parent.dirMu.Lock()
			// Note that victim can't be a mount point (in any mount
			// namespace), since VFS holds references on mount points.
			fs.vfsfs.VirtualFilesystem().InvalidateDentry(ctx, victim.VFSDentry())
			delete(victim.parent.children, victim.name)
			victim.parent.dirMu.Unlock()
		}
		victim.destroyLocked(ctx)
	}
	// Whether or not victim was destroyed, we brought fs.cachedDentriesLen
	// back down to fs.MaxCachedDentries, so we don't loop.
}

// destroyLocked destroys the dentry.
//
// Preconditions:
// * d.fs.mu must be locked for writing.
// * d.refs == 0.
// * d should have been removed from d.parent.children, i.e. d is not reachable
//   by path traversal.
// * d.vfsd.IsDead() is true.
func (d *Dentry) destroyLocked(ctx context.Context) {
	refs := atomic.LoadInt64(&d.refs)
	switch refs {
	case 0:
		// Mark the dentry destroyed.
		atomic.StoreInt64(&d.refs, -1)
	case -1:
		panic("dentry.destroyLocked() called on already destroyed dentry")
	default:
		panic("dentry.destroyLocked() called with references on the dentry")
	}

	d.inode.DecRef(ctx) // IncRef from Init.
	d.inode = nil

	if d.parent != nil {
		d.parent.decRefLocked(ctx)
	}

	refsvfs2.Unregister(d)
}

// RefType implements refsvfs2.CheckedObject.Type.
func (d *Dentry) RefType() string {
	return "kernfs.Dentry"
}

// LeakMessage implements refsvfs2.CheckedObject.LeakMessage.
func (d *Dentry) LeakMessage() string {
	return fmt.Sprintf("[kernfs.Dentry %p] reference count of %d instead of -1", d, atomic.LoadInt64(&d.refs))
}

// LogRefs implements refsvfs2.CheckedObject.LogRefs.
//
// This should only be set to true for debugging purposes, as it can generate an
// extremely large amount of output and drastically degrade performance.
func (d *Dentry) LogRefs() bool {
	return false
}

// InitRoot initializes this dentry as the root of the filesystem.
//
// Precondition: Caller must hold a reference on inode.
//
// Postcondition: Caller's reference on inode is transferred to the dentry.
func (d *Dentry) InitRoot(fs *Filesystem, inode Inode) {
	d.Init(fs, inode)
	fs.root = d
	// Hold an extra reference on the root dentry. It is held by fs to prevent the
	// root from being "cached" and subsequently evicted.
	d.IncRef()
}

// Init initializes this dentry.
//
// Precondition: Caller must hold a reference on inode.
//
// Postcondition: Caller's reference on inode is transferred to the dentry.
func (d *Dentry) Init(fs *Filesystem, inode Inode) {
	d.vfsd.Init(d)
	d.fs = fs
	d.inode = inode
	atomic.StoreInt64(&d.refs, 1)
	ftype := inode.Mode().FileType()
	if ftype == linux.ModeDirectory {
		d.flags |= dflagsIsDir
	}
	if ftype == linux.ModeSymlink {
		d.flags |= dflagsIsSymlink
	}
	refsvfs2.Register(d)
}

// VFSDentry returns the generic vfs dentry for this kernfs dentry.
func (d *Dentry) VFSDentry() *vfs.Dentry {
	return &d.vfsd
}

// isDir checks whether the dentry points to a directory inode.
func (d *Dentry) isDir() bool {
	return atomic.LoadUint32(&d.flags)&dflagsIsDir != 0
}

// isSymlink checks whether the dentry points to a symlink inode.
func (d *Dentry) isSymlink() bool {
	return atomic.LoadUint32(&d.flags)&dflagsIsSymlink != 0
}

// InotifyWithParent implements vfs.DentryImpl.InotifyWithParent.
//
// Although Linux technically supports inotify on pseudo filesystems (inotify
// is implemented at the vfs layer), it is not particularly useful. It is left
// unimplemented until someone actually needs it.
func (d *Dentry) InotifyWithParent(ctx context.Context, events, cookie uint32, et vfs.EventType) {}

// Watches implements vfs.DentryImpl.Watches.
func (d *Dentry) Watches() *vfs.Watches {
	return nil
}

// OnZeroWatches implements vfs.Dentry.OnZeroWatches.
func (d *Dentry) OnZeroWatches(context.Context) {}

// insertChild inserts child into the vfs dentry cache with the given name under
// this dentry. This does not update the directory inode, so calling this on its
// own isn't sufficient to insert a child into a directory.
//
// Preconditions:
// * d must represent a directory inode.
// * d.fs.mu must be locked for at least reading.
func (d *Dentry) insertChild(name string, child *Dentry) {
	d.dirMu.Lock()
	d.insertChildLocked(name, child)
	d.dirMu.Unlock()
}

// insertChildLocked is equivalent to insertChild, with additional
// preconditions.
//
// Preconditions:
// * d must represent a directory inode.
// * d.dirMu must be locked.
// * d.fs.mu must be locked for at least reading.
func (d *Dentry) insertChildLocked(name string, child *Dentry) {
	if !d.isDir() {
		panic(fmt.Sprintf("insertChildLocked called on non-directory Dentry: %+v.", d))
	}
	d.IncRef() // DecRef in child's Dentry.destroy.
	child.parent = d
	child.name = name
	if d.children == nil {
		d.children = make(map[string]*Dentry)
	}
	d.children[name] = child
}

// Inode returns the dentry's inode.
func (d *Dentry) Inode() Inode {
	return d.inode
}

// FSLocalPath returns an absolute path to d, relative to the root of its
// filesystem.
func (d *Dentry) FSLocalPath() string {
	var b fspath.Builder
	_ = genericPrependPath(vfs.VirtualDentry{}, nil, d, &b)
	b.PrependByte('/')
	return b.String()
}

// WalkDentryTree traverses p in the dentry tree for this filesystem. Note that
// this only traverses the dentry tree and is not a general path traversal. No
// symlinks and dynamic children are resolved, and no permission checks are
// performed. The caller is responsible for ensuring the returned Dentry exists
// for an appropriate lifetime.
//
// p is interpreted starting at d, and may be absolute or relative (absolute vs
// relative paths both refer to the same target here, since p is absolute from
// d). p may contain "." and "..", but will not allow traversal above d (similar
// to ".." at the root dentry).
//
// This is useful for filesystem internals, where the filesystem may not be
// mounted yet. For a mounted filesystem, use GetDentryAt.
func (d *Dentry) WalkDentryTree(ctx context.Context, vfsObj *vfs.VirtualFilesystem, p fspath.Path) (*Dentry, error) {
	d.fs.mu.RLock()
	defer d.fs.processDeferredDecRefs(ctx)
	defer d.fs.mu.RUnlock()

	target := d

	for pit := p.Begin; pit.Ok(); pit = pit.Next() {
		pc := pit.String()

		switch {
		case target == nil:
			return nil, linuxerr.ENOENT
		case pc == ".":
			// No-op, consume component and continue.
		case pc == "..":
			if target == d {
				// Don't let .. traverse above the start point of the walk.
				continue
			}
			target = target.parent
			// Parent doesn't need revalidation since we revalidated it on the
			// way to the child, and we're still holding fs.mu.
		default:
			var err error

			d.dirMu.Lock()
			target, err = d.fs.revalidateChildLocked(ctx, vfsObj, target, pc, target.children[pc])
			d.dirMu.Unlock()

			if err != nil {
				return nil, err
			}
		}
	}

	if target == nil {
		return nil, linuxerr.ENOENT
	}

	target.IncRef()
	return target, nil
}

// The Inode interface maps filesystem-level operations that operate on paths to
// equivalent operations on specific filesystem nodes.
//
// The interface methods are groups into logical categories as sub interfaces
// below. Generally, an implementation for each sub interface can be provided by
// embedding an appropriate type from inode_impl_utils.go. The sub interfaces
// are purely organizational. Methods declared directly in the main interface
// have no generic implementations, and should be explicitly provided by the
// client filesystem.
//
// Generally, implementations are not responsible for tasks that are common to
// all filesystems. These include:
//
// - Checking that dentries passed to methods are of the appropriate file type.
// - Checking permissions.
//
// Inode functions may be called holding filesystem wide locks and are not
// allowed to call vfs functions that may reenter, unless otherwise noted.
//
// Specific responsibilities of implementations are documented below.
type Inode interface {
	// Methods related to reference counting. A generic implementation is
	// provided by InodeNoopRefCount. These methods are generally called by the
	// equivalent Dentry methods.
	inodeRefs

	// Methods related to node metadata. A generic implementation is provided by
	// InodeAttrs. Note that a concrete filesystem using kernfs is responsible for
	// managing link counts.
	inodeMetadata

	// Method for inodes that represent symlink. InodeNotSymlink provides a
	// blanket implementation for all non-symlink inodes.
	inodeSymlink

	// Method for inodes that represent directories. InodeNotDirectory provides
	// a blanket implementation for all non-directory inodes.
	inodeDirectory

	// Open creates a file description for the filesystem object represented by
	// this inode. The returned file description should hold a reference on the
	// dentry for its lifetime.
	//
	// Precondition: rp.Done(). vfsd.Impl() must be the kernfs Dentry containing
	// the inode on which Open() is being called.
	Open(ctx context.Context, rp *vfs.ResolvingPath, d *Dentry, opts vfs.OpenOptions) (*vfs.FileDescription, error)

	// StatFS returns filesystem statistics for the client filesystem. This
	// corresponds to vfs.FilesystemImpl.StatFSAt. If the client filesystem
	// doesn't support statfs(2), this should return ENOSYS.
	StatFS(ctx context.Context, fs *vfs.Filesystem) (linux.Statfs, error)

	// Keep indicates whether the dentry created after Inode.Lookup should be
	// kept in the kernfs dentry tree.
	Keep() bool

	// Valid should return true if this inode is still valid, or needs to
	// be resolved again by a call to Lookup.
	Valid(ctx context.Context) bool
}

type inodeRefs interface {
	IncRef()
	DecRef(ctx context.Context)
	TryIncRef() bool
}

type inodeMetadata interface {
	// CheckPermissions checks that creds may access this inode for the
	// requested access type, per the the rules of
	// fs/namei.c:generic_permission().
	CheckPermissions(ctx context.Context, creds *auth.Credentials, ats vfs.AccessTypes) error

	// Mode returns the (struct stat)::st_mode value for this inode. This is
	// separated from Stat for performance.
	Mode() linux.FileMode

	// Stat returns the metadata for this inode. This corresponds to
	// vfs.FilesystemImpl.StatAt.
	Stat(ctx context.Context, fs *vfs.Filesystem, opts vfs.StatOptions) (linux.Statx, error)

	// SetStat updates the metadata for this inode. This corresponds to
	// vfs.FilesystemImpl.SetStatAt. Implementations are responsible for checking
	// if the operation can be performed (see vfs.CheckSetStat() for common
	// checks).
	SetStat(ctx context.Context, fs *vfs.Filesystem, creds *auth.Credentials, opts vfs.SetStatOptions) error
}

// Precondition: All methods in this interface may only be called on directory
// inodes.
type inodeDirectory interface {
	// The New{File,Dir,Node,Link,Symlink} methods below should return a new inode
	// that will be hashed into the dentry tree.
	//
	// These inode constructors are inode-level operations rather than
	// filesystem-level operations to allow client filesystems to mix different
	// implementations based on the new node's location in the
	// filesystem.

	// HasChildren returns true if the directory inode has any children.
	HasChildren() bool

	// NewFile creates a new regular file inode.
	NewFile(ctx context.Context, name string, opts vfs.OpenOptions) (Inode, error)

	// NewDir creates a new directory inode.
	NewDir(ctx context.Context, name string, opts vfs.MkdirOptions) (Inode, error)

	// NewLink creates a new hardlink to a specified inode in this
	// directory. Implementations should create a new kernfs Dentry pointing to
	// target, and update target's link count.
	NewLink(ctx context.Context, name string, target Inode) (Inode, error)

	// NewSymlink creates a new symbolic link inode.
	NewSymlink(ctx context.Context, name, target string) (Inode, error)

	// NewNode creates a new filesystem node for a mknod syscall.
	NewNode(ctx context.Context, name string, opts vfs.MknodOptions) (Inode, error)

	// Unlink removes a child dentry from this directory inode.
	Unlink(ctx context.Context, name string, child Inode) error

	// RmDir removes an empty child directory from this directory
	// inode. Implementations must update the parent directory's link count,
	// if required. Implementations are not responsible for checking that child
	// is a directory, or checking for an empty directory.
	RmDir(ctx context.Context, name string, child Inode) error

	// Rename is called on the source directory containing an inode being
	// renamed. child points to the resolved child in the source directory.
	// dstDir is guaranteed to be a directory inode.
	//
	// On a successful call to Rename, the caller updates the dentry tree to
	// reflect the name change.
	//
	// Precondition: Caller must serialize concurrent calls to Rename.
	Rename(ctx context.Context, oldname, newname string, child, dstDir Inode) error

	// Lookup should return an appropriate inode if name should resolve to a
	// child of this directory inode. This gives the directory an opportunity
	// on every lookup to resolve additional entries. This is only called when
	// the inode is a directory.
	//
	// The child returned by Lookup will be hashed into the VFS dentry tree,
	// at least for the duration of the current FS operation.
	//
	// Lookup must return the child with an extra reference whose ownership is
	// transferred to the dentry that is created to point to that inode. If
	// Inode.Keep returns false, that new dentry will be dropped at the end of
	// the current filesystem operation (before returning back to the VFS
	// layer) if no other ref is picked on that dentry. If Inode.Keep returns
	// true, then the dentry will be cached into the dentry tree until it is
	// Unlink'd or RmDir'd.
	Lookup(ctx context.Context, name string) (Inode, error)

	// IterDirents is used to iterate over dynamically created entries. It invokes
	// cb on each entry in the directory represented by the Inode.
	// 'offset' is the offset for the entire IterDirents call, which may include
	// results from the caller (e.g. "." and ".."). 'relOffset' is the offset
	// inside the entries returned by this IterDirents invocation. In other words,
	// 'offset' should be used to calculate each vfs.Dirent.NextOff as well as
	// the return value, while 'relOffset' is the place to start iteration.
	IterDirents(ctx context.Context, mnt *vfs.Mount, callback vfs.IterDirentsCallback, offset, relOffset int64) (newOffset int64, err error)
}

type inodeSymlink interface {
	// Readlink returns the target of a symbolic link. If an inode is not a
	// symlink, the implementation should return EINVAL.
	//
	// Readlink is called with no kernfs locks held, so it may reenter if needed
	// to resolve symlink targets.
	Readlink(ctx context.Context, mnt *vfs.Mount) (string, error)

	// Getlink returns the target of a symbolic link, as used by path
	// resolution:
	//
	// - If the inode is a "magic link" (a link whose target is most accurately
	// represented as a VirtualDentry), Getlink returns (ok VirtualDentry, "",
	// nil). A reference is taken on the returned VirtualDentry.
	//
	// - If the inode is an ordinary symlink, Getlink returns (zero-value
	// VirtualDentry, symlink target, nil).
	//
	// - If the inode is not a symlink, Getlink returns (zero-value
	// VirtualDentry, "", EINVAL).
	Getlink(ctx context.Context, mnt *vfs.Mount) (vfs.VirtualDentry, string, error)
}