Implement shared futexes.

- Shared futex objects on shared mappings are represented by Mappable +
  offset, analogous to Linux's use of inode + offset. Add type
  futex.Key, and change the futex.Manager bucket API to use futex.Keys
  instead of addresses.

- Extend the futex.Checker interface to be able to return Keys for
  memory mappings. It returns Keys rather than just mappings because
  whether the address or the target of the mapping is used in the Key
  depends on whether the mapping is MAP_SHARED or MAP_PRIVATE; this
  matters because using mapping target for a futex on a MAP_PRIVATE
  mapping causes it to stop working across COW-breaking.

- futex.Manager.WaitComplete depends on atomic updates to
  futex.Waiter.addr to determine when it has locked the right bucket,
  which is much less straightforward for struct futex.Waiter.key. Switch
  to an atomically-accessed futex.Waiter.bucket pointer.

- futex.Manager.Wake now needs to take a futex.Checker to resolve
  addresses for shared futexes. CLONE_CHILD_CLEARTID requires the exit
  path to perform a shared futex wakeup (Linux:
  kernel/fork.c:mm_release() => sys_futex(tsk->clear_child_tid,
  FUTEX_WAKE, ...)). This is a problem because futexChecker is in the
  syscalls/linux package. Move it to kernel.

PiperOrigin-RevId: 216207039
Change-Id: I708d68e2d1f47e526d9afd95e7fed410c84afccf

12 files changed, 880 insertions, 630 deletions

diff --git a/pkg/sentry/kernel/BUILD b/pkg/sentry/kernel/BUILD
index 7eb2bffeb..31ad96612 100644
--- a/pkg/sentry/kernel/BUILD
+++ b/pkg/sentry/kernel/BUILD
@@ -95,6 +95,7 @@ go_library(
         "task_context.go",
         "task_exec.go",
         "task_exit.go",
+        "task_futex.go",
         "task_identity.go",
         "task_list.go",
         "task_log.go",
diff --git a/pkg/sentry/kernel/futex/BUILD b/pkg/sentry/kernel/futex/BUILD
index 0ff5b0a95..e13fcb5ff 100644
--- a/pkg/sentry/kernel/futex/BUILD
+++ b/pkg/sentry/kernel/futex/BUILD
@@ -4,6 +4,17 @@ load("//tools/go_generics:defs.bzl", "go_template_instance")
 load("//tools/go_stateify:defs.bzl", "go_library", "go_test")
 
 go_template_instance(
+    name = "atomicptr_bucket",
+    out = "atomicptr_bucket.go",
+    package = "futex",
+    suffix = "Bucket",
+    template = "//pkg/sync:generic_atomicptr",
+    types = {
+        "Value": "bucket",
+    },
+)
+
+go_template_instance(
     name = "waiter_list",
     out = "waiter_list.go",
     package = "futex",
@@ -18,12 +29,16 @@ go_template_instance(
 go_library(
     name = "futex",
     srcs = [
+        "atomicptr_bucket.go",
         "futex.go",
         "waiter_list.go",
     ],
     importpath = "gvisor.googlesource.com/gvisor/pkg/sentry/kernel/futex",
     visibility = ["//pkg/sentry:internal"],
-    deps = ["//pkg/syserror"],
+    deps = [
+        "//pkg/sentry/memmap",
+        "//pkg/syserror",
+    ],
 )
 
 go_test(
diff --git a/pkg/sentry/kernel/futex/futex.go b/pkg/sentry/kernel/futex/futex.go
index 4a1f2a0ef..54b1982a0 100644
--- a/pkg/sentry/kernel/futex/futex.go
+++ b/pkg/sentry/kernel/futex/futex.go
@@ -19,11 +19,78 @@ package futex
 
 import (
 	"sync"
-	"sync/atomic"
 
+	"gvisor.googlesource.com/gvisor/pkg/sentry/memmap"
 	"gvisor.googlesource.com/gvisor/pkg/syserror"
 )
 
+// KeyKind indicates the type of a Key.
+type KeyKind int
+
+const (
+	// KindPrivate indicates a private futex (a futex syscall with the
+	// FUTEX_PRIVATE_FLAG set).
+	KindPrivate KeyKind = iota
+
+	// KindSharedPrivate indicates a shared futex on a private memory mapping.
+	// Although KindPrivate and KindSharedPrivate futexes both use memory
+	// addresses to identify futexes, they do not interoperate (in Linux, the
+	// two are distinguished by the FUT_OFF_MMSHARED flag, which is used in key
+	// comparison).
+	KindSharedPrivate
+
+	// KindSharedMappable indicates a shared futex on a memory mapping other
+	// than a private anonymous memory mapping.
+	KindSharedMappable
+)
+
+// Key represents something that a futex waiter may wait on.
+type Key struct {
+	// Kind is the type of the Key.
+	Kind KeyKind
+
+	// Mappable is the memory-mapped object that is represented by the Key.
+	// Mappable is always nil if Kind is not KindSharedMappable, and may be nil
+	// even if it is.
+	Mappable memmap.Mappable
+
+	// MappingIdentity is the MappingIdentity associated with Mappable.
+	// MappingIdentity is always nil is Mappable is nil, and may be nil even if
+	// it isn't.
+	MappingIdentity memmap.MappingIdentity
+
+	// If Kind is KindPrivate or KindSharedPrivate, Offset is the represented
+	// memory address. Otherwise, Offset is the represented offset into
+	// Mappable.
+	Offset uint64
+}
+
+func (k *Key) release() {
+	if k.MappingIdentity != nil {
+		k.MappingIdentity.DecRef()
+	}
+	k.Mappable = nil
+	k.MappingIdentity = nil
+}
+
+func (k *Key) clone() Key {
+	if k.MappingIdentity != nil {
+		k.MappingIdentity.IncRef()
+	}
+	return *k
+}
+
+// Preconditions: k.Kind == KindPrivate or KindSharedPrivate.
+func (k *Key) addr() uintptr {
+	return uintptr(k.Offset)
+}
+
+// matches returns true if a wakeup on k2 should wake a waiter waiting on k.
+func (k *Key) matches(k2 *Key) bool {
+	// k.MappingIdentity is ignored; it's only used for reference counting.
+	return k.Kind == k2.Kind && k.Mappable == k2.Mappable && k.Offset == k2.Offset
+}
+
 // Checker abstracts memory accesses. This is useful because the "addresses"
 // used in this package may not be real addresses (they could be indices of an
 // array, for example), or they could be mapped via some special mechanism.
@@ -41,6 +108,14 @@ type Checker interface {
 	// Note that op is an opaque operation whose behaviour is defined
 	// outside of the futex manager.
 	Op(addr uintptr, op uint32) (bool, error)
+
+	// GetSharedKey returns a Key with kind KindSharedPrivate or
+	// KindSharedMappable corresponding to the memory mapped at address addr.
+	//
+	// If GetSharedKey returns a Key with a non-nil MappingIdentity, a
+	// reference is held on the MappingIdentity, which must be dropped by the
+	// caller when the Key is no longer in use.
+	GetSharedKey(addr uintptr) (Key, error)
 }
 
 // Waiter is the struct which gets enqueued into buckets for wake up routines
@@ -53,11 +128,11 @@ type Waiter struct {
 	// synchronization applies).
 	//
 	// - A Waiter is enqueued in a bucket by calling WaitPrepare(). After this,
-	// waiterEntry, complete, and addr are protected by the bucket.mu ("bucket
-	// lock") of the containing bucket, and bitmask is immutable. complete and
-	// addr are additionally mutated using atomic memory operations, ensuring
-	// that they can be read using atomic memory operations without holding the
-	// bucket lock.
+	// waiterEntry, bucket, and key are protected by the bucket.mu ("bucket
+	// lock") of the containing bucket, and bitmask is immutable. Note that
+	// since bucket is mutated using atomic memory operations, bucket.Load()
+	// may be called without holding the bucket lock, although it may change
+	// racily. See WaitComplete().
 	//
 	// - A Waiter is only guaranteed to be no longer queued after calling
 	// WaitComplete().
@@ -65,15 +140,15 @@ type Waiter struct {
 	// waiterEntry links Waiter into bucket.waiters.
 	waiterEntry
 
-	// complete is 1 if the Waiter was removed from its bucket by a wakeup and
-	// 0 otherwise.
-	complete int32
+	// bucket is the bucket this waiter is queued in. If bucket is nil, the
+	// waiter is not waiting and is not in any bucket.
+	bucket AtomicPtrBucket
 
 	// C is sent to when the Waiter is woken.
 	C chan struct{}
 
-	// addr is the address being waited on.
-	addr uintptr
+	// key is what this waiter is waiting on.
+	key Key
 
 	// The bitmask we're waiting on.
 	// This is used the case of a FUTEX_WAKE_BITSET.
@@ -87,7 +162,14 @@ func NewWaiter() *Waiter {
 	}
 }
 
+// woken returns true if w has been woken since the last call to WaitPrepare.
+func (w *Waiter) woken() bool {
+	return len(w.C) != 0
+}
+
 // bucket holds a list of waiters for a given address hash.
+//
+// +stateify savable
 type bucket struct {
 	// mu protects waiters and contained Waiter state. See comment in Waiter.
 	mu sync.Mutex `state:"nosave"`
@@ -99,10 +181,10 @@ type bucket struct {
 // bucket and returns the number of waiters woken.
 //
 // Preconditions: b.mu must be locked.
-func (b *bucket) wakeLocked(addr uintptr, bitmask uint32, n int) int {
+func (b *bucket) wakeLocked(key *Key, bitmask uint32, n int) int {
 	done := 0
 	for w := b.waiters.Front(); done < n && w != nil; {
-		if w.addr != addr || w.bitmask&bitmask == 0 {
+		if !w.key.matches(key) || w.bitmask&bitmask == 0 {
 			// Not matching.
 			w = w.Next()
 			continue
@@ -114,15 +196,15 @@ func (b *bucket) wakeLocked(addr uintptr, bitmask uint32, n int) int {
 		b.waiters.Remove(woke)
 		woke.C <- struct{}{}
 
-		// NOTE: The above channel write establishes a write barrier
-		// according to the memory model, so nothing may be ordered
-		// around it. Since we've dequeued w and will never touch it
-		// again, we can safely store 1 to w.complete here and allow
-		// the WaitComplete() to short-circuit grabbing the bucket
-		// lock. If they somehow miss the w.complete, we are still
-		// holding the lock, so we can know that they won't dequeue w,
-		// assume it's free and have the below operation afterwards.
-		atomic.StoreInt32(&woke.complete, 1)
+		// NOTE: The above channel write establishes a write barrier according
+		// to the memory model, so nothing may be ordered around it. Since
+		// we've dequeued woke and will never touch it again, we can safely
+		// store nil to woke.bucket here and allow the WaitComplete() to
+		// short-circuit grabbing the bucket lock. If they somehow miss the
+		// store, we are still holding the lock, so we can know that they won't
+		// dequeue woke, assume it's free and have the below operation
+		// afterwards.
+		woke.bucket.Store(nil)
 		done++
 	}
 	return done
@@ -132,10 +214,10 @@ func (b *bucket) wakeLocked(addr uintptr, bitmask uint32, n int) int {
 // bucket "to".
 //
 // Preconditions: b and to must be locked.
-func (b *bucket) requeueLocked(to *bucket, addr, naddr uintptr, n int) int {
+func (b *bucket) requeueLocked(to *bucket, key, nkey *Key, n int) int {
 	done := 0
 	for w := b.waiters.Front(); done < n && w != nil; {
-		if w.addr != addr {
+		if !w.key.matches(key) {
 			// Not matching.
 			w = w.Next()
 			continue
@@ -144,8 +226,10 @@ func (b *bucket) requeueLocked(to *bucket, addr, naddr uintptr, n int) int {
 		requeued := w
 		w = w.Next() // Next iteration.
 		b.waiters.Remove(requeued)
-		atomic.StoreUintptr(&requeued.addr, naddr)
+		requeued.key.release()
+		requeued.key = nkey.clone()
 		to.waiters.PushBack(requeued)
+		requeued.bucket.Store(to)
 		done++
 	}
 	return done
@@ -158,19 +242,22 @@ const (
 	bucketCountBits = 10
 )
 
-func checkAddr(addr uintptr) error {
+// getKey returns a Key representing address addr in c.
+func getKey(c Checker, addr uintptr, private bool) (Key, error) {
 	// Ensure the address is aligned.
 	// It must be a DWORD boundary.
 	if addr&0x3 != 0 {
-		return syserror.EINVAL
+		return Key{}, syserror.EINVAL
 	}
-
-	return nil
+	if private {
+		return Key{Kind: KindPrivate, Offset: uint64(addr)}, nil
+	}
+	return c.GetSharedKey(addr)
 }
 
 // bucketIndexForAddr returns the index into Manager.buckets for addr.
 func bucketIndexForAddr(addr uintptr) uintptr {
-	// - The bottom 2 bits of addr must be 0, per checkAddr.
+	// - The bottom 2 bits of addr must be 0, per getKey.
 	//
 	// - On amd64, the top 16 bits of addr (bits 48-63) must be equal to bit 47
 	// for a canonical address, and (on all existing platforms) bit 47 must be
@@ -199,171 +286,216 @@ func bucketIndexForAddr(addr uintptr) uintptr {
 //
 // +stateify savable
 type Manager struct {
-	buckets [bucketCount]bucket `state:"zerovalue"`
+	// privateBuckets holds buckets for KindPrivate and KindSharedPrivate
+	// futexes.
+	privateBuckets [bucketCount]bucket `state:"zerovalue"`
+
+	// sharedBucket is the bucket for KindSharedMappable futexes. sharedBucket
+	// may be shared by multiple Managers. The sharedBucket pointer is
+	// immutable.
+	sharedBucket *bucket
 }
 
 // NewManager returns an initialized futex manager.
-// N.B. we use virtual address to tag futexes, so it only works for private
-// (within a single process) futex.
 func NewManager() *Manager {
-	return &Manager{}
+	return &Manager{
+		sharedBucket: &bucket{},
+	}
 }
 
-// lockBucket returns a locked bucket for the given addr.
-//
-// Preconditions: checkAddr(addr) == nil.
-func (m *Manager) lockBucket(addr uintptr) *bucket {
-	b := &m.buckets[bucketIndexForAddr(addr)]
+// Fork returns a new Manager. Shared futex clients using the returned Manager
+// may interoperate with those using m.
+func (m *Manager) Fork() *Manager {
+	return &Manager{
+		sharedBucket: m.sharedBucket,
+	}
+}
+
+// lockBucket returns a locked bucket for the given key.
+func (m *Manager) lockBucket(k *Key) *bucket {
+	var b *bucket
+	if k.Kind == KindSharedMappable {
+		b = m.sharedBucket
+	} else {
+		b = &m.privateBuckets[bucketIndexForAddr(k.addr())]
+	}
 	b.mu.Lock()
 	return b
 }
 
-// lockBuckets returns locked buckets for the given addrs.
-//
-// Preconditions: checkAddr(addr1) == checkAddr(addr2) == nil.
-func (m *Manager) lockBuckets(addr1 uintptr, addr2 uintptr) (*bucket, *bucket) {
-	i1 := bucketIndexForAddr(addr1)
-	i2 := bucketIndexForAddr(addr2)
-	b1 := &m.buckets[i1]
-	b2 := &m.buckets[i2]
-
-	// Ensure that buckets are locked in a consistent order (lowest index
-	// first) to avoid circular locking.
-	switch {
-	case i1 < i2:
-		b1.mu.Lock()
-		b2.mu.Lock()
-	case i2 < i1:
-		b2.mu.Lock()
-		b1.mu.Lock()
-	default:
-		b1.mu.Lock()
+// lockBuckets returns locked buckets for the given keys.
+func (m *Manager) lockBuckets(k1, k2 *Key) (*bucket, *bucket) {
+	// Buckets must be consistently ordered to avoid circular lock
+	// dependencies. We order buckets in m.privateBuckets by index (lowest
+	// index first), and all buckets in m.privateBuckets precede
+	// m.sharedBucket.
+
+	// Handle the common case first:
+	if k1.Kind != KindSharedMappable && k2.Kind != KindSharedMappable {
+		i1 := bucketIndexForAddr(k1.addr())
+		i2 := bucketIndexForAddr(k2.addr())
+		b1 := &m.privateBuckets[i1]
+		b2 := &m.privateBuckets[i2]
+		switch {
+		case i1 < i2:
+			b1.mu.Lock()
+			b2.mu.Lock()
+		case i2 < i1:
+			b2.mu.Lock()
+			b1.mu.Lock()
+		default:
+			b1.mu.Lock()
+		}
+		return b1, b2
 	}
 
+	// At least one of b1 or b2 should be m.sharedBucket.
+	b1 := m.sharedBucket
+	b2 := m.sharedBucket
+	if k1.Kind != KindSharedMappable {
+		b1 = m.lockBucket(k1)
+	} else if k2.Kind != KindSharedMappable {
+		b2 = m.lockBucket(k2)
+	}
+	m.sharedBucket.mu.Lock()
 	return b1, b2
 }
 
 // Wake wakes up to n waiters matching the bitmask on the given addr.
 // The number of waiters woken is returned.
-func (m *Manager) Wake(addr uintptr, bitmask uint32, n int) (int, error) {
-	if err := checkAddr(addr); err != nil {
+func (m *Manager) Wake(c Checker, addr uintptr, private bool, bitmask uint32, n int) (int, error) {
+	// This function is very hot; avoid defer.
+	k, err := getKey(c, addr, private)
+	if err != nil {
 		return 0, err
 	}
 
-	b := m.lockBucket(addr)
-	// This function is very hot; avoid defer.
-	r := b.wakeLocked(addr, bitmask, n)
+	b := m.lockBucket(&k)
+	r := b.wakeLocked(&k, bitmask, n)
+
 	b.mu.Unlock()
+	k.release()
 	return r, nil
 }
 
-func (m *Manager) doRequeue(c Checker, addr uintptr, val uint32, naddr uintptr, nwake int, nreq int) (int, error) {
-	if err := checkAddr(addr); err != nil {
+func (m *Manager) doRequeue(c Checker, addr, naddr uintptr, private bool, checkval bool, val uint32, nwake int, nreq int) (int, error) {
+	k1, err := getKey(c, addr, private)
+	if err != nil {
 		return 0, err
 	}
-	if err := checkAddr(naddr); err != nil {
+	defer k1.release()
+	k2, err := getKey(c, naddr, private)
+	if err != nil {
 		return 0, err
 	}
+	defer k2.release()
 
-	b1, b2 := m.lockBuckets(addr, naddr)
+	b1, b2 := m.lockBuckets(&k1, &k2)
 	defer b1.mu.Unlock()
 	if b2 != b1 {
 		defer b2.mu.Unlock()
 	}
 
-	// Check our value.
-	// This only applied for RequeueCmp().
-	if c != nil {
+	if checkval {
 		if err := c.Check(addr, val); err != nil {
 			return 0, err
 		}
 	}
 
 	// Wake the number required.
-	done := b1.wakeLocked(addr, ^uint32(0), nwake)
+	done := b1.wakeLocked(&k1, ^uint32(0), nwake)
 
 	// Requeue the number required.
-	b1.requeueLocked(b2, addr, naddr, nreq)
+	b1.requeueLocked(b2, &k1, &k2, nreq)
 
 	return done, nil
 }
 
 // Requeue wakes up to nwake waiters on the given addr, and unconditionally
 // requeues up to nreq waiters on naddr.
-func (m *Manager) Requeue(addr uintptr, naddr uintptr, nwake int, nreq int) (int, error) {
-	return m.doRequeue(nil, addr, 0, naddr, nwake, nreq)
+func (m *Manager) Requeue(c Checker, addr, naddr uintptr, private bool, nwake int, nreq int) (int, error) {
+	return m.doRequeue(c, addr, naddr, private, false, 0, nwake, nreq)
 }
 
 // RequeueCmp atomically checks that the addr contains val (via the Checker),
 // wakes up to nwake waiters on addr and then unconditionally requeues nreq
 // waiters on naddr.
-func (m *Manager) RequeueCmp(c Checker, addr uintptr, val uint32, naddr uintptr, nwake int, nreq int) (int, error) {
-	return m.doRequeue(c, addr, val, naddr, nwake, nreq)
+func (m *Manager) RequeueCmp(c Checker, addr, naddr uintptr, private bool, val uint32, nwake int, nreq int) (int, error) {
+	return m.doRequeue(c, addr, naddr, private, true, val, nwake, nreq)
 }
 
 // WakeOp atomically applies op to the memory address addr2, wakes up to nwake1
 // waiters unconditionally from addr1, and, based on the original value at addr2
 // and a comparison encoded in op, wakes up to nwake2 waiters from addr2.
 // It returns the total number of waiters woken.
-func (m *Manager) WakeOp(c Checker, addr1 uintptr, addr2 uintptr, nwake1 int, nwake2 int, op uint32) (int, error) {
-	if err := checkAddr(addr1); err != nil {
+func (m *Manager) WakeOp(c Checker, addr1, addr2 uintptr, private bool, nwake1 int, nwake2 int, op uint32) (int, error) {
+	k1, err := getKey(c, addr1, private)
+	if err != nil {
 		return 0, err
 	}
-	if err := checkAddr(addr2); err != nil {
+	defer k1.release()
+	k2, err := getKey(c, addr2, private)
+	if err != nil {
 		return 0, err
 	}
+	defer k2.release()
 
-	b1, b2 := m.lockBuckets(addr1, addr2)
+	b1, b2 := m.lockBuckets(&k1, &k2)
+	defer b1.mu.Unlock()
+	if b2 != b1 {
+		defer b2.mu.Unlock()
+	}
 
 	done := 0
 	cond, err := c.Op(addr2, op)
-	if err == nil {
-		// Wake up up to nwake1 entries from the first bucket.
-		done = b1.wakeLocked(addr1, ^uint32(0), nwake1)
-
-		// Wake up up to nwake2 entries from the second bucket if the
-		// operation yielded true.
-		if cond {
-			done += b2.wakeLocked(addr2, ^uint32(0), nwake2)
-		}
+	if err != nil {
+		return 0, err
 	}
 
-	b1.mu.Unlock()
-	if b2 != b1 {
-		b2.mu.Unlock()
+	// Wake up up to nwake1 entries from the first bucket.
+	done = b1.wakeLocked(&k1, ^uint32(0), nwake1)
+
+	// Wake up up to nwake2 entries from the second bucket if the
+	// operation yielded true.
+	if cond {
+		done += b2.wakeLocked(&k2, ^uint32(0), nwake2)
 	}
-	return done, err
+
+	return done, nil
 }
 
 // WaitPrepare atomically checks that addr contains val (via the Checker), then
 // enqueues w to be woken by a send to w.C. If WaitPrepare returns nil, the
 // Waiter must be subsequently removed by calling WaitComplete, whether or not
 // a wakeup is received on w.C.
-func (m *Manager) WaitPrepare(w *Waiter, c Checker, addr uintptr, val uint32, bitmask uint32) error {
-	if err := checkAddr(addr); err != nil {
+func (m *Manager) WaitPrepare(w *Waiter, c Checker, addr uintptr, private bool, val uint32, bitmask uint32) error {
+	k, err := getKey(c, addr, private)
+	if err != nil {
 		return err
 	}
+	// Ownership of k is transferred to w below.
 
 	// Prepare the Waiter before taking the bucket lock.
-	w.complete = 0
 	select {
 	case <-w.C:
 	default:
 	}
-	w.addr = addr
+	w.key = k
 	w.bitmask = bitmask
 
-	b := m.lockBucket(addr)
+	b := m.lockBucket(&k)
 	// This function is very hot; avoid defer.
 
 	// Perform our atomic check.
 	if err := c.Check(addr, val); err != nil {
 		b.mu.Unlock()
+		w.key.release()
 		return err
 	}
 
 	// Add the waiter to the bucket.
 	b.waiters.PushBack(w)
+	w.bucket.Store(b)
 
 	b.mu.Unlock()
 	return nil
@@ -372,36 +504,36 @@ func (m *Manager) WaitPrepare(w *Waiter, c Checker, addr uintptr, val uint32, bi
 // WaitComplete must be called when a Waiter previously added by WaitPrepare is
 // no longer eligible to be woken.
 func (m *Manager) WaitComplete(w *Waiter) {
-	// Can we short-circuit acquiring the lock?
-	// This is the happy path where a notification
-	// was received and we don't need to dequeue this
-	// waiter from any list (or take any locks).
-	if atomic.LoadInt32(&w.complete) != 0 {
-		return
-	}
-
-	// Take the bucket lock. Note that without holding the bucket lock, the
-	// waiter is not guaranteed to stay in that bucket, so after we take the
-	// bucket lock, we must ensure that the bucket hasn't changed: if it
-	// happens to have changed, we release the old bucket lock and try again
-	// with the new bucket; if it hasn't changed, we know it won't change now
-	// because we hold the lock.
-	var b *bucket
+	// Remove w from the bucket it's in.
 	for {
-		addr := atomic.LoadUintptr(&w.addr)
-		b = m.lockBucket(addr)
-		// We still have to use an atomic load here, because if w was racily
-		// requeued then w.addr is not protected by b.mu.
-		if addr == atomic.LoadUintptr(&w.addr) {
+		b := w.bucket.Load()
+
+		// If b is nil, the waiter isn't in any bucket anymore. This can't be
+		// racy because the waiter can't be concurrently re-queued in another
+		// bucket.
+		if b == nil {
 			break
 		}
-		b.mu.Unlock()
-	}
 
-	// Remove waiter from the bucket. w.complete can only be stored with b.mu
-	// locked, so this load doesn't need to use sync/atomic.
-	if w.complete == 0 {
+		// Take the bucket lock. Note that without holding the bucket lock, the
+		// waiter is not guaranteed to stay in that bucket, so after we take
+		// the bucket lock, we must ensure that the bucket hasn't changed: if
+		// it happens to have changed, we release the old bucket lock and try
+		// again with the new bucket; if it hasn't changed, we know it won't
+		// change now because we hold the lock.
+		b.mu.Lock()
+		if b != w.bucket.Load() {
+			b.mu.Unlock()
+			continue
+		}
+
+		// Remove w from b.
 		b.waiters.Remove(w)
+		w.bucket.Store(nil)
+		b.mu.Unlock()
+		break
 	}
-	b.mu.Unlock()
+
+	// Release references held by the waiter.
+	w.key.release()
 }
diff --git a/pkg/sentry/kernel/futex/futex_test.go b/pkg/sentry/kernel/futex/futex_test.go
index 7b81358ec..726c26990 100644
--- a/pkg/sentry/kernel/futex/futex_test.go
+++ b/pkg/sentry/kernel/futex/futex_test.go
@@ -24,17 +24,13 @@ import (
 	"unsafe"
 )
 
-const (
-	testMutexSize            = 4
-	testMutexLocked   uint32 = 1
-	testMutexUnlocked uint32 = 0
-)
-
 // testData implements the Checker interface, and allows us to
 // treat the address passed for futex operations as an index in
 // a byte slice for testing simplicity.
 type testData []byte
 
+const sizeofInt32 = 4
+
 func newTestData(size uint) testData {
 	return make([]byte, size)
 }
@@ -50,451 +46,478 @@ func (t testData) Op(addr uintptr, val uint32) (bool, error) {
 	return val == 0, nil
 }
 
-// testMutex ties together a testData slice, an address, and a
-// futex manager in order to implement the sync.Locker interface.
-// Beyond being used as a Locker, this is a simple mechanism for
-// changing the underlying values for simpler tests.
-type testMutex struct {
-	a uintptr
-	d testData
-	m *Manager
-}
-
-func newTestMutex(addr uintptr, d testData, m *Manager) *testMutex {
-	return &testMutex{a: addr, d: d, m: m}
+func (t testData) GetSharedKey(addr uintptr) (Key, error) {
+	return Key{
+		Kind:   KindSharedMappable,
+		Offset: uint64(addr),
+	}, nil
 }
 
-// Lock acquires the testMutex.
-// This may wait for it to be available via the futex manager.
-func (t *testMutex) Lock() {
-	for {
-		// Attempt to grab the lock.
-		if atomic.CompareAndSwapUint32(
-			((*uint32)(unsafe.Pointer(&t.d[t.a]))),
-			testMutexUnlocked,
-			testMutexLocked) {
-			// Lock held.
-			return
-		}
-
-		// Wait for it to be "not locked".
-		w := NewWaiter()
-		err := t.m.WaitPrepare(w, t.d, t.a, testMutexLocked, ^uint32(0))
-		if err == syscall.EAGAIN {
-			continue
-		}
-		if err != nil {
-			// Should never happen.
-			panic("WaitPrepare returned unexpected error: " + err.Error())
-		}
-		<-w.C
-		t.m.WaitComplete(w)
+func futexKind(private bool) string {
+	if private {
+		return "private"
 	}
+	return "shared"
 }
 
-// Unlock releases the testMutex.
-// This will notify any waiters via the futex manager.
-func (t *testMutex) Unlock() {
-	// Unlock.
-	atomic.StoreUint32(((*uint32)(unsafe.Pointer(&t.d[t.a]))), testMutexUnlocked)
-
-	// Notify all waiters.
-	t.m.Wake(t.a, ^uint32(0), math.MaxInt32)
+func newPreparedTestWaiter(t *testing.T, m *Manager, c Checker, addr uintptr, private bool, val uint32, bitmask uint32) *Waiter {
+	w := NewWaiter()
+	if err := m.WaitPrepare(w, c, addr, private, val, bitmask); err != nil {
+		t.Fatalf("WaitPrepare failed: %v", err)
+	}
+	return w
 }
 
 func TestFutexWake(t *testing.T) {
-	m := NewManager()
-	d := newTestData(testMutexSize)
-
-	// Wait for it to be locked.
-	// (This won't trigger the wake in testMutex)
-	w := NewWaiter()
-	m.WaitPrepare(w, d, 0, testMutexUnlocked, ^uint32(0))
+	for _, private := range []bool{false, true} {
+		t.Run(futexKind(private), func(t *testing.T) {
+			m := NewManager()
+			d := newTestData(sizeofInt32)
+
+			// Start waiting for wakeup.
+			w := newPreparedTestWaiter(t, m, d, 0, private, 0, ^uint32(0))
+			defer m.WaitComplete(w)
+
+			// Perform a wakeup.
+			if n, err := m.Wake(d, 0, private, ^uint32(0), 1); err != nil || n != 1 {
+				t.Errorf("Wake: got (%d, %v), wanted (1, nil)", n, err)
+			}
 
-	// Wake the single thread.
-	if _, err := m.Wake(0, ^uint32(0), 1); err != nil {
-		t.Error("wake error:", err)
+			// Expect the waiter to have been woken.
+			if !w.woken() {
+				t.Error("waiter not woken")
+			}
+		})
 	}
-
-	<-w.C
-	m.WaitComplete(w)
 }
 
 func TestFutexWakeBitmask(t *testing.T) {
-	m := NewManager()
-	d := newTestData(testMutexSize)
-
-	// Wait for it to be locked.
-	// (This won't trigger the wake in testMutex)
-	w := NewWaiter()
-	m.WaitPrepare(w, d, 0, testMutexUnlocked, 0x0000ffff)
+	for _, private := range []bool{false, true} {
+		t.Run(futexKind(private), func(t *testing.T) {
+			m := NewManager()
+			d := newTestData(sizeofInt32)
+
+			// Start waiting for wakeup.
+			w := newPreparedTestWaiter(t, m, d, 0, private, 0, 0x0000ffff)
+			defer m.WaitComplete(w)
+
+			// Perform a wakeup using the wrong bitmask.
+			if n, err := m.Wake(d, 0, private, 0xffff0000, 1); err != nil || n != 0 {
+				t.Errorf("Wake with non-matching bitmask: got (%d, %v), wanted (0, nil)", n, err)
+			}
 
-	// Wake the single thread, not using the bitmask.
-	if _, err := m.Wake(0, 0xffff0000, 1); err != nil {
-		t.Error("wake non-matching bitmask error:", err)
-	}
+			// Expect the waiter to still be waiting.
+			if w.woken() {
+				t.Error("waiter woken unexpectedly")
+			}
 
-	select {
-	case <-w.C:
-		t.Error("w is alive?")
-	default:
-	}
+			// Perform a wakeup using the right bitmask.
+			if n, err := m.Wake(d, 0, private, 0x00000001, 1); err != nil || n != 1 {
+				t.Errorf("Wake with matching bitmask: got (%d, %v), wanted (1, nil)", n, err)
+			}
 
-	// Now use a matching bitmask.
-	if _, err := m.Wake(0, 0x00000001, 1); err != nil {
-		t.Error("wake matching bitmask error:", err)
+			// Expect that the waiter was woken.
+			if !w.woken() {
+				t.Error("waiter not woken")
+			}
+		})
 	}
-
-	<-w.C
-	m.WaitComplete(w)
 }
 
 func TestFutexWakeTwo(t *testing.T) {
-	m := NewManager()
-	d := newTestData(testMutexSize)
+	for _, private := range []bool{false, true} {
+		t.Run(futexKind(private), func(t *testing.T) {
+			m := NewManager()
+			d := newTestData(sizeofInt32)
+
+			// Start three waiters waiting for wakeup.
+			var ws [3]*Waiter
+			for i := range ws {
+				ws[i] = newPreparedTestWaiter(t, m, d, 0, private, 0, ^uint32(0))
+				defer m.WaitComplete(ws[i])
+			}
 
-	// Wait for it to be locked.
-	// (This won't trigger the wake in testMutex)
-	w1 := NewWaiter()
-	w2 := NewWaiter()
-	w3 := NewWaiter()
-	m.WaitPrepare(w1, d, 0, testMutexUnlocked, ^uint32(0))
-	m.WaitPrepare(w2, d, 0, testMutexUnlocked, ^uint32(0))
-	m.WaitPrepare(w3, d, 0, testMutexUnlocked, ^uint32(0))
-
-	// Wake exactly two threads.
-	if _, err := m.Wake(0, ^uint32(0), 2); err != nil {
-		t.Error("wake error:", err)
-	}
+			// Perform two wakeups.
+			const wakeups = 2
+			if n, err := m.Wake(d, 0, private, ^uint32(0), 2); err != nil || n != wakeups {
+				t.Errorf("Wake: got (%d, %v), wanted (%d, nil)", n, err, wakeups)
+			}
 
-	// Ensure exactly two are alive.
-	// We don't get guarantees about exactly which two,
-	// (although we expect them to be w1 and w2).
-	awake := 0
-	for {
-		select {
-		case <-w1.C:
-			awake++
-		case <-w2.C:
-			awake++
-		case <-w3.C:
-			awake++
-		default:
-			if awake != 2 {
-				t.Error("awake != 2?")
-			}
-
-			// Success.
-			return
-		}
+			// Expect that exactly two waiters were woken.
+			// We don't get guarantees about exactly which two,
+			// (although we expect them to be w1 and w2).
+			awake := 0
+			for i := range ws {
+				if ws[i].woken() {
+					awake++
+				}
+			}
+			if awake != wakeups {
+				t.Errorf("got %d woken waiters, wanted %d", awake, wakeups)
+			}
+		})
 	}
 }
 
 func TestFutexWakeUnrelated(t *testing.T) {
-	m := NewManager()
-	d := newTestData(2 * testMutexSize)
-
-	// Wait for it to be locked.
-	w1 := NewWaiter()
-	w2 := NewWaiter()
-	m.WaitPrepare(w1, d, 0*testMutexSize, testMutexUnlocked, ^uint32(0))
-	m.WaitPrepare(w2, d, 1*testMutexSize, testMutexUnlocked, ^uint32(0))
-
-	// Wake only the second one.
-	if _, err := m.Wake(1*testMutexSize, ^uint32(0), 2); err != nil {
-		t.Error("wake error:", err)
-	}
-
-	// Ensure only r2 is alive.
-	select {
-	case <-w1.C:
-		t.Error("w1 is alive?")
-	default:
-	}
-	<-w2.C
-}
-
-// This function was shamelessly stolen from mutex_test.go.
-func HammerMutex(l sync.Locker, loops int, cdone chan bool) {
-	for i := 0; i < loops; i++ {
-		l.Lock()
-		runtime.Gosched()
-		l.Unlock()
-	}
-	cdone <- true
-}
-
-func TestFutexStress(t *testing.T) {
-	m := NewManager()
-	d := newTestData(testMutexSize)
-	tm := newTestMutex(0*testMutexSize, d, m)
-	c := make(chan bool)
-
-	for i := 0; i < 10; i++ {
-		go HammerMutex(tm, 1000, c)
-	}
+	for _, private := range []bool{false, true} {
+		t.Run(futexKind(private), func(t *testing.T) {
+			m := NewManager()
+			d := newTestData(2 * sizeofInt32)
+
+			// Start two waiters waiting for wakeup on different addresses.
+			w1 := newPreparedTestWaiter(t, m, d, 0*sizeofInt32, private, 0, ^uint32(0))
+			defer m.WaitComplete(w1)
+			w2 := newPreparedTestWaiter(t, m, d, 1*sizeofInt32, private, 0, ^uint32(0))
+			defer m.WaitComplete(w2)
+
+			// Perform two wakeups on the second address.
+			if n, err := m.Wake(d, 1*sizeofInt32, private, ^uint32(0), 2); err != nil || n != 1 {
+				t.Errorf("Wake: got (%d, %v), wanted (1, nil)", n, err)
+			}
 
-	for i := 0; i < 10; i++ {
-		<-c
+			// Expect that only the second waiter was woken.
+			if w1.woken() {
+				t.Error("w1 woken unexpectedly")
+			}
+			if !w2.woken() {
+				t.Error("w2 not woken")
+			}
+		})
 	}
 }
 
 func TestWakeOpEmpty(t *testing.T) {
-	m := NewManager()
-	d := newTestData(8)
-
-	n, err := m.WakeOp(d, 0, 4, 10, 10, 0)
-	if err != nil {
-		t.Fatalf("WakeOp failed: %v", err)
-	}
-
-	if n != 0 {
-		t.Fatalf("Invalid number of wakes: want 0, got %d", n)
+	for _, private := range []bool{false, true} {
+		t.Run(futexKind(private), func(t *testing.T) {
+			m := NewManager()
+			d := newTestData(2 * sizeofInt32)
+
+			// Perform wakeups with no waiters.
+			if n, err := m.WakeOp(d, 0, sizeofInt32, private, 10, 10, 0); err != nil || n != 0 {
+				t.Fatalf("WakeOp: got (%d, %v), wanted (0, nil)", n, err)
+			}
+		})
 	}
 }
 
 func TestWakeOpFirstNonEmpty(t *testing.T) {
-	m := NewManager()
-	d := newTestData(8)
-
-	// Add two waiters on address 0.
-	w1 := NewWaiter()
-	if err := m.WaitPrepare(w1, d, 0, 0, ^uint32(0)); err != nil {
-		t.Fatalf("WaitPrepare failed: %v", err)
-	}
-	defer m.WaitComplete(w1)
-
-	w2 := NewWaiter()
-	if err := m.WaitPrepare(w2, d, 0, 0, ^uint32(0)); err != nil {
-		t.Fatalf("WaitPrepare failed: %v", err)
-	}
-	defer m.WaitComplete(w2)
-
-	// Wake up all waiters on address 0.
-	n, err := m.WakeOp(d, 0, 4, 10, 10, 0)
-	if err != nil {
-		t.Fatalf("WakeOp failed: %v", err)
-	}
+	for _, private := range []bool{false, true} {
+		t.Run(futexKind(private), func(t *testing.T) {
+			m := NewManager()
+			d := newTestData(8)
+
+			// Add two waiters on address 0.
+			w1 := newPreparedTestWaiter(t, m, d, 0, private, 0, ^uint32(0))
+			defer m.WaitComplete(w1)
+			w2 := newPreparedTestWaiter(t, m, d, 0, private, 0, ^uint32(0))
+			defer m.WaitComplete(w2)
+
+			// Perform 10 wakeups on address 0.
+			if n, err := m.WakeOp(d, 0, sizeofInt32, private, 10, 0, 0); err != nil || n != 2 {
+				t.Errorf("WakeOp: got (%d, %v), wanted (2, nil)", n, err)
+			}
 
-	if n != 2 {
-		t.Fatalf("Invalid number of wakes: want 2, got %d", n)
+			// Expect that both waiters were woken.
+			if !w1.woken() {
+				t.Error("w1 not woken")
+			}
+			if !w2.woken() {
+				t.Error("w2 not woken")
+			}
+		})
 	}
 }
 
 func TestWakeOpSecondNonEmpty(t *testing.T) {
-	m := NewManager()
-	d := newTestData(8)
-
-	// Add two waiters on address 4.
-	w1 := NewWaiter()
-	if err := m.WaitPrepare(w1, d, 4, 0, ^uint32(0)); err != nil {
-		t.Fatalf("WaitPrepare failed: %v", err)
-	}
-	defer m.WaitComplete(w1)
-
-	w2 := NewWaiter()
-	if err := m.WaitPrepare(w2, d, 4, 0, ^uint32(0)); err != nil {
-		t.Fatalf("WaitPrepare failed: %v", err)
-	}
-	defer m.WaitComplete(w2)
-
-	// Wake up all waiters on address 4.
-	n, err := m.WakeOp(d, 0, 4, 10, 10, 0)
-	if err != nil {
-		t.Fatalf("WakeOp failed: %v", err)
-	}
+	for _, private := range []bool{false, true} {
+		t.Run(futexKind(private), func(t *testing.T) {
+			m := NewManager()
+			d := newTestData(8)
+
+			// Add two waiters on address sizeofInt32.
+			w1 := newPreparedTestWaiter(t, m, d, sizeofInt32, private, 0, ^uint32(0))
+			defer m.WaitComplete(w1)
+			w2 := newPreparedTestWaiter(t, m, d, sizeofInt32, private, 0, ^uint32(0))
+			defer m.WaitComplete(w2)
+
+			// Perform 10 wakeups on address sizeofInt32 (contingent on
+			// d.Op(0), which should succeed).
+			if n, err := m.WakeOp(d, 0, sizeofInt32, private, 0, 10, 0); err != nil || n != 2 {
+				t.Errorf("WakeOp: got (%d, %v), wanted (2, nil)", n, err)
+			}
 
-	if n != 2 {
-		t.Fatalf("Invalid number of wakes: want 2, got %d", n)
+			// Expect that both waiters were woken.
+			if !w1.woken() {
+				t.Error("w1 not woken")
+			}
+			if !w2.woken() {
+				t.Error("w2 not woken")
+			}
+		})
 	}
 }
 
 func TestWakeOpSecondNonEmptyFailingOp(t *testing.T) {
-	m := NewManager()
-	d := newTestData(8)
-
-	// Add two waiters on address 4.
-	w1 := NewWaiter()
-	if err := m.WaitPrepare(w1, d, 4, 0, ^uint32(0)); err != nil {
-		t.Fatalf("WaitPrepare failed: %v", err)
-	}
-	defer m.WaitComplete(w1)
-
-	w2 := NewWaiter()
-	if err := m.WaitPrepare(w2, d, 4, 0, ^uint32(0)); err != nil {
-		t.Fatalf("WaitPrepare failed: %v", err)
-	}
-	defer m.WaitComplete(w2)
-
-	// Wake up all waiters on address 4.
-	n, err := m.WakeOp(d, 0, 4, 10, 10, 1)
-	if err != nil {
-		t.Fatalf("WakeOp failed: %v", err)
-	}
+	for _, private := range []bool{false, true} {
+		t.Run(futexKind(private), func(t *testing.T) {
+			m := NewManager()
+			d := newTestData(8)
+
+			// Add two waiters on address sizeofInt32.
+			w1 := newPreparedTestWaiter(t, m, d, sizeofInt32, private, 0, ^uint32(0))
+			defer m.WaitComplete(w1)
+			w2 := newPreparedTestWaiter(t, m, d, sizeofInt32, private, 0, ^uint32(0))
+			defer m.WaitComplete(w2)
+
+			// Perform 10 wakeups on address sizeofInt32 (contingent on
+			// d.Op(1), which should fail).
+			if n, err := m.WakeOp(d, 0, sizeofInt32, private, 0, 10, 1); err != nil || n != 0 {
+				t.Errorf("WakeOp: got (%d, %v), wanted (0, nil)", n, err)
+			}
 
-	if n != 0 {
-		t.Fatalf("Invalid number of wakes: want 0, got %d", n)
+			// Expect that neither waiter was woken.
+			if w1.woken() {
+				t.Error("w1 woken unexpectedly")
+			}
+			if w2.woken() {
+				t.Error("w2 woken unexpectedly")
+			}
+		})
 	}
 }
 
 func TestWakeOpAllNonEmpty(t *testing.T) {
-	m := NewManager()
-	d := newTestData(8)
+	for _, private := range []bool{false, true} {
+		t.Run(futexKind(private), func(t *testing.T) {
+			m := NewManager()
+			d := newTestData(8)
+
+			// Add two waiters on address 0.
+			w1 := newPreparedTestWaiter(t, m, d, 0, private, 0, ^uint32(0))
+			defer m.WaitComplete(w1)
+			w2 := newPreparedTestWaiter(t, m, d, 0, private, 0, ^uint32(0))
+			defer m.WaitComplete(w2)
+
+			// Add two waiters on address sizeofInt32.
+			w3 := newPreparedTestWaiter(t, m, d, sizeofInt32, private, 0, ^uint32(0))
+			defer m.WaitComplete(w3)
+			w4 := newPreparedTestWaiter(t, m, d, sizeofInt32, private, 0, ^uint32(0))
+			defer m.WaitComplete(w4)
+
+			// Perform 10 wakeups on address 0 (unconditionally), and 10
+			// wakeups on address sizeofInt32 (contingent on d.Op(0), which
+			// should succeed).
+			if n, err := m.WakeOp(d, 0, sizeofInt32, private, 10, 10, 0); err != nil || n != 4 {
+				t.Errorf("WakeOp: got (%d, %v), wanted (4, nil)", n, err)
+			}
 
-	// Add two waiters on address 0.
-	w1 := NewWaiter()
-	if err := m.WaitPrepare(w1, d, 0, 0, ^uint32(0)); err != nil {
-		t.Fatalf("WaitPrepare failed: %v", err)
+			// Expect that all waiters were woken.
+			if !w1.woken() {
+				t.Error("w1 not woken")
+			}
+			if !w2.woken() {
+				t.Error("w2 not woken")
+			}
+			if !w3.woken() {
+				t.Error("w3 not woken")
+			}
+			if !w4.woken() {
+				t.Error("w4 not woken")
+			}
+		})
 	}
-	defer m.WaitComplete(w1)
+}
 
-	w2 := NewWaiter()
-	if err := m.WaitPrepare(w2, d, 0, 0, ^uint32(0)); err != nil {
-		t.Fatalf("WaitPrepare failed: %v", err)
-	}
-	defer m.WaitComplete(w2)
+func TestWakeOpAllNonEmptyFailingOp(t *testing.T) {
+	for _, private := range []bool{false, true} {
+		t.Run(futexKind(private), func(t *testing.T) {
+			m := NewManager()
+			d := newTestData(8)
+
+			// Add two waiters on address 0.
+			w1 := newPreparedTestWaiter(t, m, d, 0, private, 0, ^uint32(0))
+			defer m.WaitComplete(w1)
+			w2 := newPreparedTestWaiter(t, m, d, 0, private, 0, ^uint32(0))
+			defer m.WaitComplete(w2)
+
+			// Add two waiters on address sizeofInt32.
+			w3 := newPreparedTestWaiter(t, m, d, sizeofInt32, private, 0, ^uint32(0))
+			defer m.WaitComplete(w3)
+			w4 := newPreparedTestWaiter(t, m, d, sizeofInt32, private, 0, ^uint32(0))
+			defer m.WaitComplete(w4)
+
+			// Perform 10 wakeups on address 0 (unconditionally), and 10
+			// wakeups on address sizeofInt32 (contingent on d.Op(1), which
+			// should fail).
+			if n, err := m.WakeOp(d, 0, sizeofInt32, private, 10, 10, 1); err != nil || n != 2 {
+				t.Errorf("WakeOp: got (%d, %v), wanted (2, nil)", n, err)
+			}
 
-	// Add two waiters on address 4.
-	w3 := NewWaiter()
-	if err := m.WaitPrepare(w3, d, 4, 0, ^uint32(0)); err != nil {
-		t.Fatalf("WaitPrepare failed: %v", err)
+			// Expect that only the first two waiters were woken.
+			if !w1.woken() {
+				t.Error("w1 not woken")
+			}
+			if !w2.woken() {
+				t.Error("w2 not woken")
+			}
+			if w3.woken() {
+				t.Error("w3 woken unexpectedly")
+			}
+			if w4.woken() {
+				t.Error("w4 woken unexpectedly")
+			}
+		})
 	}
-	defer m.WaitComplete(w3)
+}
 
-	w4 := NewWaiter()
-	if err := m.WaitPrepare(w4, d, 4, 0, ^uint32(0)); err != nil {
-		t.Fatalf("WaitPrepare failed: %v", err)
-	}
-	defer m.WaitComplete(w4)
+func TestWakeOpSameAddress(t *testing.T) {
+	for _, private := range []bool{false, true} {
+		t.Run(futexKind(private), func(t *testing.T) {
+			m := NewManager()
+			d := newTestData(8)
+
+			// Add four waiters on address 0.
+			var ws [4]*Waiter
+			for i := range ws {
+				ws[i] = newPreparedTestWaiter(t, m, d, 0, private, 0, ^uint32(0))
+				defer m.WaitComplete(ws[i])
+			}
 
-	// Wake up all waiters on both addresses.
-	n, err := m.WakeOp(d, 0, 4, 10, 10, 0)
-	if err != nil {
-		t.Fatalf("WakeOp failed: %v", err)
-	}
+			// Perform 1 wakeup on address 0 (unconditionally), and 1 wakeup
+			// on address 0 (contingent on d.Op(0), which should succeed).
+			const wakeups = 2
+			if n, err := m.WakeOp(d, 0, 0, private, 1, 1, 0); err != nil || n != wakeups {
+				t.Errorf("WakeOp: got (%d, %v), wanted (%d, nil)", n, err, wakeups)
+			}
 
-	if n != 4 {
-		t.Fatalf("Invalid number of wakes: want 4, got %d", n)
+			// Expect that exactly two waiters were woken.
+			awake := 0
+			for i := range ws {
+				if ws[i].woken() {
+					awake++
+				}
+			}
+			if awake != wakeups {
+				t.Errorf("got %d woken waiters, wanted %d", awake, wakeups)
+			}
+		})
 	}
 }
 
-func TestWakeOpAllNonEmptyFailingOp(t *testing.T) {
-	m := NewManager()
-	d := newTestData(8)
-
-	// Add two waiters on address 0.
-	w1 := NewWaiter()
-	if err := m.WaitPrepare(w1, d, 0, 0, ^uint32(0)); err != nil {
-		t.Fatalf("WaitPrepare failed: %v", err)
-	}
-	defer m.WaitComplete(w1)
-
-	w2 := NewWaiter()
-	if err := m.WaitPrepare(w2, d, 0, 0, ^uint32(0)); err != nil {
-		t.Fatalf("WaitPrepare failed: %v", err)
-	}
-	defer m.WaitComplete(w2)
+func TestWakeOpSameAddressFailingOp(t *testing.T) {
+	for _, private := range []bool{false, true} {
+		t.Run(futexKind(private), func(t *testing.T) {
+			m := NewManager()
+			d := newTestData(8)
+
+			// Add four waiters on address 0.
+			var ws [4]*Waiter
+			for i := range ws {
+				ws[i] = newPreparedTestWaiter(t, m, d, 0, private, 0, ^uint32(0))
+				defer m.WaitComplete(ws[i])
+			}
 
-	// Add two waiters on address 4.
-	w3 := NewWaiter()
-	if err := m.WaitPrepare(w3, d, 4, 0, ^uint32(0)); err != nil {
-		t.Fatalf("WaitPrepare failed: %v", err)
-	}
-	defer m.WaitComplete(w3)
+			// Perform 1 wakeup on address 0 (unconditionally), and 1 wakeup
+			// on address 0 (contingent on d.Op(1), which should fail).
+			const wakeups = 1
+			if n, err := m.WakeOp(d, 0, 0, private, 1, 1, 1); err != nil || n != wakeups {
+				t.Errorf("WakeOp: got (%d, %v), wanted (%d, nil)", n, err, wakeups)
+			}
 
-	w4 := NewWaiter()
-	if err := m.WaitPrepare(w4, d, 4, 0, ^uint32(0)); err != nil {
-		t.Fatalf("WaitPrepare failed: %v", err)
+			// Expect that exactly one waiter was woken.
+			awake := 0
+			for i := range ws {
+				if ws[i].woken() {
+					awake++
+				}
+			}
+			if awake != wakeups {
+				t.Errorf("got %d woken waiters, wanted %d", awake, wakeups)
+			}
+		})
 	}
-	defer m.WaitComplete(w4)
+}
 
-	// Wake up all waiters on both addresses.
-	n, err := m.WakeOp(d, 0, 4, 10, 10, 1)
-	if err != nil {
-		t.Fatalf("WakeOp failed: %v", err)
-	}
+const (
+	testMutexSize            = sizeofInt32
+	testMutexLocked   uint32 = 1
+	testMutexUnlocked uint32 = 0
+)
 
-	if n != 2 {
-		t.Fatalf("Invalid number of wakes: want 2, got %d", n)
-	}
+// testMutex ties together a testData slice, an address, and a
+// futex manager in order to implement the sync.Locker interface.
+// Beyond being used as a Locker, this is a simple mechanism for
+// changing the underlying values for simpler tests.
+type testMutex struct {
+	a uintptr
+	d testData
+	m *Manager
 }
 
-func TestWakeOpSameAddress(t *testing.T) {
-	m := NewManager()
-	d := newTestData(8)
-
-	// Add four waiters on address 0.
-	w1 := NewWaiter()
-	if err := m.WaitPrepare(w1, d, 0, 0, ^uint32(0)); err != nil {
-		t.Fatalf("WaitPrepare failed: %v", err)
-	}
-	defer m.WaitComplete(w1)
+func newTestMutex(addr uintptr, d testData, m *Manager) *testMutex {
+	return &testMutex{a: addr, d: d, m: m}
+}
 
-	w2 := NewWaiter()
-	if err := m.WaitPrepare(w2, d, 0, 0, ^uint32(0)); err != nil {
-		t.Fatalf("WaitPrepare failed: %v", err)
-	}
-	defer m.WaitComplete(w2)
+// Lock acquires the testMutex.
+// This may wait for it to be available via the futex manager.
+func (t *testMutex) Lock() {
+	for {
+		// Attempt to grab the lock.
+		if atomic.CompareAndSwapUint32(
+			(*uint32)(unsafe.Pointer(&t.d[t.a])),
+			testMutexUnlocked,
+			testMutexLocked) {
+			// Lock held.
+			return
+		}
 
-	w3 := NewWaiter()
-	if err := m.WaitPrepare(w3, d, 0, 0, ^uint32(0)); err != nil {
-		t.Fatalf("WaitPrepare failed: %v", err)
+		// Wait for it to be "not locked".
+		w := NewWaiter()
+		err := t.m.WaitPrepare(w, t.d, t.a, true, testMutexLocked, ^uint32(0))
+		if err == syscall.EAGAIN {
+			continue
+		}
+		if err != nil {
+			// Should never happen.
+			panic("WaitPrepare returned unexpected error: " + err.Error())
+		}
+		<-w.C
+		t.m.WaitComplete(w)
 	}
-	defer m.WaitComplete(w3)
+}
 
-	w4 := NewWaiter()
-	if err := m.WaitPrepare(w4, d, 0, 0, ^uint32(0)); err != nil {
-		t.Fatalf("WaitPrepare failed: %v", err)
-	}
-	defer m.WaitComplete(w4)
+// Unlock releases the testMutex.
+// This will notify any waiters via the futex manager.
+func (t *testMutex) Unlock() {
+	// Unlock.
+	atomic.StoreUint32((*uint32)(unsafe.Pointer(&t.d[t.a])), testMutexUnlocked)
 
-	// Use the same address, with one at most one waiter from each.
-	n, err := m.WakeOp(d, 0, 0, 1, 1, 0)
-	if err != nil {
-		t.Fatalf("WakeOp failed: %v", err)
-	}
+	// Notify all waiters.
+	t.m.Wake(t.d, t.a, true, ^uint32(0), math.MaxInt32)
+}
 
-	if n != 2 {
-		t.Fatalf("Invalid number of wakes: want 2, got %d", n)
+// This function was shamelessly stolen from mutex_test.go.
+func HammerMutex(l sync.Locker, loops int, cdone chan bool) {
+	for i := 0; i < loops; i++ {
+		l.Lock()
+		runtime.Gosched()
+		l.Unlock()
 	}
+	cdone <- true
 }
 
-func TestWakeOpSameAddressFailingOp(t *testing.T) {
+func TestMutexStress(t *testing.T) {
 	m := NewManager()
-	d := newTestData(8)
-
-	// Add four waiters on address 0.
-	w1 := NewWaiter()
-	if err := m.WaitPrepare(w1, d, 0, 0, ^uint32(0)); err != nil {
-		t.Fatalf("WaitPrepare failed: %v", err)
-	}
-	defer m.WaitComplete(w1)
-
-	w2 := NewWaiter()
-	if err := m.WaitPrepare(w2, d, 0, 0, ^uint32(0)); err != nil {
-		t.Fatalf("WaitPrepare failed: %v", err)
-	}
-	defer m.WaitComplete(w2)
-
-	w3 := NewWaiter()
-	if err := m.WaitPrepare(w3, d, 0, 0, ^uint32(0)); err != nil {
-		t.Fatalf("WaitPrepare failed: %v", err)
-	}
-	defer m.WaitComplete(w3)
-
-	w4 := NewWaiter()
-	if err := m.WaitPrepare(w4, d, 0, 0, ^uint32(0)); err != nil {
-		t.Fatalf("WaitPrepare failed: %v", err)
-	}
-	defer m.WaitComplete(w4)
+	d := newTestData(testMutexSize)
+	tm := newTestMutex(0*testMutexSize, d, m)
+	c := make(chan bool)
 
-	// Use the same address, with one at most one waiter from each.
-	n, err := m.WakeOp(d, 0, 0, 1, 1, 1)
-	if err != nil {
-		t.Fatalf("WakeOp failed: %v", err)
+	for i := 0; i < 10; i++ {
+		go HammerMutex(tm, 1000, c)
 	}
 
-	if n != 1 {
-		t.Fatalf("Invalid number of wakes: want 1, got %d", n)
+	for i := 0; i < 10; i++ {
+		<-c
 	}
 }
diff --git a/pkg/sentry/kernel/kernel.go b/pkg/sentry/kernel/kernel.go
index 1ace0b501..238fd127b 100644
--- a/pkg/sentry/kernel/kernel.go
+++ b/pkg/sentry/kernel/kernel.go
@@ -49,6 +49,7 @@ import (
 	"gvisor.googlesource.com/gvisor/pkg/sentry/inet"
 	"gvisor.googlesource.com/gvisor/pkg/sentry/kernel/auth"
 	"gvisor.googlesource.com/gvisor/pkg/sentry/kernel/epoll"
+	"gvisor.googlesource.com/gvisor/pkg/sentry/kernel/futex"
 	"gvisor.googlesource.com/gvisor/pkg/sentry/kernel/sched"
 	ktime "gvisor.googlesource.com/gvisor/pkg/sentry/kernel/time"
 	"gvisor.googlesource.com/gvisor/pkg/sentry/limits"
@@ -108,6 +109,11 @@ type Kernel struct {
 	// Kernel.CreateProcess can succeed.
 	mounts *fs.MountNamespace
 
+	// futexes is the "root" futex.Manager, from which all others are forked.
+	// This is necessary to ensure that shared futexes are coherent across all
+	// tasks, including those created by CreateProcess.
+	futexes *futex.Manager
+
 	// globalInit is the thread group whose leader has ID 1 in the root PID
 	// namespace. globalInit is stored separately so that it is accessible even
 	// after all tasks in the thread group have exited, such that ID 1 is no
@@ -254,6 +260,7 @@ func (k *Kernel) Init(args InitKernelArgs) error {
 	k.vdso = args.Vdso
 	k.realtimeClock = &timekeeperClock{tk: args.Timekeeper, c: sentrytime.Realtime}
 	k.monotonicClock = &timekeeperClock{tk: args.Timekeeper, c: sentrytime.Monotonic}
+	k.futexes = futex.NewManager()
 	k.netlinkPorts = port.New()
 
 	return nil
diff --git a/pkg/sentry/kernel/task_clone.go b/pkg/sentry/kernel/task_clone.go
index 130bd652b..7c469ec46 100644
--- a/pkg/sentry/kernel/task_clone.go
+++ b/pkg/sentry/kernel/task_clone.go
@@ -200,7 +200,7 @@ func (t *Task) Clone(opts *CloneOptions) (ThreadID, *SyscallControl, error) {
 		ipcns = NewIPCNamespace(userns)
 	}
 
-	tc, err := t.tc.Fork(t, !opts.NewAddressSpace)
+	tc, err := t.tc.Fork(t, t.k, !opts.NewAddressSpace)
 	if err != nil {
 		return 0, nil, err
 	}
diff --git a/pkg/sentry/kernel/task_context.go b/pkg/sentry/kernel/task_context.go
index 9a59cbd33..d2df7e9d1 100644
--- a/pkg/sentry/kernel/task_context.go
+++ b/pkg/sentry/kernel/task_context.go
@@ -72,7 +72,7 @@ func (tc *TaskContext) release() {
 // TaskContext shares an address space with the original; otherwise, the copied
 // TaskContext has an independent address space that is initially a duplicate
 // of the original's.
-func (tc *TaskContext) Fork(ctx context.Context, shareAddressSpace bool) (*TaskContext, error) {
+func (tc *TaskContext) Fork(ctx context.Context, k *Kernel, shareAddressSpace bool) (*TaskContext, error) {
 	newTC := &TaskContext{
 		Arch: tc.Arch.Fork(),
 		st:   tc.st,
@@ -93,8 +93,7 @@ func (tc *TaskContext) Fork(ctx context.Context, shareAddressSpace bool) (*TaskC
 			return nil, err
 		}
 		newTC.MemoryManager = newMM
-		// TODO: revisit when shmem is supported.
-		newTC.fu = futex.NewManager()
+		newTC.fu = k.futexes.Fork()
 	}
 	return newTC, nil
 }
@@ -116,14 +115,6 @@ func (t *Task) MemoryManager() *mm.MemoryManager {
 	return t.tc.MemoryManager
 }
 
-// Futex returns t's futex manager.
-//
-// Preconditions: The caller must be running on the task goroutine, or t.mu
-// must be locked.
-func (t *Task) Futex() *futex.Manager {
-	return t.tc.fu
-}
-
 // SyscallTable returns t's syscall table.
 //
 // Preconditions: The caller must be running on the task goroutine, or t.mu
@@ -175,7 +166,7 @@ func (k *Kernel) LoadTaskImage(ctx context.Context, mounts *fs.MountNamespace, r
 		Name:          name,
 		Arch:          ac,
 		MemoryManager: m,
-		fu:            futex.NewManager(),
+		fu:            k.futexes.Fork(),
 		st:            st,
 	}, nil
 }
diff --git a/pkg/sentry/kernel/task_exit.go b/pkg/sentry/kernel/task_exit.go
index a1b24e1c6..f5b45fb17 100644
--- a/pkg/sentry/kernel/task_exit.go
+++ b/pkg/sentry/kernel/task_exit.go
@@ -247,7 +247,7 @@ func (*runExitMain) execute(t *Task) taskRunState {
 		t.tg.signalHandlers.mu.Unlock()
 		if !signaled {
 			if _, err := t.CopyOut(t.cleartid, ThreadID(0)); err == nil {
-				t.Futex().Wake(uintptr(t.cleartid), ^uint32(0), 1)
+				t.Futex().Wake(t.FutexChecker(), uintptr(t.cleartid), false, ^uint32(0), 1)
 			}
 			// If the CopyOut fails, there's nothing we can do.
 		}
diff --git a/pkg/sentry/kernel/task_futex.go b/pkg/sentry/kernel/task_futex.go
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..62ebbcb0d
--- /dev/null
+++ b/pkg/sentry/kernel/task_futex.go
@@ -0,0 +1,148 @@
+// Copyright 2018 Google Inc.
+//
+// Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License");
+// you may not use this file except in compliance with the License.
+// You may obtain a copy of the License at
+//
+//     http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
+//
+// Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software
+// distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS,
+// WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.
+// See the License for the specific language governing permissions and
+// limitations under the License.
+
+package kernel
+
+import (
+	"gvisor.googlesource.com/gvisor/pkg/abi/linux"
+	"gvisor.googlesource.com/gvisor/pkg/sentry/kernel/futex"
+	"gvisor.googlesource.com/gvisor/pkg/sentry/usermem"
+	"gvisor.googlesource.com/gvisor/pkg/syserror"
+)
+
+// Futex returns t's futex manager.
+//
+// Preconditions: The caller must be running on the task goroutine, or t.mu
+// must be locked.
+func (t *Task) Futex() *futex.Manager {
+	return t.tc.fu
+}
+
+// FutexChecker returns a futex.Checker that interprets addresses in t's
+// address space.
+//
+// Preconditions: All uses of the returned futex.Checker must be on the task
+// goroutine.
+func (t *Task) FutexChecker() futex.Checker {
+	return futexChecker{t}
+}
+
+type futexChecker struct {
+	t *Task
+}
+
+// Check implements futex.Checker.Check.
+func (f futexChecker) Check(addr uintptr, val uint32) error {
+	// FIXME
+	in := f.t.CopyScratchBuffer(4)
+	_, err := f.t.CopyInBytes(usermem.Addr(addr), in)
+	if err != nil {
+		return err
+	}
+	nval := usermem.ByteOrder.Uint32(in)
+	if val != nval {
+		return syserror.EAGAIN
+	}
+	return nil
+}
+
+func (f futexChecker) atomicOp(addr uintptr, op func(uint32) uint32) (uint32, error) {
+	// FIXME
+	in := f.t.CopyScratchBuffer(4)
+	_, err := f.t.CopyInBytes(usermem.Addr(addr), in)
+	if err != nil {
+		return 0, err
+	}
+	o := usermem.ByteOrder.Uint32(in)
+	mm := f.t.MemoryManager()
+	for {
+		n := op(o)
+		r, err := mm.CompareAndSwapUint32(f.t, usermem.Addr(addr), o, n, usermem.IOOpts{
+			AddressSpaceActive: true,
+		})
+		if err != nil {
+			return 0, err
+		}
+
+		if r == o {
+			return o, nil
+		}
+		o = r
+	}
+}
+
+// Op implements futex.Checker.Op, interpreting opIn consistently with Linux.
+func (f futexChecker) Op(addr uintptr, opIn uint32) (bool, error) {
+	op := (opIn >> 28) & 0xf
+	cmp := (opIn >> 24) & 0xf
+	opArg := (opIn >> 12) & 0xfff
+	cmpArg := opIn & 0xfff
+
+	if op&linux.FUTEX_OP_OPARG_SHIFT != 0 {
+		opArg = 1 << opArg
+		op &^= linux.FUTEX_OP_OPARG_SHIFT // clear flag
+	}
+
+	var oldVal uint32
+	var err error
+	switch op {
+	case linux.FUTEX_OP_SET:
+		oldVal, err = f.t.MemoryManager().SwapUint32(f.t, usermem.Addr(addr), opArg, usermem.IOOpts{
+			AddressSpaceActive: true,
+		})
+	case linux.FUTEX_OP_ADD:
+		oldVal, err = f.atomicOp(addr, func(a uint32) uint32 {
+			return a + opArg
+		})
+	case linux.FUTEX_OP_OR:
+		oldVal, err = f.atomicOp(addr, func(a uint32) uint32 {
+			return a | opArg
+		})
+	case linux.FUTEX_OP_ANDN:
+		oldVal, err = f.atomicOp(addr, func(a uint32) uint32 {
+			return a &^ opArg
+		})
+	case linux.FUTEX_OP_XOR:
+		oldVal, err = f.atomicOp(addr, func(a uint32) uint32 {
+			return a ^ opArg
+		})
+	default:
+		return false, syserror.ENOSYS
+	}
+	if err != nil {
+		return false, err
+	}
+
+	switch cmp {
+	case linux.FUTEX_OP_CMP_EQ:
+		return oldVal == cmpArg, nil
+	case linux.FUTEX_OP_CMP_NE:
+		return oldVal != cmpArg, nil
+	case linux.FUTEX_OP_CMP_LT:
+		return oldVal < cmpArg, nil
+	case linux.FUTEX_OP_CMP_LE:
+		return oldVal <= cmpArg, nil
+	case linux.FUTEX_OP_CMP_GT:
+		return oldVal > cmpArg, nil
+	case linux.FUTEX_OP_CMP_GE:
+		return oldVal >= cmpArg, nil
+	default:
+		return false, syserror.ENOSYS
+	}
+}
+
+// GetSharedKey implements futex.Checker.GetSharedKey.
+func (f futexChecker) GetSharedKey(addr uintptr) (futex.Key, error) {
+	return f.t.MemoryManager().GetSharedFutexKey(f.t, usermem.Addr(addr))
+}
diff --git a/pkg/sentry/mm/BUILD b/pkg/sentry/mm/BUILD
index ad9231774..744e73a39 100644
--- a/pkg/sentry/mm/BUILD
+++ b/pkg/sentry/mm/BUILD
@@ -106,6 +106,7 @@ go_library(
         "//pkg/sentry/context",
         "//pkg/sentry/fs",
         "//pkg/sentry/fs/proc/seqfile",
+        "//pkg/sentry/kernel/futex",
         "//pkg/sentry/kernel/shm",
         "//pkg/sentry/limits",
         "//pkg/sentry/memmap",
diff --git a/pkg/sentry/mm/syscalls.go b/pkg/sentry/mm/syscalls.go
index 21aeabde8..b0622b0c3 100644
--- a/pkg/sentry/mm/syscalls.go
+++ b/pkg/sentry/mm/syscalls.go
@@ -20,6 +20,7 @@ import (
 
 	"gvisor.googlesource.com/gvisor/pkg/abi/linux"
 	"gvisor.googlesource.com/gvisor/pkg/sentry/context"
+	"gvisor.googlesource.com/gvisor/pkg/sentry/kernel/futex"
 	"gvisor.googlesource.com/gvisor/pkg/sentry/limits"
 	"gvisor.googlesource.com/gvisor/pkg/sentry/memmap"
 	"gvisor.googlesource.com/gvisor/pkg/sentry/platform"
@@ -793,6 +794,40 @@ func (mm *MemoryManager) Sync(ctx context.Context, addr usermem.Addr, length uin
 	return nil
 }
 
+// GetSharedFutexKey is used by kernel.futexChecker.GetSharedKey to implement
+// futex.Checker.GetSharedKey.
+func (mm *MemoryManager) GetSharedFutexKey(ctx context.Context, addr usermem.Addr) (futex.Key, error) {
+	ar, ok := addr.ToRange(4) // sizeof(int32)
+	if !ok {
+		return futex.Key{}, syserror.EFAULT
+	}
+
+	mm.mappingMu.RLock()
+	defer mm.mappingMu.RUnlock()
+	vseg, _, err := mm.getVMAsLocked(ctx, ar, usermem.Read, false)
+	if err != nil {
+		return futex.Key{}, err
+	}
+	vma := vseg.ValuePtr()
+
+	if vma.private {
+		return futex.Key{
+			Kind:   futex.KindSharedPrivate,
+			Offset: uint64(addr),
+		}, nil
+	}
+
+	if vma.id != nil {
+		vma.id.IncRef()
+	}
+	return futex.Key{
+		Kind:            futex.KindSharedMappable,
+		Mappable:        vma.mappable,
+		MappingIdentity: vma.id,
+		Offset:          vseg.mappableOffsetAt(addr),
+	}, nil
+}
+
 // VirtualMemorySize returns the combined length in bytes of all mappings in
 // mm.
 func (mm *MemoryManager) VirtualMemorySize() uint64 {
diff --git a/pkg/sentry/syscalls/linux/sys_futex.go b/pkg/sentry/syscalls/linux/sys_futex.go
index 1a0e1f5fb..d35dcecbe 100644
--- a/pkg/sentry/syscalls/linux/sys_futex.go
+++ b/pkg/sentry/syscalls/linux/sys_futex.go
@@ -21,115 +21,9 @@ import (
 	"gvisor.googlesource.com/gvisor/pkg/sentry/arch"
 	"gvisor.googlesource.com/gvisor/pkg/sentry/kernel"
 	ktime "gvisor.googlesource.com/gvisor/pkg/sentry/kernel/time"
-	"gvisor.googlesource.com/gvisor/pkg/sentry/usermem"
 	"gvisor.googlesource.com/gvisor/pkg/syserror"
 )
 
-// futexChecker is a futex.Checker that uses a Task's MemoryManager.
-type futexChecker struct {
-	t *kernel.Task
-}
-
-// Check checks if the address contains the given value, and returns
-// syserror.EAGAIN if it doesn't. See Checker interface in futex package
-// for more information.
-func (f futexChecker) Check(addr uintptr, val uint32) error {
-	in := f.t.CopyScratchBuffer(4)
-	_, err := f.t.CopyInBytes(usermem.Addr(addr), in)
-	if err != nil {
-		return err
-	}
-	nval := usermem.ByteOrder.Uint32(in)
-	if val != nval {
-		return syserror.EAGAIN
-	}
-	return nil
-}
-
-func (f futexChecker) atomicOp(addr uintptr, op func(uint32) uint32) (uint32, error) {
-	in := f.t.CopyScratchBuffer(4)
-	_, err := f.t.CopyInBytes(usermem.Addr(addr), in)
-	if err != nil {
-		return 0, err
-	}
-	o := usermem.ByteOrder.Uint32(in)
-	mm := f.t.MemoryManager()
-	for {
-		n := op(o)
-		r, err := mm.CompareAndSwapUint32(f.t, usermem.Addr(addr), o, n, usermem.IOOpts{
-			AddressSpaceActive: true,
-		})
-		if err != nil {
-			return 0, err
-		}
-
-		if r == o {
-			return o, nil
-		}
-		o = r
-	}
-}
-
-// Op performs an operation on addr and returns a result based on the operation.
-func (f futexChecker) Op(addr uintptr, opIn uint32) (bool, error) {
-	op := (opIn >> 28) & 0xf
-	cmp := (opIn >> 24) & 0xf
-	opArg := (opIn >> 12) & 0xfff
-	cmpArg := opIn & 0xfff
-
-	if op&linux.FUTEX_OP_OPARG_SHIFT != 0 {
-		opArg = 1 << opArg
-		op &^= linux.FUTEX_OP_OPARG_SHIFT // clear flag
-	}
-
-	var oldVal uint32
-	var err error
-	switch op {
-	case linux.FUTEX_OP_SET:
-		oldVal, err = f.t.MemoryManager().SwapUint32(f.t, usermem.Addr(addr), opArg, usermem.IOOpts{
-			AddressSpaceActive: true,
-		})
-	case linux.FUTEX_OP_ADD:
-		oldVal, err = f.atomicOp(addr, func(a uint32) uint32 {
-			return a + opArg
-		})
-	case linux.FUTEX_OP_OR:
-		oldVal, err = f.atomicOp(addr, func(a uint32) uint32 {
-			return a | opArg
-		})
-	case linux.FUTEX_OP_ANDN:
-		oldVal, err = f.atomicOp(addr, func(a uint32) uint32 {
-			return a & ^opArg
-		})
-	case linux.FUTEX_OP_XOR:
-		oldVal, err = f.atomicOp(addr, func(a uint32) uint32 {
-			return a ^ opArg
-		})
-	default:
-		return false, syserror.ENOSYS
-	}
-	if err != nil {
-		return false, err
-	}
-
-	switch cmp {
-	case linux.FUTEX_OP_CMP_EQ:
-		return oldVal == cmpArg, nil
-	case linux.FUTEX_OP_CMP_NE:
-		return oldVal != cmpArg, nil
-	case linux.FUTEX_OP_CMP_LT:
-		return oldVal < cmpArg, nil
-	case linux.FUTEX_OP_CMP_LE:
-		return oldVal <= cmpArg, nil
-	case linux.FUTEX_OP_CMP_GT:
-		return oldVal > cmpArg, nil
-	case linux.FUTEX_OP_CMP_GE:
-		return oldVal >= cmpArg, nil
-	default:
-		return false, syserror.ENOSYS
-	}
-}
-
 // futexWaitRestartBlock encapsulates the state required to restart futex(2)
 // via restart_syscall(2).
 //
@@ -140,13 +34,14 @@ type futexWaitRestartBlock struct {
 	// addr stored as uint64 since uintptr is not save-able.
 	addr uint64
 
-	val  uint32
-	mask uint32
+	private bool
+	val     uint32
+	mask    uint32
 }
 
 // Restart implements kernel.SyscallRestartBlock.Restart.
 func (f *futexWaitRestartBlock) Restart(t *kernel.Task) (uintptr, error) {
-	return futexWaitDuration(t, f.duration, false, uintptr(f.addr), f.val, f.mask)
+	return futexWaitDuration(t, f.duration, false, uintptr(f.addr), f.private, f.val, f.mask)
 }
 
 // futexWaitAbsolute performs a FUTEX_WAIT_BITSET, blocking until the wait is
@@ -156,9 +51,9 @@ func (f *futexWaitRestartBlock) Restart(t *kernel.Task) (uintptr, error) {
 //
 // If blocking is interrupted, the syscall is restarted with the original
 // arguments.
-func futexWaitAbsolute(t *kernel.Task, clockRealtime bool, ts linux.Timespec, forever bool, addr uintptr, val, mask uint32) (uintptr, error) {
+func futexWaitAbsolute(t *kernel.Task, clockRealtime bool, ts linux.Timespec, forever bool, addr uintptr, private bool, val, mask uint32) (uintptr, error) {
 	w := t.FutexWaiter()
-	err := t.Futex().WaitPrepare(w, futexChecker{t}, addr, val, mask)
+	err := t.Futex().WaitPrepare(w, t.FutexChecker(), addr, private, val, mask)
 	if err != nil {
 		return 0, err
 	}
@@ -192,9 +87,9 @@ func futexWaitAbsolute(t *kernel.Task, clockRealtime bool, ts linux.Timespec, fo
 // syscall. If forever is true, the syscall is restarted with the original
 // arguments. If forever is false, duration is a relative timeout and the
 // syscall is restarted with the remaining timeout.
-func futexWaitDuration(t *kernel.Task, duration time.Duration, forever bool, addr uintptr, val, mask uint32) (uintptr, error) {
+func futexWaitDuration(t *kernel.Task, duration time.Duration, forever bool, addr uintptr, private bool, val, mask uint32) (uintptr, error) {
 	w := t.FutexWaiter()
-	err := t.Futex().WaitPrepare(w, futexChecker{t}, addr, val, mask)
+	err := t.Futex().WaitPrepare(w, t.FutexChecker(), addr, private, val, mask)
 	if err != nil {
 		return 0, err
 	}
@@ -222,6 +117,7 @@ func futexWaitDuration(t *kernel.Task, duration time.Duration, forever bool, add
 	t.SetSyscallRestartBlock(&futexWaitRestartBlock{
 		duration: remaining,
 		addr:     uint64(addr),
+		private:  private,
 		val:      val,
 		mask:     mask,
 	})
@@ -243,6 +139,7 @@ func Futex(t *kernel.Task, args arch.SyscallArguments) (uintptr, *kernel.Syscall
 	addr := uintptr(uaddr)
 	naddr := uintptr(uaddr2)
 	cmd := futexOp &^ (linux.FUTEX_PRIVATE_FLAG | linux.FUTEX_CLOCK_REALTIME)
+	private := (futexOp & linux.FUTEX_PRIVATE_FLAG) != 0
 	clockRealtime := (futexOp & linux.FUTEX_CLOCK_REALTIME) == linux.FUTEX_CLOCK_REALTIME
 	mask := uint32(val3)
 
@@ -268,7 +165,7 @@ func Futex(t *kernel.Task, args arch.SyscallArguments) (uintptr, *kernel.Syscall
 			if !forever {
 				timeoutDur = time.Duration(timespec.ToNsecCapped()) * time.Nanosecond
 			}
-			n, err := futexWaitDuration(t, timeoutDur, forever, addr, uint32(val), mask)
+			n, err := futexWaitDuration(t, timeoutDur, forever, addr, private, uint32(val), mask)
 			return n, nil, err
 
 		case linux.FUTEX_WAIT_BITSET:
@@ -277,7 +174,7 @@ func Futex(t *kernel.Task, args arch.SyscallArguments) (uintptr, *kernel.Syscall
 			if mask == 0 {
 				return 0, nil, syserror.EINVAL
 			}
-			n, err := futexWaitAbsolute(t, clockRealtime, timespec, forever, addr, uint32(val), mask)
+			n, err := futexWaitAbsolute(t, clockRealtime, timespec, forever, addr, private, uint32(val), mask)
 			return n, nil, err
 		default:
 			panic("unreachable")
@@ -291,23 +188,23 @@ func Futex(t *kernel.Task, args arch.SyscallArguments) (uintptr, *kernel.Syscall
 		if mask == 0 {
 			return 0, nil, syserror.EINVAL
 		}
-		n, err := t.Futex().Wake(addr, mask, val)
+		n, err := t.Futex().Wake(t.FutexChecker(), addr, private, mask, val)
 		return uintptr(n), nil, err
 
 	case linux.FUTEX_REQUEUE:
-		n, err := t.Futex().Requeue(addr, naddr, val, nreq)
+		n, err := t.Futex().Requeue(t.FutexChecker(), addr, naddr, private, val, nreq)
 		return uintptr(n), nil, err
 
 	case linux.FUTEX_CMP_REQUEUE:
 		// 'val3' contains the value to be checked at 'addr' and
 		// 'val' is the number of waiters that should be woken up.
 		nval := uint32(val3)
-		n, err := t.Futex().RequeueCmp(futexChecker{t}, addr, nval, naddr, val, nreq)
+		n, err := t.Futex().RequeueCmp(t.FutexChecker(), addr, naddr, private, nval, val, nreq)
 		return uintptr(n), nil, err
 
 	case linux.FUTEX_WAKE_OP:
 		op := uint32(val3)
-		n, err := t.Futex().WakeOp(futexChecker{t}, addr, naddr, val, nreq, op)
+		n, err := t.Futex().WakeOp(t.FutexChecker(), addr, naddr, private, val, nreq, op)
 		return uintptr(n), nil, err
 
 	case linux.FUTEX_LOCK_PI, linux.FUTEX_UNLOCK_PI, linux.FUTEX_TRYLOCK_PI, linux.FUTEX_WAIT_REQUEUE_PI, linux.FUTEX_CMP_REQUEUE_PI: