Add logging option to leak checker.

Also refactor the template and CheckedObject interface to make this cleaner.

Updates #1486.

PiperOrigin-RevId: 339577120

15 files changed, 282 insertions, 163 deletions

diff --git a/pkg/refs/refcounter.go b/pkg/refs/refcounter.go
index 699ea8ac3..6992e1de8 100644
--- a/pkg/refs/refcounter.go
+++ b/pkg/refs/refcounter.go
@@ -319,7 +319,8 @@ func makeStackKey(pcs []uintptr) stackKey {
 	return key
 }
 
-func recordStack() []uintptr {
+// RecordStack constructs and returns the PCs on the current stack.
+func RecordStack() []uintptr {
 	pcs := make([]uintptr, maxStackFrames)
 	n := runtime.Callers(1, pcs)
 	if n == 0 {
@@ -342,7 +343,8 @@ func recordStack() []uintptr {
 	return v
 }
 
-func formatStack(pcs []uintptr) string {
+// FormatStack converts the given stack into a readable format.
+func FormatStack(pcs []uintptr) string {
 	frames := runtime.CallersFrames(pcs)
 	var trace bytes.Buffer
 	for {
@@ -367,7 +369,7 @@ func (r *AtomicRefCount) finalize() {
 	if n := r.ReadRefs(); n != 0 {
 		msg := fmt.Sprintf("%sAtomicRefCount %p owned by %q garbage collected with ref count of %d (want 0)", note, r, r.name, n)
 		if len(r.stack) != 0 {
-			msg += ":\nCaller:\n" + formatStack(r.stack)
+			msg += ":\nCaller:\n" + FormatStack(r.stack)
 		} else {
 			msg += " (enable trace logging to debug)"
 		}
@@ -392,7 +394,7 @@ func (r *AtomicRefCount) EnableLeakCheck(name string) {
 	case NoLeakChecking:
 		return
 	case LeaksLogTraces:
-		r.stack = recordStack()
+		r.stack = RecordStack()
 	}
 	r.name = name
 	runtime.SetFinalizer(r, (*AtomicRefCount).finalize)
diff --git a/pkg/refsvfs2/BUILD b/pkg/refsvfs2/BUILD
index 245e33d2d..bfa1daa10 100644
--- a/pkg/refsvfs2/BUILD
+++ b/pkg/refsvfs2/BUILD
@@ -8,6 +8,9 @@ go_template(
     srcs = [
         "refs_template.go",
     ],
+    opt_consts = [
+        "logTrace",
+    ],
     types = [
         "T",
     ],
diff --git a/pkg/refsvfs2/refs_map.go b/pkg/refsvfs2/refs_map.go
index be75b0cc2..57938d2f0 100644
--- a/pkg/refsvfs2/refs_map.go
+++ b/pkg/refsvfs2/refs_map.go
@@ -37,61 +37,98 @@ var (
 // CheckedObject represents a reference-counted object with an informative
 // leak detection message.
 type CheckedObject interface {
+	// RefType is the type of the reference-counted object.
+	RefType() string
+
 	// LeakMessage supplies a warning to be printed upon leak detection.
 	LeakMessage() string
+
+	// LogRefs indicates whether reference-related events should be logged.
+	LogRefs() bool
 }
 
 func init() {
 	liveObjects = make(map[CheckedObject]struct{})
 }
 
-// LeakCheckEnabled returns whether leak checking is enabled. The following
+// leakCheckEnabled returns whether leak checking is enabled. The following
 // functions should only be called if it returns true.
-func LeakCheckEnabled() bool {
+func leakCheckEnabled() bool {
 	return refs_vfs1.GetLeakMode() != refs_vfs1.NoLeakChecking
 }
 
 // Register adds obj to the live object map.
-func Register(obj CheckedObject, typ string) {
-	for _, str := range ignored {
-		if strings.Contains(typ, str) {
-			return
+func Register(obj CheckedObject) {
+	if leakCheckEnabled() {
+		for _, str := range ignored {
+			if strings.Contains(obj.RefType(), str) {
+				return
+			}
 		}
+		liveObjectsMu.Lock()
+		if _, ok := liveObjects[obj]; ok {
+			panic(fmt.Sprintf("Unexpected entry in leak checking map: reference %p already added", obj))
+		}
+		liveObjects[obj] = struct{}{}
+		liveObjectsMu.Unlock()
+		logEvent(obj, "registered")
 	}
-	liveObjectsMu.Lock()
-	if _, ok := liveObjects[obj]; ok {
-		panic(fmt.Sprintf("Unexpected entry in leak checking map: reference %p already added", obj))
-	}
-	liveObjects[obj] = struct{}{}
-	liveObjectsMu.Unlock()
 }
 
 // Unregister removes obj from the live object map.
-func Unregister(obj CheckedObject, typ string) {
-	liveObjectsMu.Lock()
-	defer liveObjectsMu.Unlock()
-	if _, ok := liveObjects[obj]; !ok {
-		for _, str := range ignored {
-			if strings.Contains(typ, str) {
-				return
+func Unregister(obj CheckedObject) {
+	if leakCheckEnabled() {
+		liveObjectsMu.Lock()
+		defer liveObjectsMu.Unlock()
+		if _, ok := liveObjects[obj]; !ok {
+			for _, str := range ignored {
+				if strings.Contains(obj.RefType(), str) {
+					return
+				}
 			}
+			panic(fmt.Sprintf("Expected to find entry in leak checking map for reference %p", obj))
 		}
-		panic(fmt.Sprintf("Expected to find entry in leak checking map for reference %p", obj))
+		delete(liveObjects, obj)
+		logEvent(obj, "unregistered")
+	}
+}
+
+// LogIncRef logs a reference increment.
+func LogIncRef(obj CheckedObject, refs int64) {
+	logEvent(obj, fmt.Sprintf("IncRef to %d", refs))
+}
+
+// LogTryIncRef logs a successful TryIncRef call.
+func LogTryIncRef(obj CheckedObject, refs int64) {
+	logEvent(obj, fmt.Sprintf("TryIncRef to %d", refs))
+}
+
+// LogDecRef logs a reference decrement.
+func LogDecRef(obj CheckedObject, refs int64) {
+	logEvent(obj, fmt.Sprintf("DecRef to %d", refs))
+}
+
+// logEvent logs a message for the given reference-counted object.
+func logEvent(obj CheckedObject, msg string) {
+	if obj.LogRefs() {
+		log.Infof("[%s %p] %s:", obj.RefType(), obj, msg)
+		log.Infof(refs_vfs1.FormatStack(refs_vfs1.RecordStack()))
 	}
-	delete(liveObjects, obj)
 }
 
 // DoLeakCheck iterates through the live object map and logs a message for each
 // object. It is called once no reference-counted objects should be reachable
 // anymore, at which point anything left in the map is considered a leak.
 func DoLeakCheck() {
-	liveObjectsMu.Lock()
-	defer liveObjectsMu.Unlock()
-	leaked := len(liveObjects)
-	if leaked > 0 {
-		log.Warningf("Leak checking detected %d leaked objects:", leaked)
-		for obj := range liveObjects {
-			log.Warningf(obj.LeakMessage())
+	if leakCheckEnabled() {
+		liveObjectsMu.Lock()
+		defer liveObjectsMu.Unlock()
+		leaked := len(liveObjects)
+		if leaked > 0 {
+			log.Warningf("Leak checking detected %d leaked objects:", leaked)
+			for obj := range liveObjects {
+				log.Warningf(obj.LeakMessage())
+			}
 		}
 	}
 }
diff --git a/pkg/refsvfs2/refs_template.go b/pkg/refsvfs2/refs_template.go
index ec295ef5b..8f50b4ee6 100644
--- a/pkg/refsvfs2/refs_template.go
+++ b/pkg/refsvfs2/refs_template.go
@@ -26,13 +26,19 @@ import (
 	"gvisor.dev/gvisor/pkg/refsvfs2"
 )
 
+// enableLogging indicates whether reference-related events should be logged (with
+// stack traces). This is false by default and should only be set to true for
+// debugging purposes, as it can generate an extremely large amount of output
+// and drastically degrade performance.
+const enableLogging = false
+
 // T is the type of the reference counted object. It is only used to customize
 // debug output when leak checking.
 type T interface{}
 
-// ownerType is used to customize logging. Note that we use a pointer to T so
-// that we do not copy the entire object when passed as a format parameter.
-var ownerType *T
+// obj is used to customize logging. Note that we use a pointer to T so that
+// we do not copy the entire object when passed as a format parameter.
+var obj *T
 
 // Refs implements refs.RefCounter. It keeps a reference count using atomic
 // operations and calls the destructor when the count reaches zero.
@@ -52,16 +58,24 @@ type Refs struct {
 	refCount int64
 }
 
-// EnableLeakCheck enables reference leak checking on r.
-func (r *Refs) EnableLeakCheck() {
-	if refsvfs2.LeakCheckEnabled() {
-		refsvfs2.Register(r, fmt.Sprintf("%T", ownerType))
-	}
+// RefType implements refsvfs2.CheckedObject.RefType.
+func (r *Refs) RefType() string {
+	return fmt.Sprintf("%T", obj)[1:]
 }
 
 // LeakMessage implements refsvfs2.CheckedObject.LeakMessage.
 func (r *Refs) LeakMessage() string {
-	return fmt.Sprintf("%T %p: reference count of %d instead of 0", ownerType, r, r.ReadRefs())
+	return fmt.Sprintf("[%s %p] reference count of %d instead of 0", r.RefType(), r, r.ReadRefs())
+}
+
+// LogRefs implements refsvfs2.CheckedObject.LogRefs.
+func (r *Refs) LogRefs() bool {
+	return enableLogging
+}
+
+// EnableLeakCheck enables reference leak checking on r.
+func (r *Refs) EnableLeakCheck() {
+	refsvfs2.Register(r)
 }
 
 // ReadRefs returns the current number of references. The returned count is
@@ -75,8 +89,10 @@ func (r *Refs) ReadRefs() int64 {
 //
 //go:nosplit
 func (r *Refs) IncRef() {
-	if v := atomic.AddInt64(&r.refCount, 1); v <= 0 {
-		panic(fmt.Sprintf("Incrementing non-positive count %p on %T", r, ownerType))
+	v := atomic.AddInt64(&r.refCount, 1)
+	refsvfs2.LogIncRef(r, v+1)
+	if v <= 0 {
+		panic(fmt.Sprintf("Incrementing non-positive count %p on %s", r, r.RefType()))
 	}
 }
 
@@ -89,15 +105,15 @@ func (r *Refs) IncRef() {
 //go:nosplit
 func (r *Refs) TryIncRef() bool {
 	const speculativeRef = 1 << 32
-	v := atomic.AddInt64(&r.refCount, speculativeRef)
-	if int32(v) < 0 {
+	if v := atomic.AddInt64(&r.refCount, speculativeRef); int32(v) < 0 {
 		// This object has already been freed.
 		atomic.AddInt64(&r.refCount, -speculativeRef)
 		return false
 	}
 
 	// Turn into a real reference.
-	atomic.AddInt64(&r.refCount, -speculativeRef+1)
+	v := atomic.AddInt64(&r.refCount, -speculativeRef+1)
+	refsvfs2.LogTryIncRef(r, v+1)
 	return true
 }
 
@@ -114,14 +130,14 @@ func (r *Refs) TryIncRef() bool {
 //
 //go:nosplit
 func (r *Refs) DecRef(destroy func()) {
-	switch v := atomic.AddInt64(&r.refCount, -1); {
+	v := atomic.AddInt64(&r.refCount, -1)
+	refsvfs2.LogDecRef(r, v+1)
+	switch {
 	case v < -1:
-		panic(fmt.Sprintf("Decrementing non-positive ref count %p, owned by %T", r, ownerType))
+		panic(fmt.Sprintf("Decrementing non-positive ref count %p, owned by %s", r, r.RefType()))
 
 	case v == -1:
-		if refsvfs2.LeakCheckEnabled() {
-			refsvfs2.Unregister(r, fmt.Sprintf("%T", ownerType))
-		}
+		refsvfs2.Unregister(r)
 		// Call the destructor.
 		if destroy != nil {
 			destroy()
@@ -130,7 +146,7 @@ func (r *Refs) DecRef(destroy func()) {
 }
 
 func (r *Refs) afterLoad() {
-	if refsvfs2.LeakCheckEnabled() && r.ReadRefs() > 0 {
+	if r.ReadRefs() > 0 {
 		r.EnableLeakCheck()
 	}
 }
diff --git a/pkg/sentry/fsimpl/gofer/directory.go b/pkg/sentry/fsimpl/gofer/directory.go
index e993c8e36..ce1b2a390 100644
--- a/pkg/sentry/fsimpl/gofer/directory.go
+++ b/pkg/sentry/fsimpl/gofer/directory.go
@@ -101,9 +101,7 @@ func (d *dentry) createSyntheticChildLocked(opts *createSyntheticOpts) {
 		hostFD:    -1,
 		nlink:     uint32(2),
 	}
-	if refsvfs2.LeakCheckEnabled() {
-		refsvfs2.Register(child, "gofer.dentry")
-	}
+	refsvfs2.Register(child)
 	switch opts.mode.FileType() {
 	case linux.S_IFDIR:
 		// Nothing else needs to be done.
diff --git a/pkg/sentry/fsimpl/gofer/filesystem.go b/pkg/sentry/fsimpl/gofer/filesystem.go
index baecb88c4..57a2ca43c 100644
--- a/pkg/sentry/fsimpl/gofer/filesystem.go
+++ b/pkg/sentry/fsimpl/gofer/filesystem.go
@@ -262,7 +262,7 @@ func (fs *filesystem) revalidateChildLocked(ctx context.Context, vfsObj *vfs.Vir
 			// treat their invalidation as deletion.
 			child.setDeleted()
 			parent.syntheticChildren--
-			child.decRefLocked()
+			child.decRefNoCaching()
 			parent.dirents = nil
 		}
 		*ds = appendDentry(*ds, child)
@@ -631,7 +631,7 @@ func (fs *filesystem) unlinkAt(ctx context.Context, rp *vfs.ResolvingPath, dir b
 		child.setDeleted()
 		if child.isSynthetic() {
 			parent.syntheticChildren--
-			child.decRefLocked()
+			child.decRefNoCaching()
 		}
 		ds = appendDentry(ds, child)
 	}
@@ -1361,7 +1361,7 @@ func (fs *filesystem) RenameAt(ctx context.Context, rp *vfs.ResolvingPath, oldPa
 		replaced.setDeleted()
 		if replaced.isSynthetic() {
 			newParent.syntheticChildren--
-			replaced.decRefLocked()
+			replaced.decRefNoCaching()
 		}
 		ds = appendDentry(ds, replaced)
 	}
@@ -1370,7 +1370,7 @@ func (fs *filesystem) RenameAt(ctx context.Context, rp *vfs.ResolvingPath, oldPa
 	// with reference counts and queue oldParent for checkCachingLocked if the
 	// parent isn't actually changing.
 	if oldParent != newParent {
-		oldParent.decRefLocked()
+		oldParent.decRefNoCaching()
 		ds = appendDentry(ds, oldParent)
 		newParent.IncRef()
 		if renamed.isSynthetic() {
diff --git a/pkg/sentry/fsimpl/gofer/gofer.go b/pkg/sentry/fsimpl/gofer/gofer.go
index 80668ebc1..6f82ce61b 100644
--- a/pkg/sentry/fsimpl/gofer/gofer.go
+++ b/pkg/sentry/fsimpl/gofer/gofer.go
@@ -590,7 +590,7 @@ func (fs *filesystem) Release(ctx context.Context) {
 // Precondition: d.fs.renameMu is locked.
 func (d *dentry) releaseSyntheticRecursiveLocked(ctx context.Context) {
 	if d.isSynthetic() {
-		d.decRefLocked()
+		d.decRefNoCaching()
 		d.checkCachingLocked(ctx)
 	}
 	if d.isDir() {
@@ -860,10 +860,7 @@ func (fs *filesystem) newDentry(ctx context.Context, file p9file, qid p9.QID, ma
 		d.nlink = uint32(attr.NLink)
 	}
 	d.vfsd.Init(d)
-	if refsvfs2.LeakCheckEnabled() {
-		refsvfs2.Register(d, "gofer.dentry")
-	}
-
+	refsvfs2.Register(d)
 	fs.syncMu.Lock()
 	fs.syncableDentries[d] = struct{}{}
 	fs.syncMu.Unlock()
@@ -1222,17 +1219,19 @@ func dentryGIDFromP9GID(gid p9.GID) uint32 {
 func (d *dentry) IncRef() {
 	// d.refs may be 0 if d.fs.renameMu is locked, which serializes against
 	// d.checkCachingLocked().
-	atomic.AddInt64(&d.refs, 1)
+	r := atomic.AddInt64(&d.refs, 1)
+	refsvfs2.LogIncRef(d, r)
 }
 
 // TryIncRef implements vfs.DentryImpl.TryIncRef.
 func (d *dentry) TryIncRef() bool {
 	for {
-		refs := atomic.LoadInt64(&d.refs)
-		if refs <= 0 {
+		r := atomic.LoadInt64(&d.refs)
+		if r <= 0 {
 			return false
 		}
-		if atomic.CompareAndSwapInt64(&d.refs, refs, refs+1) {
+		if atomic.CompareAndSwapInt64(&d.refs, r, r+1) {
+			refsvfs2.LogTryIncRef(d, r+1)
 			return true
 		}
 	}
@@ -1240,22 +1239,28 @@ func (d *dentry) TryIncRef() bool {
 
 // DecRef implements vfs.DentryImpl.DecRef.
 func (d *dentry) DecRef(ctx context.Context) {
-	if refs := atomic.AddInt64(&d.refs, -1); refs == 0 {
+	if d.decRefNoCaching() == 0 {
 		d.fs.renameMu.Lock()
 		d.checkCachingLocked(ctx)
 		d.fs.renameMu.Unlock()
-	} else if refs < 0 {
-		panic("gofer.dentry.DecRef() called without holding a reference")
 	}
 }
 
-// decRefLocked decrements d's reference count without calling
+// decRefNoCaching decrements d's reference count without calling
 // d.checkCachingLocked, even if d's reference count reaches 0; callers are
 // responsible for ensuring that d.checkCachingLocked will be called later.
-func (d *dentry) decRefLocked() {
-	if refs := atomic.AddInt64(&d.refs, -1); refs < 0 {
-		panic("gofer.dentry.decRefLocked() called without holding a reference")
+func (d *dentry) decRefNoCaching() int64 {
+	r := atomic.AddInt64(&d.refs, -1)
+	refsvfs2.LogDecRef(d, r)
+	if r < 0 {
+		panic("gofer.dentry.decRefNoCaching() called without holding a reference")
 	}
+	return r
+}
+
+// RefType implements refsvfs2.CheckedObject.Type.
+func (d *dentry) RefType() string {
+	return "gofer.dentry"
 }
 
 // LeakMessage implements refsvfs2.CheckedObject.LeakMessage.
@@ -1263,6 +1268,14 @@ func (d *dentry) LeakMessage() string {
 	return fmt.Sprintf("[gofer.dentry %p] reference count of %d instead of -1", d, atomic.LoadInt64(&d.refs))
 }
 
+// LogRefs implements refsvfs2.CheckedObject.LogRefs.
+//
+// This should only be set to true for debugging purposes, as it can generate an
+// extremely large amount of output and drastically degrade performance.
+func (d *dentry) LogRefs() bool {
+	return false
+}
+
 // InotifyWithParent implements vfs.DentryImpl.InotifyWithParent.
 func (d *dentry) InotifyWithParent(ctx context.Context, events, cookie uint32, et vfs.EventType) {
 	if d.isDir() {
@@ -1486,17 +1499,10 @@ func (d *dentry) destroyLocked(ctx context.Context) {
 
 	// Drop the reference held by d on its parent without recursively locking
 	// d.fs.renameMu.
-	if d.parent != nil {
-		if refs := atomic.AddInt64(&d.parent.refs, -1); refs == 0 {
-			d.parent.checkCachingLocked(ctx)
-		} else if refs < 0 {
-			panic("gofer.dentry.DecRef() called without holding a reference")
-		}
-	}
-
-	if refsvfs2.LeakCheckEnabled() {
-		refsvfs2.Unregister(d, "gofer.dentry")
+	if d.parent != nil && d.parent.decRefNoCaching() == 0 {
+		d.parent.checkCachingLocked(ctx)
 	}
+	refsvfs2.Unregister(d)
 }
 
 func (d *dentry) isDeleted() bool {
diff --git a/pkg/sentry/fsimpl/gofer/save_restore.go b/pkg/sentry/fsimpl/gofer/save_restore.go
index 2ea224c43..17849dcc0 100644
--- a/pkg/sentry/fsimpl/gofer/save_restore.go
+++ b/pkg/sentry/fsimpl/gofer/save_restore.go
@@ -140,8 +140,8 @@ func (d *dentry) beforeSave() {
 // afterLoad is invoked by stateify.
 func (d *dentry) afterLoad() {
 	d.hostFD = -1
-	if refsvfs2.LeakCheckEnabled() && atomic.LoadInt64(&d.refs) != -1 {
-		refsvfs2.Register(d, "gofer.dentry")
+	if atomic.LoadInt64(&d.refs) != -1 {
+		refsvfs2.Register(d)
 	}
 }
 
diff --git a/pkg/sentry/fsimpl/overlay/BUILD b/pkg/sentry/fsimpl/overlay/BUILD
index fd6c55921..bf13bbbf4 100644
--- a/pkg/sentry/fsimpl/overlay/BUILD
+++ b/pkg/sentry/fsimpl/overlay/BUILD
@@ -31,6 +31,7 @@ go_library(
         "//pkg/context",
         "//pkg/fspath",
         "//pkg/log",
+        "//pkg/refs",
         "//pkg/refsvfs2",
         "//pkg/sentry/arch",
         "//pkg/sentry/fs/lock",
diff --git a/pkg/sentry/fsimpl/overlay/overlay.go b/pkg/sentry/fsimpl/overlay/overlay.go
index c812f0a70..f6c58f2e7 100644
--- a/pkg/sentry/fsimpl/overlay/overlay.go
+++ b/pkg/sentry/fsimpl/overlay/overlay.go
@@ -505,9 +505,7 @@ func (fs *filesystem) newDentry() *dentry {
 	}
 	d.lowerVDs = d.inlineLowerVDs[:0]
 	d.vfsd.Init(d)
-	if refsvfs2.LeakCheckEnabled() {
-		refsvfs2.Register(d, "overlay.dentry")
-	}
+	refsvfs2.Register(d)
 	return d
 }
 
@@ -515,17 +513,19 @@ func (fs *filesystem) newDentry() *dentry {
 func (d *dentry) IncRef() {
 	// d.refs may be 0 if d.fs.renameMu is locked, which serializes against
 	// d.checkDropLocked().
-	atomic.AddInt64(&d.refs, 1)
+	r := atomic.AddInt64(&d.refs, 1)
+	refsvfs2.LogIncRef(d, r)
 }
 
 // TryIncRef implements vfs.DentryImpl.TryIncRef.
 func (d *dentry) TryIncRef() bool {
 	for {
-		refs := atomic.LoadInt64(&d.refs)
-		if refs <= 0 {
+		r := atomic.LoadInt64(&d.refs)
+		if r <= 0 {
 			return false
 		}
-		if atomic.CompareAndSwapInt64(&d.refs, refs, refs+1) {
+		if atomic.CompareAndSwapInt64(&d.refs, r, r+1) {
+			refsvfs2.LogTryIncRef(d, r+1)
 			return true
 		}
 	}
@@ -533,15 +533,27 @@ func (d *dentry) TryIncRef() bool {
 
 // DecRef implements vfs.DentryImpl.DecRef.
 func (d *dentry) DecRef(ctx context.Context) {
-	if refs := atomic.AddInt64(&d.refs, -1); refs == 0 {
+	r := atomic.AddInt64(&d.refs, -1)
+	refsvfs2.LogDecRef(d, r)
+	if r == 0 {
 		d.fs.renameMu.Lock()
 		d.checkDropLocked(ctx)
 		d.fs.renameMu.Unlock()
-	} else if refs < 0 {
+	} else if r < 0 {
 		panic("overlay.dentry.DecRef() called without holding a reference")
 	}
 }
 
+func (d *dentry) decRefLocked(ctx context.Context) {
+	r := atomic.AddInt64(&d.refs, -1)
+	refsvfs2.LogDecRef(d, r)
+	if r == 0 {
+		d.checkDropLocked(ctx)
+	} else if r < 0 {
+		panic("overlay.dentry.decRefLocked() called without holding a reference")
+	}
+}
+
 // checkDropLocked should be called after d's reference count becomes 0 or it
 // becomes deleted.
 //
@@ -601,15 +613,14 @@ func (d *dentry) destroyLocked(ctx context.Context) {
 		d.parent.dirMu.Unlock()
 		// Drop the reference held by d on its parent without recursively
 		// locking d.fs.renameMu.
-		if refs := atomic.AddInt64(&d.parent.refs, -1); refs == 0 {
-			d.parent.checkDropLocked(ctx)
-		} else if refs < 0 {
-			panic("overlay.dentry.DecRef() called without holding a reference")
-		}
-	}
-	if refsvfs2.LeakCheckEnabled() {
-		refsvfs2.Unregister(d, "overlay.dentry")
+		d.parent.decRefLocked(ctx)
 	}
+	refsvfs2.Unregister(d)
+}
+
+// RefType implements refsvfs2.CheckedObject.Type.
+func (d *dentry) RefType() string {
+	return "overlay.dentry"
 }
 
 // LeakMessage implements refsvfs2.CheckedObject.LeakMessage.
@@ -617,6 +628,14 @@ func (d *dentry) LeakMessage() string {
 	return fmt.Sprintf("[overlay.dentry %p] reference count of %d instead of -1", d, atomic.LoadInt64(&d.refs))
 }
 
+// LogRefs implements refsvfs2.CheckedObject.LogRefs.
+//
+// This should only be set to true for debugging purposes, as it can generate an
+// extremely large amount of output and drastically degrade performance.
+func (d *dentry) LogRefs() bool {
+	return false
+}
+
 // InotifyWithParent implements vfs.DentryImpl.InotifyWithParent.
 func (d *dentry) InotifyWithParent(ctx context.Context, events uint32, cookie uint32, et vfs.EventType) {
 	if d.isDir() {
diff --git a/pkg/sentry/fsimpl/overlay/save_restore.go b/pkg/sentry/fsimpl/overlay/save_restore.go
index 054e17b17..54809f16c 100644
--- a/pkg/sentry/fsimpl/overlay/save_restore.go
+++ b/pkg/sentry/fsimpl/overlay/save_restore.go
@@ -21,7 +21,7 @@ import (
 )
 
 func (d *dentry) afterLoad() {
-	if refsvfs2.LeakCheckEnabled() && atomic.LoadInt64(&d.refs) != -1 {
-		refsvfs2.Register(d, "overlay.dentry")
+	if atomic.LoadInt64(&d.refs) != -1 {
+		refsvfs2.Register(d)
 	}
 }
diff --git a/pkg/sentry/fsimpl/verity/save_restore.go b/pkg/sentry/fsimpl/verity/save_restore.go
index 4a161163c..46b064342 100644
--- a/pkg/sentry/fsimpl/verity/save_restore.go
+++ b/pkg/sentry/fsimpl/verity/save_restore.go
@@ -21,7 +21,7 @@ import (
 )
 
 func (d *dentry) afterLoad() {
-	if refsvfs2.LeakCheckEnabled() && atomic.LoadInt64(&d.refs) != -1 {
-		refsvfs2.Register(d, "verity.dentry")
+	if atomic.LoadInt64(&d.refs) != -1 {
+		refsvfs2.Register(d)
 	}
 }
diff --git a/pkg/sentry/fsimpl/verity/verity.go b/pkg/sentry/fsimpl/verity/verity.go
index 92ca6ca6b..de92878fd 100644
--- a/pkg/sentry/fsimpl/verity/verity.go
+++ b/pkg/sentry/fsimpl/verity/verity.go
@@ -43,32 +43,41 @@ import (
 	"gvisor.dev/gvisor/pkg/usermem"
 )
 
-// Name is the default filesystem name.
-const Name = "verity"
-
-// merklePrefix is the prefix of the Merkle tree files. For example, the Merkle
-// tree file for "/foo" is "/.merkle.verity.foo".
-const merklePrefix = ".merkle.verity."
-
-// merkleoffsetInParentXattr is the extended attribute name specifying the
-// offset of child hash in its parent's Merkle tree.
-const merkleOffsetInParentXattr = "user.merkle.offset"
-
-// merkleSizeXattr is the extended attribute name specifying the size of data
-// hashed by the corresponding Merkle tree. For a file, it's the size of the
-// whole file. For a directory, it's the size of all its children's hashes.
-const merkleSizeXattr = "user.merkle.size"
+const (
+	// Name is the default filesystem name.
+	Name = "verity"
+
+	// merklePrefix is the prefix of the Merkle tree files. For example, the Merkle
+	// tree file for "/foo" is "/.merkle.verity.foo".
+	merklePrefix = ".merkle.verity."
+
+	// merkleOffsetInParentXattr is the extended attribute name specifying the
+	// offset of the child hash in its parent's Merkle tree.
+	merkleOffsetInParentXattr = "user.merkle.offset"
+
+	// merkleSizeXattr is the extended attribute name specifying the size of data
+	// hashed by the corresponding Merkle tree. For a regular file, this is the
+	// file size. For a directory, this is the size of all its children's hashes.
+	merkleSizeXattr = "user.merkle.size"
+
+	// sizeOfStringInt32 is the size for a 32 bit integer stored as string in
+	// extended attributes. The maximum value of a 32 bit integer has 10 digits.
+	sizeOfStringInt32 = 10
+)
 
-// sizeOfStringInt32 is the size for a 32 bit integer stored as string in
-// extended attributes. The maximum value of a 32 bit integer is 10 digits.
-const sizeOfStringInt32 = 10
+var (
+	// noCrashOnVerificationFailure indicates whether the sandbox should panic
+	// whenever verification fails. If true, an error is returned instead of
+	// panicking. This should only be set for tests.
+	//
+	// TODO(b/165661693): Decide whether to panic or return error based on this
+	// flag.
+	noCrashOnVerificationFailure bool
 
-// noCrashOnVerificationFailure indicates whether the sandbox should panic
-// whenever verification fails. If true, an error is returned instead of
-// panicking. This should only be set for tests.
-// TOOD(b/165661693): Decide whether to panic or return error based on this
-// flag.
-var noCrashOnVerificationFailure bool
+	// verityMu synchronizes concurrent operations that enable verity and perform
+	// verification checks.
+	verityMu sync.RWMutex
+)
 
 // FilesystemType implements vfs.FilesystemType.
 //
@@ -334,25 +343,25 @@ func (fs *filesystem) newDentry() *dentry {
 		fs: fs,
 	}
 	d.vfsd.Init(d)
-	if refsvfs2.LeakCheckEnabled() {
-		refsvfs2.Register(d, "verity.dentry")
-	}
+	refsvfs2.Register(d)
 	return d
 }
 
 // IncRef implements vfs.DentryImpl.IncRef.
 func (d *dentry) IncRef() {
-	atomic.AddInt64(&d.refs, 1)
+	r := atomic.AddInt64(&d.refs, 1)
+	refsvfs2.LogIncRef(d, r)
 }
 
 // TryIncRef implements vfs.DentryImpl.TryIncRef.
 func (d *dentry) TryIncRef() bool {
 	for {
-		refs := atomic.LoadInt64(&d.refs)
-		if refs <= 0 {
+		r := atomic.LoadInt64(&d.refs)
+		if r <= 0 {
 			return false
 		}
-		if atomic.CompareAndSwapInt64(&d.refs, refs, refs+1) {
+		if atomic.CompareAndSwapInt64(&d.refs, r, r+1) {
+			refsvfs2.LogTryIncRef(d, r+1)
 			return true
 		}
 	}
@@ -360,15 +369,27 @@ func (d *dentry) TryIncRef() bool {
 
 // DecRef implements vfs.DentryImpl.DecRef.
 func (d *dentry) DecRef(ctx context.Context) {
-	if refs := atomic.AddInt64(&d.refs, -1); refs == 0 {
+	r := atomic.AddInt64(&d.refs, -1)
+	refsvfs2.LogDecRef(d, r)
+	if r == 0 {
 		d.fs.renameMu.Lock()
 		d.checkDropLocked(ctx)
 		d.fs.renameMu.Unlock()
-	} else if refs < 0 {
+	} else if r < 0 {
 		panic("verity.dentry.DecRef() called without holding a reference")
 	}
 }
 
+func (d *dentry) decRefLocked(ctx context.Context) {
+	r := atomic.AddInt64(&d.refs, -1)
+	refsvfs2.LogDecRef(d, r)
+	if r == 0 {
+		d.checkDropLocked(ctx)
+	} else if r < 0 {
+		panic("verity.dentry.decRefLocked() called without holding a reference")
+	}
+}
+
 // checkDropLocked should be called after d's reference count becomes 0 or it
 // becomes deleted.
 func (d *dentry) checkDropLocked(ctx context.Context) {
@@ -399,26 +420,23 @@ func (d *dentry) destroyLocked(ctx context.Context) {
 	if d.lowerVD.Ok() {
 		d.lowerVD.DecRef(ctx)
 	}
-	if refsvfs2.LeakCheckEnabled() {
-		refsvfs2.Unregister(d, "verity.dentry")
-	}
-
 	if d.lowerMerkleVD.Ok() {
 		d.lowerMerkleVD.DecRef(ctx)
 	}
-
 	if d.parent != nil {
 		d.parent.dirMu.Lock()
 		if !d.vfsd.IsDead() {
 			delete(d.parent.children, d.name)
 		}
 		d.parent.dirMu.Unlock()
-		if refs := atomic.AddInt64(&d.parent.refs, -1); refs == 0 {
-			d.parent.checkDropLocked(ctx)
-		} else if refs < 0 {
-			panic("verity.dentry.DecRef() called without holding a reference")
-		}
+		d.parent.decRefLocked(ctx)
 	}
+	refsvfs2.Unregister(d)
+}
+
+// RefType implements refsvfs2.CheckedObject.Type.
+func (d *dentry) RefType() string {
+	return "verity.dentry"
 }
 
 // LeakMessage implements refsvfs2.CheckedObject.LeakMessage.
@@ -426,6 +444,14 @@ func (d *dentry) LeakMessage() string {
 	return fmt.Sprintf("[verity.dentry %p] reference count of %d instead of -1", d, atomic.LoadInt64(&d.refs))
 }
 
+// LogRefs implements refsvfs2.CheckedObject.LogRefs.
+//
+// This should only be set to true for debugging purposes, as it can generate an
+// extremely large amount of output and drastically degrade performance.
+func (d *dentry) LogRefs() bool {
+	return false
+}
+
 // InotifyWithParent implements vfs.DentryImpl.InotifyWithParent.
 func (d *dentry) InotifyWithParent(ctx context.Context, events, cookie uint32, et vfs.EventType) {
 	//TODO(b/159261227): Implement InotifyWithParent.
diff --git a/pkg/sentry/vfs/mount.go b/pkg/sentry/vfs/mount.go
index d452d2cda..3ea981ad4 100644
--- a/pkg/sentry/vfs/mount.go
+++ b/pkg/sentry/vfs/mount.go
@@ -107,9 +107,7 @@ func newMount(vfs *VirtualFilesystem, fs *Filesystem, root *Dentry, mntns *Mount
 	if opts.ReadOnly {
 		mnt.setReadOnlyLocked(true)
 	}
-	if refsvfs2.LeakCheckEnabled() {
-		refsvfs2.Register(mnt, "vfs.Mount")
-	}
+	refsvfs2.Register(mnt)
 	return mnt
 }
 
@@ -474,11 +472,12 @@ func (vfs *VirtualFilesystem) disconnectLocked(mnt *Mount) VirtualDentry {
 // tryIncMountedRef does not require that a reference is held on mnt.
 func (mnt *Mount) tryIncMountedRef() bool {
 	for {
-		refs := atomic.LoadInt64(&mnt.refs)
-		if refs <= 0 { // refs < 0 => MSB set => eagerly unmounted
+		r := atomic.LoadInt64(&mnt.refs)
+		if r <= 0 { // r < 0 => MSB set => eagerly unmounted
 			return false
 		}
-		if atomic.CompareAndSwapInt64(&mnt.refs, refs, refs+1) {
+		if atomic.CompareAndSwapInt64(&mnt.refs, r, r+1) {
+			refsvfs2.LogTryIncRef(mnt, r+1)
 			return true
 		}
 	}
@@ -488,16 +487,15 @@ func (mnt *Mount) tryIncMountedRef() bool {
 func (mnt *Mount) IncRef() {
 	// In general, negative values for mnt.refs are valid because the MSB is
 	// the eager-unmount bit.
-	atomic.AddInt64(&mnt.refs, 1)
+	r := atomic.AddInt64(&mnt.refs, 1)
+	refsvfs2.LogIncRef(mnt, r)
 }
 
 // DecRef decrements mnt's reference count.
 func (mnt *Mount) DecRef(ctx context.Context) {
 	r := atomic.AddInt64(&mnt.refs, -1)
 	if r&^math.MinInt64 == 0 { // mask out MSB
-		if refsvfs2.LeakCheckEnabled() {
-			refsvfs2.Unregister(mnt, "vfs.Mount")
-		}
+		refsvfs2.Unregister(mnt)
 		mnt.destroy(ctx)
 	}
 }
@@ -520,11 +518,24 @@ func (mnt *Mount) destroy(ctx context.Context) {
 	}
 }
 
+// RefType implements refsvfs2.CheckedObject.Type.
+func (mnt *Mount) RefType() string {
+	return "vfs.Mount"
+}
+
 // LeakMessage implements refsvfs2.CheckedObject.LeakMessage.
 func (mnt *Mount) LeakMessage() string {
 	return fmt.Sprintf("[vfs.Mount %p] reference count of %d instead of 0", mnt, atomic.LoadInt64(&mnt.refs))
 }
 
+// LogRefs implements refsvfs2.CheckedObject.LogRefs.
+//
+// This should only be set to true for debugging purposes, as it can generate an
+// extremely large amount of output and drastically degrade performance.
+func (mnt *Mount) LogRefs() bool {
+	return false
+}
+
 // DecRef decrements mntns' reference count.
 func (mntns *MountNamespace) DecRef(ctx context.Context) {
 	vfs := mntns.root.fs.VirtualFilesystem()
diff --git a/pkg/sentry/vfs/save_restore.go b/pkg/sentry/vfs/save_restore.go
index 46e50d55d..7723ed643 100644
--- a/pkg/sentry/vfs/save_restore.go
+++ b/pkg/sentry/vfs/save_restore.go
@@ -111,8 +111,8 @@ func (vfs *VirtualFilesystem) loadMounts(mounts []*Mount) {
 }
 
 func (mnt *Mount) afterLoad() {
-	if refsvfs2.LeakCheckEnabled() && atomic.LoadInt64(&mnt.refs) != 0 {
-		refsvfs2.Register(mnt, "vfs.Mount")
+	if atomic.LoadInt64(&mnt.refs) != 0 {
+		refsvfs2.Register(mnt)
 	}
 }