Merge release-20210322.0-36-g491b106d6 (automated)

4 files changed, 2775 insertions, 0 deletions

diff --git a/pkg/sentry/fsimpl/verity/filesystem.go b/pkg/sentry/fsimpl/verity/filesystem.go
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..6cb1a23e0
--- /dev/null
+++ b/pkg/sentry/fsimpl/verity/filesystem.go
@@ -0,0 +1,1109 @@
+// Copyright 2020 The gVisor Authors.
+//
+// Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License");
+// you may not use this file except in compliance with the License.
+// You may obtain a copy of the License at
+//
+//     http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
+//
+// Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software
+// distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS,
+// WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.
+// See the License for the specific language governing permissions and
+// limitations under the License.
+
+package verity
+
+import (
+	"bytes"
+	"encoding/json"
+	"fmt"
+	"io"
+	"strconv"
+	"strings"
+	"sync/atomic"
+
+	"gvisor.dev/gvisor/pkg/abi/linux"
+	"gvisor.dev/gvisor/pkg/context"
+	"gvisor.dev/gvisor/pkg/fspath"
+	"gvisor.dev/gvisor/pkg/merkletree"
+	"gvisor.dev/gvisor/pkg/sentry/kernel/auth"
+	"gvisor.dev/gvisor/pkg/sentry/socket/unix/transport"
+	"gvisor.dev/gvisor/pkg/sentry/vfs"
+	"gvisor.dev/gvisor/pkg/sync"
+	"gvisor.dev/gvisor/pkg/syserror"
+	"gvisor.dev/gvisor/pkg/usermem"
+)
+
+// Sync implements vfs.FilesystemImpl.Sync.
+func (fs *filesystem) Sync(ctx context.Context) error {
+	// All files should be read-only.
+	return nil
+}
+
+var dentrySlicePool = sync.Pool{
+	New: func() interface{} {
+		ds := make([]*dentry, 0, 4) // arbitrary non-zero initial capacity
+		return &ds
+	},
+}
+
+func appendDentry(ds *[]*dentry, d *dentry) *[]*dentry {
+	if ds == nil {
+		ds = dentrySlicePool.Get().(*[]*dentry)
+	}
+	*ds = append(*ds, d)
+	return ds
+}
+
+// Preconditions: ds != nil.
+func putDentrySlice(ds *[]*dentry) {
+	// Allow dentries to be GC'd.
+	for i := range *ds {
+		(*ds)[i] = nil
+	}
+	*ds = (*ds)[:0]
+	dentrySlicePool.Put(ds)
+}
+
+// renameMuRUnlockAndCheckDrop calls fs.renameMu.RUnlock(), then calls
+// dentry.checkDropLocked on all dentries in *ds with fs.renameMu locked for
+// writing.
+//
+// ds is a pointer-to-pointer since defer evaluates its arguments immediately,
+// but dentry slices are allocated lazily, and it's much easier to say "defer
+// fs.renameMuRUnlockAndCheckDrop(&ds)" than "defer func() {
+// fs.renameMuRUnlockAndCheckDrop(ds) }()" to work around this.
+func (fs *filesystem) renameMuRUnlockAndCheckDrop(ctx context.Context, ds **[]*dentry) {
+	fs.renameMu.RUnlock()
+	if *ds == nil {
+		return
+	}
+	if len(**ds) != 0 {
+		fs.renameMu.Lock()
+		for _, d := range **ds {
+			d.checkDropLocked(ctx)
+		}
+		fs.renameMu.Unlock()
+	}
+	putDentrySlice(*ds)
+}
+
+func (fs *filesystem) renameMuUnlockAndCheckDrop(ctx context.Context, ds **[]*dentry) {
+	if *ds == nil {
+		fs.renameMu.Unlock()
+		return
+	}
+	for _, d := range **ds {
+		d.checkDropLocked(ctx)
+	}
+	fs.renameMu.Unlock()
+	putDentrySlice(*ds)
+}
+
+// stepLocked resolves rp.Component() to an existing file, starting from the
+// given directory.
+//
+// Dentries which may have a reference count of zero, and which therefore
+// should be dropped once traversal is complete, are appended to ds.
+//
+// Preconditions:
+// * fs.renameMu must be locked.
+// * d.dirMu must be locked.
+// * !rp.Done().
+func (fs *filesystem) stepLocked(ctx context.Context, rp *vfs.ResolvingPath, d *dentry, mayFollowSymlinks bool, ds **[]*dentry) (*dentry, error) {
+	if !d.isDir() {
+		return nil, syserror.ENOTDIR
+	}
+
+	if err := d.checkPermissions(rp.Credentials(), vfs.MayExec); err != nil {
+		return nil, err
+	}
+
+afterSymlink:
+	name := rp.Component()
+	if name == "." {
+		rp.Advance()
+		return d, nil
+	}
+	if name == ".." {
+		if isRoot, err := rp.CheckRoot(ctx, &d.vfsd); err != nil {
+			return nil, err
+		} else if isRoot || d.parent == nil {
+			rp.Advance()
+			return d, nil
+		}
+		if err := rp.CheckMount(ctx, &d.parent.vfsd); err != nil {
+			return nil, err
+		}
+		rp.Advance()
+		return d.parent, nil
+	}
+	child, err := fs.getChildLocked(ctx, d, name, ds)
+	if err != nil {
+		return nil, err
+	}
+	if err := rp.CheckMount(ctx, &child.vfsd); err != nil {
+		return nil, err
+	}
+	if child.isSymlink() && mayFollowSymlinks && rp.ShouldFollowSymlink() {
+		target, err := child.readlink(ctx)
+		if err != nil {
+			return nil, err
+		}
+		if err := rp.HandleSymlink(target); err != nil {
+			return nil, err
+		}
+		goto afterSymlink // don't check the current directory again
+	}
+	rp.Advance()
+	return child, nil
+}
+
+// verifyChildLocked verifies the hash of child against the already verified
+// hash of the parent to ensure the child is expected.  verifyChild triggers a
+// sentry panic if unexpected modifications to the file system are detected. In
+// ErrorOnViolation mode it returns a syserror instead.
+//
+// Preconditions:
+// * fs.renameMu must be locked.
+// * d.dirMu must be locked.
+//
+// TODO(b/166474175): Investigate all possible errors returned in this
+// function, and make sure we differentiate all errors that indicate unexpected
+// modifications to the file system from the ones that are not harmful.
+func (fs *filesystem) verifyChildLocked(ctx context.Context, parent *dentry, child *dentry) (*dentry, error) {
+	vfsObj := fs.vfsfs.VirtualFilesystem()
+
+	// Get the path to the child dentry. This is only used to provide path
+	// information in failure case.
+	childPath, err := vfsObj.PathnameWithDeleted(ctx, child.fs.rootDentry.lowerVD, child.lowerVD)
+	if err != nil {
+		return nil, err
+	}
+
+	fs.verityMu.RLock()
+	defer fs.verityMu.RUnlock()
+	// Read the offset of the child from the extended attributes of the
+	// corresponding Merkle tree file.
+	// This is the offset of the hash for child in its parent's Merkle tree
+	// file.
+	off, err := vfsObj.GetXattrAt(ctx, fs.creds, &vfs.PathOperation{
+		Root:  child.lowerMerkleVD,
+		Start: child.lowerMerkleVD,
+	}, &vfs.GetXattrOptions{
+		Name: merkleOffsetInParentXattr,
+		Size: sizeOfStringInt32,
+	})
+
+	// The Merkle tree file for the child should have been created and
+	// contains the expected xattrs. If the file or the xattr does not
+	// exist, it indicates unexpected modifications to the file system.
+	if err == syserror.ENOENT || err == syserror.ENODATA {
+		return nil, alertIntegrityViolation(fmt.Sprintf("Failed to get xattr %s for %s: %v", merkleOffsetInParentXattr, childPath, err))
+	}
+	if err != nil {
+		return nil, err
+	}
+	// The offset xattr should be an integer. If it's not, it indicates
+	// unexpected modifications to the file system.
+	offset, err := strconv.Atoi(off)
+	if err != nil {
+		return nil, alertIntegrityViolation(fmt.Sprintf("Failed to convert xattr %s for %s to int: %v", merkleOffsetInParentXattr, childPath, err))
+	}
+
+	// Open parent Merkle tree file to read and verify child's hash.
+	parentMerkleFD, err := vfsObj.OpenAt(ctx, fs.creds, &vfs.PathOperation{
+		Root:  parent.lowerMerkleVD,
+		Start: parent.lowerMerkleVD,
+	}, &vfs.OpenOptions{
+		Flags: linux.O_RDONLY,
+	})
+
+	// The parent Merkle tree file should have been created. If it's
+	// missing, it indicates an unexpected modification to the file system.
+	if err == syserror.ENOENT {
+		return nil, alertIntegrityViolation(fmt.Sprintf("Failed to open parent Merkle file for %s: %v", childPath, err))
+	}
+	if err != nil {
+		return nil, err
+	}
+
+	// dataSize is the size of raw data for the Merkle tree. For a file,
+	// dataSize is the size of the whole file. For a directory, dataSize is
+	// the size of all its children's hashes.
+	dataSize, err := parentMerkleFD.GetXattr(ctx, &vfs.GetXattrOptions{
+		Name: merkleSizeXattr,
+		Size: sizeOfStringInt32,
+	})
+
+	// The Merkle tree file for the child should have been created and
+	// contains the expected xattrs. If the file or the xattr does not
+	// exist, it indicates unexpected modifications to the file system.
+	if err == syserror.ENOENT || err == syserror.ENODATA {
+		return nil, alertIntegrityViolation(fmt.Sprintf("Failed to get xattr %s for %s: %v", merkleSizeXattr, childPath, err))
+	}
+	if err != nil {
+		return nil, err
+	}
+
+	// The dataSize xattr should be an integer. If it's not, it indicates
+	// unexpected modifications to the file system.
+	parentSize, err := strconv.Atoi(dataSize)
+	if err != nil {
+		return nil, alertIntegrityViolation(fmt.Sprintf("Failed to convert xattr %s for %s to int: %v", merkleSizeXattr, childPath, err))
+	}
+
+	fdReader := FileReadWriteSeeker{
+		FD:  parentMerkleFD,
+		Ctx: ctx,
+	}
+
+	parentStat, err := vfsObj.StatAt(ctx, fs.creds, &vfs.PathOperation{
+		Root:  parent.lowerVD,
+		Start: parent.lowerVD,
+	}, &vfs.StatOptions{})
+	if err == syserror.ENOENT {
+		return nil, alertIntegrityViolation(fmt.Sprintf("Failed to get parent stat for %s: %v", childPath, err))
+	}
+	if err != nil {
+		return nil, err
+	}
+
+	// Since we are verifying against a directory Merkle tree, buf should
+	// contain the hash of the children in the parent Merkle tree when
+	// Verify returns with success.
+	var buf bytes.Buffer
+	parent.hashMu.RLock()
+	_, err = merkletree.Verify(&merkletree.VerifyParams{
+		Out:      &buf,
+		File:     &fdReader,
+		Tree:     &fdReader,
+		Size:     int64(parentSize),
+		Name:     parent.name,
+		Mode:     uint32(parentStat.Mode),
+		UID:      parentStat.UID,
+		GID:      parentStat.GID,
+		Children: parent.childrenNames,
+		//TODO(b/156980949): Support passing other hash algorithms.
+		HashAlgorithms:        fs.alg.toLinuxHashAlg(),
+		ReadOffset:            int64(offset),
+		ReadSize:              int64(merkletree.DigestSize(fs.alg.toLinuxHashAlg())),
+		Expected:              parent.hash,
+		DataAndTreeInSameFile: true,
+	})
+	parent.hashMu.RUnlock()
+	if err != nil && err != io.EOF {
+		return nil, alertIntegrityViolation(fmt.Sprintf("Verification for %s failed: %v", childPath, err))
+	}
+
+	// Cache child hash when it's verified the first time.
+	child.hashMu.Lock()
+	if len(child.hash) == 0 {
+		child.hash = buf.Bytes()
+	}
+	child.hashMu.Unlock()
+	return child, nil
+}
+
+// verifyStatAndChildrenLocked verifies the stat and children names against the
+// verified hash. The mode/uid/gid and childrenNames of the file is cached
+// after verified.
+//
+// Preconditions: d.dirMu must be locked.
+func (fs *filesystem) verifyStatAndChildrenLocked(ctx context.Context, d *dentry, stat linux.Statx) error {
+	vfsObj := fs.vfsfs.VirtualFilesystem()
+
+	// Get the path to the child dentry. This is only used to provide path
+	// information in failure case.
+	childPath, err := vfsObj.PathnameWithDeleted(ctx, d.fs.rootDentry.lowerVD, d.lowerVD)
+	if err != nil {
+		return err
+	}
+
+	fs.verityMu.RLock()
+	defer fs.verityMu.RUnlock()
+
+	fd, err := vfsObj.OpenAt(ctx, fs.creds, &vfs.PathOperation{
+		Root:  d.lowerMerkleVD,
+		Start: d.lowerMerkleVD,
+	}, &vfs.OpenOptions{
+		Flags: linux.O_RDONLY,
+	})
+	if err == syserror.ENOENT {
+		return alertIntegrityViolation(fmt.Sprintf("Failed to open merkle file for %s: %v", childPath, err))
+	}
+	if err != nil {
+		return err
+	}
+
+	merkleSize, err := fd.GetXattr(ctx, &vfs.GetXattrOptions{
+		Name: merkleSizeXattr,
+		Size: sizeOfStringInt32,
+	})
+
+	if err == syserror.ENODATA {
+		return alertIntegrityViolation(fmt.Sprintf("Failed to get xattr %s for merkle file of %s: %v", merkleSizeXattr, childPath, err))
+	}
+	if err != nil {
+		return err
+	}
+
+	size, err := strconv.Atoi(merkleSize)
+	if err != nil {
+		return alertIntegrityViolation(fmt.Sprintf("Failed to convert xattr %s for %s to int: %v", merkleSizeXattr, childPath, err))
+	}
+
+	if d.isDir() && len(d.childrenNames) == 0 {
+		childrenOffString, err := fd.GetXattr(ctx, &vfs.GetXattrOptions{
+			Name: childrenOffsetXattr,
+			Size: sizeOfStringInt32,
+		})
+
+		if err == syserror.ENODATA {
+			return alertIntegrityViolation(fmt.Sprintf("Failed to get xattr %s for merkle file of %s: %v", childrenOffsetXattr, childPath, err))
+		}
+		if err != nil {
+			return err
+		}
+		childrenOffset, err := strconv.Atoi(childrenOffString)
+		if err != nil {
+			return alertIntegrityViolation(fmt.Sprintf("Failed to convert xattr %s to int: %v", childrenOffsetXattr, err))
+		}
+
+		childrenSizeString, err := fd.GetXattr(ctx, &vfs.GetXattrOptions{
+			Name: childrenSizeXattr,
+			Size: sizeOfStringInt32,
+		})
+
+		if err == syserror.ENODATA {
+			return alertIntegrityViolation(fmt.Sprintf("Failed to get xattr %s for merkle file of %s: %v", childrenSizeXattr, childPath, err))
+		}
+		if err != nil {
+			return err
+		}
+		childrenSize, err := strconv.Atoi(childrenSizeString)
+		if err != nil {
+			return alertIntegrityViolation(fmt.Sprintf("Failed to convert xattr %s to int: %v", childrenSizeXattr, err))
+		}
+
+		childrenNames := make([]byte, childrenSize)
+		if _, err := fd.PRead(ctx, usermem.BytesIOSequence(childrenNames), int64(childrenOffset), vfs.ReadOptions{}); err != nil {
+			return alertIntegrityViolation(fmt.Sprintf("Failed to read children map for %s: %v", childPath, err))
+		}
+
+		if err := json.Unmarshal(childrenNames, &d.childrenNames); err != nil {
+			return alertIntegrityViolation(fmt.Sprintf("Failed to deserialize childrenNames of %s: %v", childPath, err))
+		}
+	}
+
+	fdReader := FileReadWriteSeeker{
+		FD:  fd,
+		Ctx: ctx,
+	}
+
+	var buf bytes.Buffer
+	d.hashMu.RLock()
+	params := &merkletree.VerifyParams{
+		Out:      &buf,
+		Tree:     &fdReader,
+		Size:     int64(size),
+		Name:     d.name,
+		Mode:     uint32(stat.Mode),
+		UID:      stat.UID,
+		GID:      stat.GID,
+		Children: d.childrenNames,
+		//TODO(b/156980949): Support passing other hash algorithms.
+		HashAlgorithms: fs.alg.toLinuxHashAlg(),
+		ReadOffset:     0,
+		// Set read size to 0 so only the metadata is verified.
+		ReadSize:              0,
+		Expected:              d.hash,
+		DataAndTreeInSameFile: false,
+	}
+	d.hashMu.RUnlock()
+	if atomic.LoadUint32(&d.mode)&linux.S_IFMT == linux.S_IFDIR {
+		params.DataAndTreeInSameFile = true
+	}
+
+	if d.isSymlink() {
+		target, err := vfsObj.ReadlinkAt(ctx, d.fs.creds, &vfs.PathOperation{
+			Root:  d.lowerVD,
+			Start: d.lowerVD,
+		})
+		if err != nil {
+			return err
+		}
+		params.SymlinkTarget = target
+	}
+
+	if _, err := merkletree.Verify(params); err != nil && err != io.EOF {
+		return alertIntegrityViolation(fmt.Sprintf("Verification stat for %s failed: %v", childPath, err))
+	}
+	d.mode = uint32(stat.Mode)
+	d.uid = stat.UID
+	d.gid = stat.GID
+	d.size = uint32(size)
+	d.symlinkTarget = params.SymlinkTarget
+	return nil
+}
+
+// Preconditions:
+// * fs.renameMu must be locked.
+// * parent.dirMu must be locked.
+func (fs *filesystem) getChildLocked(ctx context.Context, parent *dentry, name string, ds **[]*dentry) (*dentry, error) {
+	if child, ok := parent.children[name]; ok {
+		// If verity is enabled on child, we should check again whether
+		// the file and the corresponding Merkle tree are as expected,
+		// in order to catch deletion/renaming after the last time it's
+		// accessed.
+		if child.verityEnabled() {
+			vfsObj := fs.vfsfs.VirtualFilesystem()
+			// Get the path to the child dentry. This is only used
+			// to provide path information in failure case.
+			path, err := vfsObj.PathnameWithDeleted(ctx, child.fs.rootDentry.lowerVD, child.lowerVD)
+			if err != nil {
+				return nil, err
+			}
+
+			childVD, err := parent.getLowerAt(ctx, vfsObj, name)
+			if err == syserror.ENOENT {
+				// The file was previously accessed. If the
+				// file does not exist now, it indicates an
+				// unexpected modification to the file system.
+				return nil, alertIntegrityViolation(fmt.Sprintf("Target file %s is expected but missing", path))
+			}
+			if err != nil {
+				return nil, err
+			}
+			defer childVD.DecRef(ctx)
+
+			childMerkleVD, err := parent.getLowerAt(ctx, vfsObj, merklePrefix+name)
+			// The Merkle tree file was previous accessed. If it
+			// does not exist now, it indicates an unexpected
+			// modification to the file system.
+			if err == syserror.ENOENT {
+				return nil, alertIntegrityViolation(fmt.Sprintf("Expected Merkle file for target %s but none found", path))
+			}
+			if err != nil {
+				return nil, err
+			}
+
+			defer childMerkleVD.DecRef(ctx)
+		}
+
+		// If enabling verification on files/directories is not allowed
+		// during runtime, all cached children are already verified. If
+		// runtime enable is allowed and the parent directory is
+		// enabled, we should verify the child hash here because it may
+		// be cached before enabled.
+		if fs.allowRuntimeEnable {
+			if parent.verityEnabled() {
+				if _, err := fs.verifyChildLocked(ctx, parent, child); err != nil {
+					return nil, err
+				}
+			}
+			if child.verityEnabled() {
+				vfsObj := fs.vfsfs.VirtualFilesystem()
+				mask := uint32(linux.STATX_TYPE | linux.STATX_MODE | linux.STATX_UID | linux.STATX_GID)
+				stat, err := vfsObj.StatAt(ctx, fs.creds, &vfs.PathOperation{
+					Root:  child.lowerVD,
+					Start: child.lowerVD,
+				}, &vfs.StatOptions{
+					Mask: mask,
+				})
+				if err != nil {
+					return nil, err
+				}
+				if err := fs.verifyStatAndChildrenLocked(ctx, child, stat); err != nil {
+					return nil, err
+				}
+			}
+		}
+		return child, nil
+	}
+	child, err := fs.lookupAndVerifyLocked(ctx, parent, name)
+	if err != nil {
+		return nil, err
+	}
+	if parent.children == nil {
+		parent.children = make(map[string]*dentry)
+	}
+	parent.children[name] = child
+	// child's refcount is initially 0, so it may be dropped after traversal.
+	*ds = appendDentry(*ds, child)
+	return child, nil
+}
+
+// Preconditions:
+// * fs.renameMu must be locked.
+// * parent.dirMu must be locked.
+func (fs *filesystem) lookupAndVerifyLocked(ctx context.Context, parent *dentry, name string) (*dentry, error) {
+	vfsObj := fs.vfsfs.VirtualFilesystem()
+
+	if parent.verityEnabled() {
+		if _, ok := parent.childrenNames[name]; !ok {
+			return nil, syserror.ENOENT
+		}
+	}
+
+	parentPath, err := vfsObj.PathnameWithDeleted(ctx, parent.fs.rootDentry.lowerVD, parent.lowerVD)
+	if err != nil {
+		return nil, err
+	}
+
+	childVD, err := parent.getLowerAt(ctx, vfsObj, name)
+	if err == syserror.ENOENT {
+		return nil, alertIntegrityViolation(fmt.Sprintf("file %s expected but not found", parentPath+"/"+name))
+	}
+	if err != nil {
+		return nil, err
+	}
+
+	// The dentry needs to be cleaned up if any error occurs. IncRef will be
+	// called if a verity child dentry is successfully created.
+	defer childVD.DecRef(ctx)
+
+	childMerkleVD, err := parent.getLowerAt(ctx, vfsObj, merklePrefix+name)
+	if err == syserror.ENOENT {
+		if !fs.allowRuntimeEnable {
+			return nil, alertIntegrityViolation(fmt.Sprintf("Merkle file for %s expected but not found", parentPath+"/"+name))
+		}
+		childMerkleFD, err := vfsObj.OpenAt(ctx, fs.creds, &vfs.PathOperation{
+			Root:  parent.lowerVD,
+			Start: parent.lowerVD,
+			Path:  fspath.Parse(merklePrefix + name),
+		}, &vfs.OpenOptions{
+			Flags: linux.O_RDWR | linux.O_CREAT,
+			Mode:  0644,
+		})
+		if err != nil {
+			return nil, err
+		}
+		childMerkleFD.DecRef(ctx)
+		childMerkleVD, err = parent.getLowerAt(ctx, vfsObj, merklePrefix+name)
+		if err != nil {
+			return nil, err
+		}
+	}
+	if err != nil && err != syserror.ENOENT {
+		return nil, err
+	}
+
+	// Clear the Merkle tree file if they are to be generated at runtime.
+	// TODO(b/182315468): Optimize the Merkle tree generate process to
+	// allow only updating certain files/directories.
+	if fs.allowRuntimeEnable {
+		childMerkleFD, err := vfsObj.OpenAt(ctx, fs.creds, &vfs.PathOperation{
+			Root:  childMerkleVD,
+			Start: childMerkleVD,
+		}, &vfs.OpenOptions{
+			Flags: linux.O_RDWR | linux.O_TRUNC,
+			Mode:  0644,
+		})
+		if err != nil {
+			return nil, err
+		}
+		childMerkleFD.DecRef(ctx)
+	}
+
+	// The dentry needs to be cleaned up if any error occurs. IncRef will be
+	// called if a verity child dentry is successfully created.
+	defer childMerkleVD.DecRef(ctx)
+
+	mask := uint32(linux.STATX_TYPE | linux.STATX_MODE | linux.STATX_UID | linux.STATX_GID)
+	stat, err := vfsObj.StatAt(ctx, fs.creds, &vfs.PathOperation{
+		Root:  childVD,
+		Start: childVD,
+	}, &vfs.StatOptions{
+		Mask: mask,
+	})
+	if err != nil {
+		return nil, err
+	}
+
+	child := fs.newDentry()
+	child.lowerVD = childVD
+	child.lowerMerkleVD = childMerkleVD
+
+	// Increase the reference for both childVD and childMerkleVD as they are
+	// held by child. If this function fails and the child is destroyed, the
+	// references will be decreased in destroyLocked.
+	childVD.IncRef()
+	childMerkleVD.IncRef()
+
+	parent.IncRef()
+	child.parent = parent
+	child.name = name
+
+	child.mode = uint32(stat.Mode)
+	child.uid = stat.UID
+	child.gid = stat.GID
+	child.childrenNames = make(map[string]struct{})
+
+	// Verify child hash. This should always be performed unless in
+	// allowRuntimeEnable mode and the parent directory hasn't been enabled
+	// yet.
+	if parent.verityEnabled() {
+		if _, err := fs.verifyChildLocked(ctx, parent, child); err != nil {
+			child.destroyLocked(ctx)
+			return nil, err
+		}
+	}
+	if child.verityEnabled() {
+		if err := fs.verifyStatAndChildrenLocked(ctx, child, stat); err != nil {
+			child.destroyLocked(ctx)
+			return nil, err
+		}
+	}
+
+	return child, nil
+}
+
+// walkParentDirLocked resolves all but the last path component of rp to an
+// existing directory, starting from the given directory (which is usually
+// rp.Start().Impl().(*dentry)). It does not check that the returned directory
+// is searchable by the provider of rp.
+//
+// Preconditions:
+// * fs.renameMu must be locked.
+// * !rp.Done().
+func (fs *filesystem) walkParentDirLocked(ctx context.Context, rp *vfs.ResolvingPath, d *dentry, ds **[]*dentry) (*dentry, error) {
+	for !rp.Final() {
+		d.dirMu.Lock()
+		next, err := fs.stepLocked(ctx, rp, d, true /* mayFollowSymlinks */, ds)
+		d.dirMu.Unlock()
+		if err != nil {
+			return nil, err
+		}
+		d = next
+	}
+	if !d.isDir() {
+		return nil, syserror.ENOTDIR
+	}
+	return d, nil
+}
+
+// resolveLocked resolves rp to an existing file.
+//
+// Preconditions: fs.renameMu must be locked.
+func (fs *filesystem) resolveLocked(ctx context.Context, rp *vfs.ResolvingPath, ds **[]*dentry) (*dentry, error) {
+	d := rp.Start().Impl().(*dentry)
+	for !rp.Done() {
+		d.dirMu.Lock()
+		next, err := fs.stepLocked(ctx, rp, d, true /* mayFollowSymlinks */, ds)
+		d.dirMu.Unlock()
+		if err != nil {
+			return nil, err
+		}
+		d = next
+	}
+	if rp.MustBeDir() && !d.isDir() {
+		return nil, syserror.ENOTDIR
+	}
+	return d, nil
+}
+
+// AccessAt implements vfs.Filesystem.Impl.AccessAt.
+func (fs *filesystem) AccessAt(ctx context.Context, rp *vfs.ResolvingPath, creds *auth.Credentials, ats vfs.AccessTypes) error {
+	// Verity file system is read-only.
+	if ats&vfs.MayWrite != 0 {
+		return syserror.EROFS
+	}
+	var ds *[]*dentry
+	fs.renameMu.RLock()
+	defer fs.renameMuRUnlockAndCheckDrop(ctx, &ds)
+	d, err := fs.resolveLocked(ctx, rp, &ds)
+	if err != nil {
+		return err
+	}
+	return d.checkPermissions(creds, ats)
+}
+
+// GetDentryAt implements vfs.FilesystemImpl.GetDentryAt.
+func (fs *filesystem) GetDentryAt(ctx context.Context, rp *vfs.ResolvingPath, opts vfs.GetDentryOptions) (*vfs.Dentry, error) {
+	var ds *[]*dentry
+	fs.renameMu.RLock()
+	defer fs.renameMuRUnlockAndCheckDrop(ctx, &ds)
+	d, err := fs.resolveLocked(ctx, rp, &ds)
+	if err != nil {
+		return nil, err
+	}
+	if opts.CheckSearchable {
+		if !d.isDir() {
+			return nil, syserror.ENOTDIR
+		}
+		if err := d.checkPermissions(rp.Credentials(), vfs.MayExec); err != nil {
+			return nil, err
+		}
+	}
+	d.IncRef()
+	return &d.vfsd, nil
+}
+
+// GetParentDentryAt implements vfs.FilesystemImpl.GetParentDentryAt.
+func (fs *filesystem) GetParentDentryAt(ctx context.Context, rp *vfs.ResolvingPath) (*vfs.Dentry, error) {
+	var ds *[]*dentry
+	fs.renameMu.RLock()
+	defer fs.renameMuRUnlockAndCheckDrop(ctx, &ds)
+	start := rp.Start().Impl().(*dentry)
+	d, err := fs.walkParentDirLocked(ctx, rp, start, &ds)
+	if err != nil {
+		return nil, err
+	}
+	d.IncRef()
+	return &d.vfsd, nil
+}
+
+// LinkAt implements vfs.FilesystemImpl.LinkAt.
+func (fs *filesystem) LinkAt(ctx context.Context, rp *vfs.ResolvingPath, vd vfs.VirtualDentry) error {
+	// Verity file system is read-only.
+	return syserror.EROFS
+}
+
+// MkdirAt implements vfs.FilesystemImpl.MkdirAt.
+func (fs *filesystem) MkdirAt(ctx context.Context, rp *vfs.ResolvingPath, opts vfs.MkdirOptions) error {
+	// Verity file system is read-only.
+	return syserror.EROFS
+}
+
+// MknodAt implements vfs.FilesystemImpl.MknodAt.
+func (fs *filesystem) MknodAt(ctx context.Context, rp *vfs.ResolvingPath, opts vfs.MknodOptions) error {
+	// Verity file system is read-only.
+	return syserror.EROFS
+}
+
+// OpenAt implements vfs.FilesystemImpl.OpenAt.
+func (fs *filesystem) OpenAt(ctx context.Context, rp *vfs.ResolvingPath, opts vfs.OpenOptions) (*vfs.FileDescription, error) {
+	// Verity fs is read-only.
+	if opts.Flags&(linux.O_WRONLY|linux.O_CREAT) != 0 {
+		return nil, syserror.EROFS
+	}
+
+	var ds *[]*dentry
+	fs.renameMu.RLock()
+	defer fs.renameMuRUnlockAndCheckDrop(ctx, &ds)
+
+	start := rp.Start().Impl().(*dentry)
+	if rp.Done() {
+		return start.openLocked(ctx, rp, &opts)
+	}
+
+afterTrailingSymlink:
+	parent, err := fs.walkParentDirLocked(ctx, rp, start, &ds)
+	if err != nil {
+		return nil, err
+	}
+
+	// Check for search permission in the parent directory.
+	if err := parent.checkPermissions(rp.Credentials(), vfs.MayExec); err != nil {
+		return nil, err
+	}
+
+	// Open existing child or follow symlink.
+	parent.dirMu.Lock()
+	child, err := fs.stepLocked(ctx, rp, parent, false /*mayFollowSymlinks*/, &ds)
+	parent.dirMu.Unlock()
+	if err != nil {
+		return nil, err
+	}
+	if child.isSymlink() && rp.ShouldFollowSymlink() {
+		target, err := child.readlink(ctx)
+		if err != nil {
+			return nil, err
+		}
+		if err := rp.HandleSymlink(target); err != nil {
+			return nil, err
+		}
+		start = parent
+		goto afterTrailingSymlink
+	}
+	return child.openLocked(ctx, rp, &opts)
+}
+
+// Preconditions: fs.renameMu must be locked.
+func (d *dentry) openLocked(ctx context.Context, rp *vfs.ResolvingPath, opts *vfs.OpenOptions) (*vfs.FileDescription, error) {
+	// Users should not open the Merkle tree files. Those are for verity fs
+	// use only.
+	if strings.Contains(d.name, merklePrefix) {
+		return nil, syserror.EPERM
+	}
+	ats := vfs.AccessTypesForOpenFlags(opts)
+	if err := d.checkPermissions(rp.Credentials(), ats); err != nil {
+		return nil, err
+	}
+
+	// Verity fs is read-only.
+	if ats&vfs.MayWrite != 0 {
+		return nil, syserror.EROFS
+	}
+
+	// Get the path to the target file. This is only used to provide path
+	// information in failure case.
+	path, err := d.fs.vfsfs.VirtualFilesystem().PathnameWithDeleted(ctx, d.fs.rootDentry.lowerVD, d.lowerVD)
+	if err != nil {
+		return nil, err
+	}
+
+	// Open the file in the underlying file system.
+	lowerFD, err := rp.VirtualFilesystem().OpenAt(ctx, d.fs.creds, &vfs.PathOperation{
+		Root:  d.lowerVD,
+		Start: d.lowerVD,
+	}, opts)
+
+	// The file should exist, as we succeeded in finding its dentry. If it's
+	// missing, it indicates an unexpected modification to the file system.
+	if err != nil {
+		if err == syserror.ENOENT {
+			return nil, alertIntegrityViolation(fmt.Sprintf("File %s expected but not found", path))
+		}
+		return nil, err
+	}
+
+	// lowerFD needs to be cleaned up if any error occurs. IncRef will be
+	// called if a verity FD is successfully created.
+	defer lowerFD.DecRef(ctx)
+
+	// Open the Merkle tree file corresponding to the current file/directory
+	// to be used later for verifying Read/Walk.
+	merkleReader, err := rp.VirtualFilesystem().OpenAt(ctx, d.fs.creds, &vfs.PathOperation{
+		Root:  d.lowerMerkleVD,
+		Start: d.lowerMerkleVD,
+	}, &vfs.OpenOptions{
+		Flags: linux.O_RDONLY,
+	})
+
+	// The Merkle tree file should exist, as we succeeded in finding its
+	// dentry. If it's missing, it indicates an unexpected modification to
+	// the file system.
+	if err != nil {
+		if err == syserror.ENOENT {
+			return nil, alertIntegrityViolation(fmt.Sprintf("Merkle file for %s expected but not found", path))
+		}
+		return nil, err
+	}
+
+	// merkleReader needs to be cleaned up if any error occurs. IncRef will
+	// be called if a verity FD is successfully created.
+	defer merkleReader.DecRef(ctx)
+
+	lowerFlags := lowerFD.StatusFlags()
+	lowerFDOpts := lowerFD.Options()
+	var merkleWriter *vfs.FileDescription
+	var parentMerkleWriter *vfs.FileDescription
+
+	// Only open the Merkle tree files for write if in allowRuntimeEnable
+	// mode.
+	if d.fs.allowRuntimeEnable {
+		merkleWriter, err = rp.VirtualFilesystem().OpenAt(ctx, d.fs.creds, &vfs.PathOperation{
+			Root:  d.lowerMerkleVD,
+			Start: d.lowerMerkleVD,
+		}, &vfs.OpenOptions{
+			Flags: linux.O_WRONLY | linux.O_APPEND,
+		})
+		if err != nil {
+			if err == syserror.ENOENT {
+				return nil, alertIntegrityViolation(fmt.Sprintf("Merkle file for %s expected but not found", path))
+			}
+			return nil, err
+		}
+		// merkleWriter is cleaned up if any error occurs. IncRef will
+		// be called if a verity FD is created successfully.
+		defer merkleWriter.DecRef(ctx)
+
+		if d.parent != nil {
+			parentMerkleWriter, err = rp.VirtualFilesystem().OpenAt(ctx, d.fs.creds, &vfs.PathOperation{
+				Root:  d.parent.lowerMerkleVD,
+				Start: d.parent.lowerMerkleVD,
+			}, &vfs.OpenOptions{
+				Flags: linux.O_WRONLY | linux.O_APPEND,
+			})
+			if err != nil {
+				if err == syserror.ENOENT {
+					parentPath, _ := d.fs.vfsfs.VirtualFilesystem().PathnameWithDeleted(ctx, d.fs.rootDentry.lowerVD, d.parent.lowerVD)
+					return nil, alertIntegrityViolation(fmt.Sprintf("Merkle file for %s expected but not found", parentPath))
+				}
+				return nil, err
+			}
+			// parentMerkleWriter is cleaned up if any error occurs. IncRef
+			// will be called if a verity FD is created successfully.
+			defer parentMerkleWriter.DecRef(ctx)
+		}
+	}
+
+	fd := &fileDescription{
+		d:                  d,
+		lowerFD:            lowerFD,
+		merkleReader:       merkleReader,
+		merkleWriter:       merkleWriter,
+		parentMerkleWriter: parentMerkleWriter,
+		isDir:              d.isDir(),
+	}
+
+	if err := fd.vfsfd.Init(fd, lowerFlags, rp.Mount(), &d.vfsd, &lowerFDOpts); err != nil {
+		return nil, err
+	}
+	lowerFD.IncRef()
+	merkleReader.IncRef()
+	if merkleWriter != nil {
+		merkleWriter.IncRef()
+	}
+	if parentMerkleWriter != nil {
+		parentMerkleWriter.IncRef()
+	}
+	return &fd.vfsfd, err
+}
+
+// ReadlinkAt implements vfs.FilesystemImpl.ReadlinkAt.
+func (fs *filesystem) ReadlinkAt(ctx context.Context, rp *vfs.ResolvingPath) (string, error) {
+	var ds *[]*dentry
+	fs.renameMu.RLock()
+	defer fs.renameMuRUnlockAndCheckDrop(ctx, &ds)
+	d, err := fs.resolveLocked(ctx, rp, &ds)
+	if err != nil {
+		return "", err
+	}
+	return d.readlink(ctx)
+}
+
+// RenameAt implements vfs.FilesystemImpl.RenameAt.
+func (fs *filesystem) RenameAt(ctx context.Context, rp *vfs.ResolvingPath, oldParentVD vfs.VirtualDentry, oldName string, opts vfs.RenameOptions) error {
+	// Verity file system is read-only.
+	return syserror.EROFS
+}
+
+// RmdirAt implements vfs.FilesystemImpl.RmdirAt.
+func (fs *filesystem) RmdirAt(ctx context.Context, rp *vfs.ResolvingPath) error {
+	// Verity file system is read-only.
+	return syserror.EROFS
+}
+
+// SetStatAt implements vfs.FilesystemImpl.SetStatAt.
+func (fs *filesystem) SetStatAt(ctx context.Context, rp *vfs.ResolvingPath, opts vfs.SetStatOptions) error {
+	// Verity file system is read-only.
+	return syserror.EROFS
+}
+
+// StatAt implements vfs.FilesystemImpl.StatAt.
+// TODO(b/170157489): Investigate whether stats other than Mode/UID/GID should
+// be verified.
+func (fs *filesystem) StatAt(ctx context.Context, rp *vfs.ResolvingPath, opts vfs.StatOptions) (linux.Statx, error) {
+	var ds *[]*dentry
+	fs.renameMu.RLock()
+	defer fs.renameMuRUnlockAndCheckDrop(ctx, &ds)
+	d, err := fs.resolveLocked(ctx, rp, &ds)
+	if err != nil {
+		return linux.Statx{}, err
+	}
+
+	var stat linux.Statx
+	stat, err = fs.vfsfs.VirtualFilesystem().StatAt(ctx, fs.creds, &vfs.PathOperation{
+		Root:  d.lowerVD,
+		Start: d.lowerVD,
+	}, &opts)
+	if err != nil {
+		return linux.Statx{}, err
+	}
+	d.dirMu.Lock()
+	if d.verityEnabled() {
+		if err := fs.verifyStatAndChildrenLocked(ctx, d, stat); err != nil {
+			return linux.Statx{}, err
+		}
+	}
+	d.dirMu.Unlock()
+	return stat, nil
+}
+
+// StatFSAt implements vfs.FilesystemImpl.StatFSAt.
+func (fs *filesystem) StatFSAt(ctx context.Context, rp *vfs.ResolvingPath) (linux.Statfs, error) {
+	// TODO(b/159261227): Implement StatFSAt.
+	return linux.Statfs{}, nil
+}
+
+// SymlinkAt implements vfs.FilesystemImpl.SymlinkAt.
+func (fs *filesystem) SymlinkAt(ctx context.Context, rp *vfs.ResolvingPath, target string) error {
+	// Verity file system is read-only.
+	return syserror.EROFS
+}
+
+// UnlinkAt implements vfs.FilesystemImpl.UnlinkAt.
+func (fs *filesystem) UnlinkAt(ctx context.Context, rp *vfs.ResolvingPath) error {
+	// Verity file system is read-only.
+	return syserror.EROFS
+}
+
+// BoundEndpointAt implements vfs.FilesystemImpl.BoundEndpointAt.
+func (fs *filesystem) BoundEndpointAt(ctx context.Context, rp *vfs.ResolvingPath, opts vfs.BoundEndpointOptions) (transport.BoundEndpoint, error) {
+	var ds *[]*dentry
+	fs.renameMu.RLock()
+	defer fs.renameMuRUnlockAndCheckDrop(ctx, &ds)
+	if _, err := fs.resolveLocked(ctx, rp, &ds); err != nil {
+		return nil, err
+	}
+	return nil, syserror.ECONNREFUSED
+}
+
+// ListXattrAt implements vfs.FilesystemImpl.ListXattrAt.
+func (fs *filesystem) ListXattrAt(ctx context.Context, rp *vfs.ResolvingPath, size uint64) ([]string, error) {
+	var ds *[]*dentry
+	fs.renameMu.RLock()
+	defer fs.renameMuRUnlockAndCheckDrop(ctx, &ds)
+	d, err := fs.resolveLocked(ctx, rp, &ds)
+	if err != nil {
+		return nil, err
+	}
+	lowerVD := d.lowerVD
+	return fs.vfsfs.VirtualFilesystem().ListXattrAt(ctx, d.fs.creds, &vfs.PathOperation{
+		Root:  lowerVD,
+		Start: lowerVD,
+	}, size)
+}
+
+// GetXattrAt implements vfs.FilesystemImpl.GetXattrAt.
+func (fs *filesystem) GetXattrAt(ctx context.Context, rp *vfs.ResolvingPath, opts vfs.GetXattrOptions) (string, error) {
+	var ds *[]*dentry
+	fs.renameMu.RLock()
+	defer fs.renameMuRUnlockAndCheckDrop(ctx, &ds)
+	d, err := fs.resolveLocked(ctx, rp, &ds)
+	if err != nil {
+		return "", err
+	}
+	lowerVD := d.lowerVD
+	return fs.vfsfs.VirtualFilesystem().GetXattrAt(ctx, d.fs.creds, &vfs.PathOperation{
+		Root:  lowerVD,
+		Start: lowerVD,
+	}, &opts)
+}
+
+// SetXattrAt implements vfs.FilesystemImpl.SetXattrAt.
+func (fs *filesystem) SetXattrAt(ctx context.Context, rp *vfs.ResolvingPath, opts vfs.SetXattrOptions) error {
+	// Verity file system is read-only.
+	return syserror.EROFS
+}
+
+// RemoveXattrAt implements vfs.FilesystemImpl.RemoveXattrAt.
+func (fs *filesystem) RemoveXattrAt(ctx context.Context, rp *vfs.ResolvingPath, name string) error {
+	// Verity file system is read-only.
+	return syserror.EROFS
+}
+
+// PrependPath implements vfs.FilesystemImpl.PrependPath.
+func (fs *filesystem) PrependPath(ctx context.Context, vfsroot, vd vfs.VirtualDentry, b *fspath.Builder) error {
+	fs.renameMu.RLock()
+	defer fs.renameMu.RUnlock()
+	mnt := vd.Mount()
+	d := vd.Dentry().Impl().(*dentry)
+	for {
+		if mnt == vfsroot.Mount() && &d.vfsd == vfsroot.Dentry() {
+			return vfs.PrependPathAtVFSRootError{}
+		}
+		if &d.vfsd == mnt.Root() {
+			return nil
+		}
+		if d.parent == nil {
+			return vfs.PrependPathAtNonMountRootError{}
+		}
+		b.PrependComponent(d.name)
+		d = d.parent
+	}
+}
diff --git a/pkg/sentry/fsimpl/verity/save_restore.go b/pkg/sentry/fsimpl/verity/save_restore.go
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..46b064342
--- /dev/null
+++ b/pkg/sentry/fsimpl/verity/save_restore.go
@@ -0,0 +1,27 @@
+// Copyright 2020 The gVisor Authors.
+//
+// Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License");
+// you may not use this file except in compliance with the License.
+// You may obtain a copy of the License at
+//
+//     http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
+//
+// Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software
+// distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS,
+// WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.
+// See the License for the specific language governing permissions and
+// limitations under the License.
+
+package verity
+
+import (
+	"sync/atomic"
+
+	"gvisor.dev/gvisor/pkg/refsvfs2"
+)
+
+func (d *dentry) afterLoad() {
+	if atomic.LoadInt64(&d.refs) != -1 {
+		refsvfs2.Register(d)
+	}
+}
diff --git a/pkg/sentry/fsimpl/verity/verity.go b/pkg/sentry/fsimpl/verity/verity.go
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..2f97324a8
--- /dev/null
+++ b/pkg/sentry/fsimpl/verity/verity.go
@@ -0,0 +1,1402 @@
+// Copyright 2020 The gVisor Authors.
+//
+// Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License");
+// you may not use this file except in compliance with the License.
+// You may obtain a copy of the License at
+//
+//     http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
+//
+// Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software
+// distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS,
+// WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.
+// See the License for the specific language governing permissions and
+// limitations under the License.
+
+// Package verity provides a filesystem implementation that is a wrapper of
+// another file system.
+// The verity file system provides integrity check for the underlying file
+// system by providing verification for path traversals and each read.
+// The verity file system is read-only, except for one case: when
+// allowRuntimeEnable is true, additional Merkle files can be generated using
+// the FS_IOC_ENABLE_VERITY ioctl.
+//
+// Lock order:
+//
+// filesystem.renameMu
+//   dentry.dirMu
+//     fileDescription.mu
+//       filesystem.verityMu
+//         dentry.hashMu
+//
+// Locking dentry.dirMu in multiple dentries requires that parent dentries are
+// locked before child dentries, and that filesystem.renameMu is locked to
+// stabilize this relationship.
+package verity
+
+import (
+	"bytes"
+	"encoding/json"
+	"fmt"
+	"math"
+	"strconv"
+	"strings"
+	"sync/atomic"
+
+	"gvisor.dev/gvisor/pkg/abi/linux"
+	"gvisor.dev/gvisor/pkg/context"
+	"gvisor.dev/gvisor/pkg/fspath"
+	"gvisor.dev/gvisor/pkg/hostarch"
+	"gvisor.dev/gvisor/pkg/marshal/primitive"
+	"gvisor.dev/gvisor/pkg/merkletree"
+	"gvisor.dev/gvisor/pkg/refsvfs2"
+	"gvisor.dev/gvisor/pkg/safemem"
+	"gvisor.dev/gvisor/pkg/sentry/arch"
+	fslock "gvisor.dev/gvisor/pkg/sentry/fs/lock"
+	"gvisor.dev/gvisor/pkg/sentry/kernel"
+	"gvisor.dev/gvisor/pkg/sentry/kernel/auth"
+	"gvisor.dev/gvisor/pkg/sentry/memmap"
+	"gvisor.dev/gvisor/pkg/sentry/vfs"
+	"gvisor.dev/gvisor/pkg/sync"
+	"gvisor.dev/gvisor/pkg/syserror"
+	"gvisor.dev/gvisor/pkg/usermem"
+)
+
+const (
+	// Name is the default filesystem name.
+	Name = "verity"
+
+	// merklePrefix is the prefix of the Merkle tree files. For example, the Merkle
+	// tree file for "/foo" is "/.merkle.verity.foo".
+	merklePrefix = ".merkle.verity."
+
+	// merkleRootPrefix is the prefix of the Merkle tree root file. This
+	// needs to be different from merklePrefix to avoid name collision.
+	merkleRootPrefix = ".merkleroot.verity."
+
+	// merkleOffsetInParentXattr is the extended attribute name specifying the
+	// offset of the child hash in its parent's Merkle tree.
+	merkleOffsetInParentXattr = "user.merkle.offset"
+
+	// merkleSizeXattr is the extended attribute name specifying the size of data
+	// hashed by the corresponding Merkle tree. For a regular file, this is the
+	// file size. For a directory, this is the size of all its children's hashes.
+	merkleSizeXattr = "user.merkle.size"
+
+	// childrenOffsetXattr is the extended attribute name specifying the
+	// names of the offset of the serialized children names in the Merkle
+	// tree file.
+	childrenOffsetXattr = "user.merkle.childrenOffset"
+
+	// childrenSizeXattr is the extended attribute name specifying the size
+	// of the serialized children names.
+	childrenSizeXattr = "user.merkle.childrenSize"
+
+	// sizeOfStringInt32 is the size for a 32 bit integer stored as string in
+	// extended attributes. The maximum value of a 32 bit integer has 10 digits.
+	sizeOfStringInt32 = 10
+)
+
+var (
+	// action specifies the action towards detected violation.
+	action ViolationAction
+
+	// verityMu synchronizes concurrent operations that enable verity and perform
+	// verification checks.
+	verityMu sync.RWMutex
+)
+
+// HashAlgorithm is a type specifying the algorithm used to hash the file
+// content.
+type HashAlgorithm int
+
+// ViolationAction is a type specifying the action when an integrity violation
+// is detected.
+type ViolationAction int
+
+const (
+	// PanicOnViolation terminates the sentry on detected violation.
+	PanicOnViolation ViolationAction = 0
+	// ErrorOnViolation returns an error from the violating system call on
+	// detected violation.
+	ErrorOnViolation = 1
+)
+
+// Currently supported hashing algorithms include SHA256 and SHA512.
+const (
+	SHA256 HashAlgorithm = iota
+	SHA512
+)
+
+func (alg HashAlgorithm) toLinuxHashAlg() int {
+	switch alg {
+	case SHA256:
+		return linux.FS_VERITY_HASH_ALG_SHA256
+	case SHA512:
+		return linux.FS_VERITY_HASH_ALG_SHA512
+	default:
+		return 0
+	}
+}
+
+// FilesystemType implements vfs.FilesystemType.
+//
+// +stateify savable
+type FilesystemType struct{}
+
+// filesystem implements vfs.FilesystemImpl.
+//
+// +stateify savable
+type filesystem struct {
+	vfsfs vfs.Filesystem
+
+	// creds is a copy of the filesystem's creator's credentials, which are
+	// used for accesses to the underlying file system. creds is immutable.
+	creds *auth.Credentials
+
+	// allowRuntimeEnable is true if using ioctl with FS_IOC_ENABLE_VERITY
+	// to build Merkle trees in the verity file system is allowed. If this
+	// is false, no new Merkle trees can be built, and only the files that
+	// had Merkle trees before startup (e.g. from a host filesystem mounted
+	// with gofer fs) can be verified.
+	allowRuntimeEnable bool
+
+	// lowerMount is the underlying file system mount.
+	lowerMount *vfs.Mount
+
+	// rootDentry is the mount root Dentry for this file system, which
+	// stores the root hash of the whole file system in bytes.
+	rootDentry *dentry
+
+	// alg is the algorithms used to hash the files in the verity file
+	// system.
+	alg HashAlgorithm
+
+	// renameMu synchronizes renaming with non-renaming operations in order
+	// to ensure consistent lock ordering between dentry.dirMu in different
+	// dentries.
+	renameMu sync.RWMutex `state:"nosave"`
+
+	// verityMu synchronizes enabling verity files, protects files or
+	// directories from being enabled by different threads simultaneously.
+	// It also ensures that verity does not access files that are being
+	// enabled.
+	//
+	// Also, the directory Merkle trees depends on the generated trees of
+	// its children. So they shouldn't be enabled the same time. This lock
+	// is for the whole file system to ensure that no more than one file is
+	// enabled the same time.
+	verityMu sync.RWMutex `state:"nosave"`
+}
+
+// InternalFilesystemOptions may be passed as
+// vfs.GetFilesystemOptions.InternalData to FilesystemType.GetFilesystem.
+//
+// +stateify savable
+type InternalFilesystemOptions struct {
+	// RootMerkleFileName is the name of the verity root Merkle tree file.
+	RootMerkleFileName string
+
+	// LowerName is the name of the filesystem wrapped by verity fs.
+	LowerName string
+
+	// Alg is the algorithms used to hash the files in the verity file
+	// system.
+	Alg HashAlgorithm
+
+	// RootHash is the root hash of the overall verity file system.
+	RootHash []byte
+
+	// AllowRuntimeEnable specifies whether the verity file system allows
+	// enabling verification for files (i.e. building Merkle trees) during
+	// runtime.
+	AllowRuntimeEnable bool
+
+	// LowerGetFSOptions is the file system option for the lower layer file
+	// system wrapped by verity file system.
+	LowerGetFSOptions vfs.GetFilesystemOptions
+
+	// Action specifies the action on an integrity violation.
+	Action ViolationAction
+}
+
+// Name implements vfs.FilesystemType.Name.
+func (FilesystemType) Name() string {
+	return Name
+}
+
+// Release implements vfs.FilesystemType.Release.
+func (FilesystemType) Release(ctx context.Context) {}
+
+// alertIntegrityViolation alerts a violation of integrity, which usually means
+// unexpected modification to the file system is detected. In ErrorOnViolation
+// mode, it returns EIO, otherwise it panic.
+func alertIntegrityViolation(msg string) error {
+	if action == ErrorOnViolation {
+		return syserror.EIO
+	}
+	panic(msg)
+}
+
+// GetFilesystem implements vfs.FilesystemType.GetFilesystem.
+func (fstype FilesystemType) GetFilesystem(ctx context.Context, vfsObj *vfs.VirtualFilesystem, creds *auth.Credentials, source string, opts vfs.GetFilesystemOptions) (*vfs.Filesystem, *vfs.Dentry, error) {
+	iopts, ok := opts.InternalData.(InternalFilesystemOptions)
+	if !ok {
+		ctx.Warningf("verity.FilesystemType.GetFilesystem: missing verity configs")
+		return nil, nil, syserror.EINVAL
+	}
+	action = iopts.Action
+
+	// Mount the lower file system. The lower file system is wrapped inside
+	// verity, and should not be exposed or connected.
+	mopts := &vfs.MountOptions{
+		GetFilesystemOptions: iopts.LowerGetFSOptions,
+		InternalMount:        true,
+	}
+	mnt, err := vfsObj.MountDisconnected(ctx, creds, "", iopts.LowerName, mopts)
+	if err != nil {
+		return nil, nil, err
+	}
+
+	fs := &filesystem{
+		creds:              creds.Fork(),
+		alg:                iopts.Alg,
+		lowerMount:         mnt,
+		allowRuntimeEnable: iopts.AllowRuntimeEnable,
+	}
+	fs.vfsfs.Init(vfsObj, &fstype, fs)
+
+	// Construct the root dentry.
+	d := fs.newDentry()
+	d.refs = 1
+	lowerVD := vfs.MakeVirtualDentry(mnt, mnt.Root())
+	lowerVD.IncRef()
+	d.lowerVD = lowerVD
+
+	rootMerkleName := merkleRootPrefix + iopts.RootMerkleFileName
+
+	lowerMerkleVD, err := vfsObj.GetDentryAt(ctx, fs.creds, &vfs.PathOperation{
+		Root:  lowerVD,
+		Start: lowerVD,
+		Path:  fspath.Parse(rootMerkleName),
+	}, &vfs.GetDentryOptions{})
+
+	// If runtime enable is allowed, the root merkle tree may be absent. We
+	// should create the tree file.
+	if err == syserror.ENOENT && fs.allowRuntimeEnable {
+		lowerMerkleFD, err := vfsObj.OpenAt(ctx, fs.creds, &vfs.PathOperation{
+			Root:  lowerVD,
+			Start: lowerVD,
+			Path:  fspath.Parse(rootMerkleName),
+		}, &vfs.OpenOptions{
+			Flags: linux.O_RDWR | linux.O_CREAT,
+			Mode:  0644,
+		})
+		if err != nil {
+			fs.vfsfs.DecRef(ctx)
+			d.DecRef(ctx)
+			return nil, nil, err
+		}
+		lowerMerkleFD.DecRef(ctx)
+		lowerMerkleVD, err = vfsObj.GetDentryAt(ctx, fs.creds, &vfs.PathOperation{
+			Root:  lowerVD,
+			Start: lowerVD,
+			Path:  fspath.Parse(rootMerkleName),
+		}, &vfs.GetDentryOptions{})
+		if err != nil {
+			fs.vfsfs.DecRef(ctx)
+			d.DecRef(ctx)
+			return nil, nil, err
+		}
+	} else if err != nil {
+		// Failed to get dentry for the root Merkle file. This
+		// indicates an unexpected modification that removed/renamed
+		// the root Merkle file, or it's never generated.
+		fs.vfsfs.DecRef(ctx)
+		d.DecRef(ctx)
+		return nil, nil, alertIntegrityViolation("Failed to find root Merkle file")
+	}
+
+	// Clear the Merkle tree file if they are to be generated at runtime.
+	// TODO(b/182315468): Optimize the Merkle tree generate process to
+	// allow only updating certain files/directories.
+	if fs.allowRuntimeEnable {
+		lowerMerkleFD, err := vfsObj.OpenAt(ctx, fs.creds, &vfs.PathOperation{
+			Root:  lowerMerkleVD,
+			Start: lowerMerkleVD,
+		}, &vfs.OpenOptions{
+			Flags: linux.O_RDWR | linux.O_TRUNC,
+			Mode:  0644,
+		})
+		if err != nil {
+			return nil, nil, err
+		}
+		lowerMerkleFD.DecRef(ctx)
+	}
+
+	d.lowerMerkleVD = lowerMerkleVD
+
+	// Get metadata from the underlying file system.
+	const statMask = linux.STATX_TYPE | linux.STATX_MODE | linux.STATX_UID | linux.STATX_GID
+	stat, err := vfsObj.StatAt(ctx, creds, &vfs.PathOperation{
+		Root:  lowerVD,
+		Start: lowerVD,
+	}, &vfs.StatOptions{
+		Mask: statMask,
+	})
+	if err != nil {
+		fs.vfsfs.DecRef(ctx)
+		d.DecRef(ctx)
+		return nil, nil, err
+	}
+
+	d.mode = uint32(stat.Mode)
+	d.uid = stat.UID
+	d.gid = stat.GID
+	d.hash = make([]byte, len(iopts.RootHash))
+	d.childrenNames = make(map[string]struct{})
+
+	if !d.isDir() {
+		ctx.Warningf("verity root must be a directory")
+		return nil, nil, syserror.EINVAL
+	}
+
+	if !fs.allowRuntimeEnable {
+		// Get children names from the underlying file system.
+		offString, err := vfsObj.GetXattrAt(ctx, creds, &vfs.PathOperation{
+			Root:  lowerMerkleVD,
+			Start: lowerMerkleVD,
+		}, &vfs.GetXattrOptions{
+			Name: childrenOffsetXattr,
+			Size: sizeOfStringInt32,
+		})
+		if err == syserror.ENOENT || err == syserror.ENODATA {
+			return nil, nil, alertIntegrityViolation(fmt.Sprintf("Failed to get xattr %s: %v", childrenOffsetXattr, err))
+		}
+		if err != nil {
+			return nil, nil, err
+		}
+
+		off, err := strconv.Atoi(offString)
+		if err != nil {
+			return nil, nil, alertIntegrityViolation(fmt.Sprintf("Failed to convert xattr %s to int: %v", childrenOffsetXattr, err))
+		}
+
+		sizeString, err := vfsObj.GetXattrAt(ctx, creds, &vfs.PathOperation{
+			Root:  lowerMerkleVD,
+			Start: lowerMerkleVD,
+		}, &vfs.GetXattrOptions{
+			Name: childrenSizeXattr,
+			Size: sizeOfStringInt32,
+		})
+		if err == syserror.ENOENT || err == syserror.ENODATA {
+			return nil, nil, alertIntegrityViolation(fmt.Sprintf("Failed to get xattr %s: %v", childrenSizeXattr, err))
+		}
+		if err != nil {
+			return nil, nil, err
+		}
+		size, err := strconv.Atoi(sizeString)
+		if err != nil {
+			return nil, nil, alertIntegrityViolation(fmt.Sprintf("Failed to convert xattr %s to int: %v", childrenSizeXattr, err))
+		}
+
+		lowerMerkleFD, err := vfsObj.OpenAt(ctx, fs.creds, &vfs.PathOperation{
+			Root:  lowerMerkleVD,
+			Start: lowerMerkleVD,
+		}, &vfs.OpenOptions{
+			Flags: linux.O_RDONLY,
+		})
+		if err == syserror.ENOENT {
+			return nil, nil, alertIntegrityViolation(fmt.Sprintf("Failed to open root Merkle file: %v", err))
+		}
+		if err != nil {
+			return nil, nil, err
+		}
+
+		childrenNames := make([]byte, size)
+		if _, err := lowerMerkleFD.PRead(ctx, usermem.BytesIOSequence(childrenNames), int64(off), vfs.ReadOptions{}); err != nil {
+			return nil, nil, alertIntegrityViolation(fmt.Sprintf("Failed to read root children map: %v", err))
+		}
+
+		if err := json.Unmarshal(childrenNames, &d.childrenNames); err != nil {
+			return nil, nil, alertIntegrityViolation(fmt.Sprintf("Failed to deserialize childrenNames: %v", err))
+		}
+
+		if err := fs.verifyStatAndChildrenLocked(ctx, d, stat); err != nil {
+			return nil, nil, err
+		}
+	}
+
+	d.hashMu.Lock()
+	copy(d.hash, iopts.RootHash)
+	d.hashMu.Unlock()
+	d.vfsd.Init(d)
+
+	fs.rootDentry = d
+
+	return &fs.vfsfs, &d.vfsd, nil
+}
+
+// Release implements vfs.FilesystemImpl.Release.
+func (fs *filesystem) Release(ctx context.Context) {
+	fs.lowerMount.DecRef(ctx)
+}
+
+// MountOptions implements vfs.FilesystemImpl.MountOptions.
+func (fs *filesystem) MountOptions() string {
+	return ""
+}
+
+// dentry implements vfs.DentryImpl.
+//
+// +stateify savable
+type dentry struct {
+	vfsd vfs.Dentry
+
+	refs int64
+
+	// fs is the owning filesystem. fs is immutable.
+	fs *filesystem
+
+	// mode, uid, gid and size are the file mode, owner, group, and size of
+	// the file in the underlying file system. They are set when a dentry
+	// is initialized, and never modified.
+	mode uint32
+	uid  uint32
+	gid  uint32
+	size uint32
+
+	// parent is the dentry corresponding to this dentry's parent directory.
+	// name is this dentry's name in parent. If this dentry is a filesystem
+	// root, parent is nil and name is the empty string. parent and name are
+	// protected by fs.renameMu.
+	parent *dentry
+	name   string
+
+	// If this dentry represents a directory, children maps the names of
+	// children for which dentries have been instantiated to those dentries,
+	// and dirents (if not nil) is a cache of dirents as returned by
+	// directoryFDs representing this directory. children is protected by
+	// dirMu.
+	dirMu    sync.Mutex `state:"nosave"`
+	children map[string]*dentry
+
+	// childrenNames stores the name of all children of the dentry. This is
+	// used by verity to check whether a child is expected. This is only
+	// populated by enableVerity. childrenNames is also protected by dirMu.
+	childrenNames map[string]struct{}
+
+	// lowerVD is the VirtualDentry in the underlying file system. It is
+	// never modified after initialized.
+	lowerVD vfs.VirtualDentry
+
+	// lowerMerkleVD is the VirtualDentry of the corresponding Merkle tree
+	// in the underlying file system. It is never modified after
+	// initialized.
+	lowerMerkleVD vfs.VirtualDentry
+
+	// symlinkTarget is the target path of a symlink file in the underlying filesystem.
+	symlinkTarget string
+
+	// hash is the calculated hash for the current file or directory. hash
+	// is protected by hashMu.
+	hashMu sync.RWMutex `state:"nosave"`
+	hash   []byte
+}
+
+// newDentry creates a new dentry representing the given verity file. The
+// dentry initially has no references; it is the caller's responsibility to set
+// the dentry's reference count and/or call dentry.destroy() as appropriate.
+// The dentry is initially invalid in that it contains no underlying dentry;
+// the caller is responsible for setting them.
+func (fs *filesystem) newDentry() *dentry {
+	d := &dentry{
+		fs: fs,
+	}
+	d.vfsd.Init(d)
+	refsvfs2.Register(d)
+	return d
+}
+
+// IncRef implements vfs.DentryImpl.IncRef.
+func (d *dentry) IncRef() {
+	r := atomic.AddInt64(&d.refs, 1)
+	if d.LogRefs() {
+		refsvfs2.LogIncRef(d, r)
+	}
+}
+
+// TryIncRef implements vfs.DentryImpl.TryIncRef.
+func (d *dentry) TryIncRef() bool {
+	for {
+		r := atomic.LoadInt64(&d.refs)
+		if r <= 0 {
+			return false
+		}
+		if atomic.CompareAndSwapInt64(&d.refs, r, r+1) {
+			if d.LogRefs() {
+				refsvfs2.LogTryIncRef(d, r+1)
+			}
+			return true
+		}
+	}
+}
+
+// DecRef implements vfs.DentryImpl.DecRef.
+func (d *dentry) DecRef(ctx context.Context) {
+	r := atomic.AddInt64(&d.refs, -1)
+	if d.LogRefs() {
+		refsvfs2.LogDecRef(d, r)
+	}
+	if r == 0 {
+		d.fs.renameMu.Lock()
+		d.checkDropLocked(ctx)
+		d.fs.renameMu.Unlock()
+	} else if r < 0 {
+		panic("verity.dentry.DecRef() called without holding a reference")
+	}
+}
+
+func (d *dentry) decRefLocked(ctx context.Context) {
+	r := atomic.AddInt64(&d.refs, -1)
+	if d.LogRefs() {
+		refsvfs2.LogDecRef(d, r)
+	}
+	if r == 0 {
+		d.checkDropLocked(ctx)
+	} else if r < 0 {
+		panic("verity.dentry.decRefLocked() called without holding a reference")
+	}
+}
+
+// checkDropLocked should be called after d's reference count becomes 0 or it
+// becomes deleted.
+func (d *dentry) checkDropLocked(ctx context.Context) {
+	// Dentries with a positive reference count must be retained. Dentries
+	// with a negative reference count have already been destroyed.
+	if atomic.LoadInt64(&d.refs) != 0 {
+		return
+	}
+	// Refs is still zero; destroy it.
+	d.destroyLocked(ctx)
+	return
+}
+
+// destroyLocked destroys the dentry.
+//
+// Preconditions:
+// * d.fs.renameMu must be locked for writing.
+// * d.refs == 0.
+func (d *dentry) destroyLocked(ctx context.Context) {
+	switch atomic.LoadInt64(&d.refs) {
+	case 0:
+		// Mark the dentry destroyed.
+		atomic.StoreInt64(&d.refs, -1)
+	case -1:
+		panic("verity.dentry.destroyLocked() called on already destroyed dentry")
+	default:
+		panic("verity.dentry.destroyLocked() called with references on the dentry")
+	}
+
+	if d.lowerVD.Ok() {
+		d.lowerVD.DecRef(ctx)
+	}
+	if d.lowerMerkleVD.Ok() {
+		d.lowerMerkleVD.DecRef(ctx)
+	}
+	if d.parent != nil {
+		d.parent.dirMu.Lock()
+		if !d.vfsd.IsDead() {
+			delete(d.parent.children, d.name)
+		}
+		d.parent.dirMu.Unlock()
+		d.parent.decRefLocked(ctx)
+	}
+	refsvfs2.Unregister(d)
+}
+
+// RefType implements refsvfs2.CheckedObject.Type.
+func (d *dentry) RefType() string {
+	return "verity.dentry"
+}
+
+// LeakMessage implements refsvfs2.CheckedObject.LeakMessage.
+func (d *dentry) LeakMessage() string {
+	return fmt.Sprintf("[verity.dentry %p] reference count of %d instead of -1", d, atomic.LoadInt64(&d.refs))
+}
+
+// LogRefs implements refsvfs2.CheckedObject.LogRefs.
+//
+// This should only be set to true for debugging purposes, as it can generate an
+// extremely large amount of output and drastically degrade performance.
+func (d *dentry) LogRefs() bool {
+	return false
+}
+
+// InotifyWithParent implements vfs.DentryImpl.InotifyWithParent.
+func (d *dentry) InotifyWithParent(ctx context.Context, events, cookie uint32, et vfs.EventType) {
+	//TODO(b/159261227): Implement InotifyWithParent.
+}
+
+// Watches implements vfs.DentryImpl.Watches.
+func (d *dentry) Watches() *vfs.Watches {
+	//TODO(b/159261227): Implement Watches.
+	return nil
+}
+
+// OnZeroWatches implements vfs.DentryImpl.OnZeroWatches.
+func (d *dentry) OnZeroWatches(context.Context) {
+	//TODO(b/159261227): Implement OnZeroWatches.
+}
+
+func (d *dentry) isSymlink() bool {
+	return atomic.LoadUint32(&d.mode)&linux.S_IFMT == linux.S_IFLNK
+}
+
+func (d *dentry) isDir() bool {
+	return atomic.LoadUint32(&d.mode)&linux.S_IFMT == linux.S_IFDIR
+}
+
+func (d *dentry) checkPermissions(creds *auth.Credentials, ats vfs.AccessTypes) error {
+	return vfs.GenericCheckPermissions(creds, ats, linux.FileMode(atomic.LoadUint32(&d.mode)), auth.KUID(atomic.LoadUint32(&d.uid)), auth.KGID(atomic.LoadUint32(&d.gid)))
+}
+
+// verityEnabled checks whether the file is enabled with verity features. It
+// should always be true if runtime enable is not allowed. In runtime enable
+// mode, it returns true if the target has been enabled with
+// ioctl(FS_IOC_ENABLE_VERITY).
+func (d *dentry) verityEnabled() bool {
+	d.hashMu.RLock()
+	defer d.hashMu.RUnlock()
+	return !d.fs.allowRuntimeEnable || len(d.hash) != 0
+}
+
+// getLowerAt returns the dentry in the underlying file system, which is
+// represented by filename relative to d.
+func (d *dentry) getLowerAt(ctx context.Context, vfsObj *vfs.VirtualFilesystem, filename string) (vfs.VirtualDentry, error) {
+	return vfsObj.GetDentryAt(ctx, d.fs.creds, &vfs.PathOperation{
+		Root:  d.lowerVD,
+		Start: d.lowerVD,
+		Path:  fspath.Parse(filename),
+	}, &vfs.GetDentryOptions{})
+}
+
+func (d *dentry) readlink(ctx context.Context) (string, error) {
+	vfsObj := d.fs.vfsfs.VirtualFilesystem()
+	if d.verityEnabled() {
+		stat, err := vfsObj.StatAt(ctx, d.fs.creds, &vfs.PathOperation{
+			Root:  d.lowerVD,
+			Start: d.lowerVD,
+		}, &vfs.StatOptions{})
+		if err != nil {
+			return "", err
+		}
+		d.dirMu.Lock()
+		defer d.dirMu.Unlock()
+		if err := d.fs.verifyStatAndChildrenLocked(ctx, d, stat); err != nil {
+			return "", err
+		}
+		return d.symlinkTarget, nil
+	}
+
+	return d.fs.vfsfs.VirtualFilesystem().ReadlinkAt(ctx, d.fs.creds, &vfs.PathOperation{
+		Root:  d.lowerVD,
+		Start: d.lowerVD,
+	})
+}
+
+// FileDescription implements vfs.FileDescriptionImpl for verity fds.
+// FileDescription is a wrapper of the underlying lowerFD, with support to build
+// Merkle trees through the Linux fs-verity API to verify contents read from
+// lowerFD.
+//
+// +stateify savable
+type fileDescription struct {
+	vfsfd vfs.FileDescription
+	vfs.FileDescriptionDefaultImpl
+
+	// d is the corresponding dentry to the fileDescription.
+	d *dentry
+
+	// isDir specifies whehter the fileDescription points to a directory.
+	isDir bool
+
+	// lowerFD is the FileDescription corresponding to the file in the
+	// underlying file system.
+	lowerFD *vfs.FileDescription
+
+	// lowerMappable is the memmap.Mappable corresponding to this file in the
+	// underlying file system.
+	lowerMappable memmap.Mappable
+
+	// merkleReader is the read-only FileDescription corresponding to the
+	// Merkle tree file in the underlying file system.
+	merkleReader *vfs.FileDescription
+
+	// merkleWriter is the FileDescription corresponding to the Merkle tree
+	// file in the underlying file system for writing. This should only be
+	// used when allowRuntimeEnable is set to true.
+	merkleWriter *vfs.FileDescription
+
+	// parentMerkleWriter is the FileDescription of the Merkle tree for the
+	// directory that contains the current file/directory. This is only used
+	// if allowRuntimeEnable is set to true.
+	parentMerkleWriter *vfs.FileDescription
+
+	// off is the file offset. off is protected by mu.
+	mu  sync.Mutex `state:"nosave"`
+	off int64
+}
+
+// Release implements vfs.FileDescriptionImpl.Release.
+func (fd *fileDescription) Release(ctx context.Context) {
+	fd.lowerFD.DecRef(ctx)
+	fd.merkleReader.DecRef(ctx)
+	if fd.merkleWriter != nil {
+		fd.merkleWriter.DecRef(ctx)
+	}
+	if fd.parentMerkleWriter != nil {
+		fd.parentMerkleWriter.DecRef(ctx)
+	}
+}
+
+// Stat implements vfs.FileDescriptionImpl.Stat.
+func (fd *fileDescription) Stat(ctx context.Context, opts vfs.StatOptions) (linux.Statx, error) {
+	// TODO(b/162788573): Add integrity check for metadata.
+	stat, err := fd.lowerFD.Stat(ctx, opts)
+	if err != nil {
+		return linux.Statx{}, err
+	}
+	fd.d.dirMu.Lock()
+	if fd.d.verityEnabled() {
+		if err := fd.d.fs.verifyStatAndChildrenLocked(ctx, fd.d, stat); err != nil {
+			return linux.Statx{}, err
+		}
+	}
+	fd.d.dirMu.Unlock()
+	return stat, nil
+}
+
+// SetStat implements vfs.FileDescriptionImpl.SetStat.
+func (fd *fileDescription) SetStat(ctx context.Context, opts vfs.SetStatOptions) error {
+	// Verity files are read-only.
+	return syserror.EPERM
+}
+
+// IterDirents implements vfs.FileDescriptionImpl.IterDirents.
+func (fd *fileDescription) IterDirents(ctx context.Context, cb vfs.IterDirentsCallback) error {
+	if !fd.d.isDir() {
+		return syserror.ENOTDIR
+	}
+	fd.mu.Lock()
+	defer fd.mu.Unlock()
+
+	var ds []vfs.Dirent
+	err := fd.lowerFD.IterDirents(ctx, vfs.IterDirentsCallbackFunc(func(dirent vfs.Dirent) error {
+		// Do not include the Merkle tree files.
+		if strings.Contains(dirent.Name, merklePrefix) || strings.Contains(dirent.Name, merkleRootPrefix) {
+			return nil
+		}
+		if fd.d.verityEnabled() {
+			// Verify that the child is expected.
+			if dirent.Name != "." && dirent.Name != ".." {
+				if _, ok := fd.d.childrenNames[dirent.Name]; !ok {
+					return alertIntegrityViolation(fmt.Sprintf("Unexpected children %s", dirent.Name))
+				}
+			}
+		}
+		ds = append(ds, dirent)
+		return nil
+	}))
+
+	if err != nil {
+		return err
+	}
+
+	// The result should contain all children plus "." and "..".
+	if fd.d.verityEnabled() && len(ds) != len(fd.d.childrenNames)+2 {
+		return alertIntegrityViolation(fmt.Sprintf("Unexpected children number %d", len(ds)))
+	}
+
+	for fd.off < int64(len(ds)) {
+		if err := cb.Handle(ds[fd.off]); err != nil {
+			return err
+		}
+		fd.off++
+	}
+	return nil
+}
+
+// Seek implements vfs.FileDescriptionImpl.Seek.
+func (fd *fileDescription) Seek(ctx context.Context, offset int64, whence int32) (int64, error) {
+	fd.mu.Lock()
+	defer fd.mu.Unlock()
+	n := int64(0)
+	switch whence {
+	case linux.SEEK_SET:
+		// use offset as specified
+	case linux.SEEK_CUR:
+		n = fd.off
+	case linux.SEEK_END:
+		n = int64(fd.d.size)
+	default:
+		return 0, syserror.EINVAL
+	}
+	if offset > math.MaxInt64-n {
+		return 0, syserror.EINVAL
+	}
+	offset += n
+	if offset < 0 {
+		return 0, syserror.EINVAL
+	}
+	fd.off = offset
+	return offset, nil
+}
+
+// generateMerkleLocked generates a Merkle tree file for fd. If fd points to a
+// file /foo/bar, a Merkle tree file /foo/.merkle.verity.bar is generated. The
+// hash of the generated Merkle tree and the data size is returned.  If fd
+// points to a regular file, the data is the content of the file. If fd points
+// to a directory, the data is all hashes of its children, written to the Merkle
+// tree file. If fd represents a symlink, the data is empty and nothing is written
+// to the Merkle tree file.
+//
+// Preconditions: fd.d.fs.verityMu must be locked.
+func (fd *fileDescription) generateMerkleLocked(ctx context.Context) ([]byte, uint64, error) {
+	fdReader := FileReadWriteSeeker{
+		FD:  fd.lowerFD,
+		Ctx: ctx,
+	}
+	merkleReader := FileReadWriteSeeker{
+		FD:  fd.merkleReader,
+		Ctx: ctx,
+	}
+	merkleWriter := FileReadWriteSeeker{
+		FD:  fd.merkleWriter,
+		Ctx: ctx,
+	}
+
+	stat, err := fd.lowerFD.Stat(ctx, vfs.StatOptions{})
+	if err != nil {
+		return nil, 0, err
+	}
+
+	params := &merkletree.GenerateParams{
+		TreeReader: &merkleReader,
+		TreeWriter: &merkleWriter,
+		Children:   fd.d.childrenNames,
+		//TODO(b/156980949): Support passing other hash algorithms.
+		HashAlgorithms: fd.d.fs.alg.toLinuxHashAlg(),
+		Name:           fd.d.name,
+		Mode:           uint32(stat.Mode),
+		UID:            stat.UID,
+		GID:            stat.GID,
+	}
+
+	switch atomic.LoadUint32(&fd.d.mode) & linux.S_IFMT {
+	case linux.S_IFREG:
+		// For a regular file, generate a Merkle tree based on its
+		// content.
+		params.File = &fdReader
+		params.Size = int64(stat.Size)
+		params.DataAndTreeInSameFile = false
+	case linux.S_IFDIR:
+		// For a directory, generate a Merkle tree based on the hashes
+		// of its children that has already been written to the Merkle
+		// tree file.
+		merkleStat, err := fd.merkleReader.Stat(ctx, vfs.StatOptions{})
+		if err != nil {
+			return nil, 0, err
+		}
+
+		params.Size = int64(merkleStat.Size)
+		params.File = &merkleReader
+		params.DataAndTreeInSameFile = true
+	case linux.S_IFLNK:
+		// For a symlink, generate a Merkle tree file but do not write the root hash
+		// of the target file content to it. Return a hash of a VerityDescriptor object
+		// which includes the symlink target name.
+		target, err := fd.d.readlink(ctx)
+		if err != nil {
+			return nil, 0, err
+		}
+
+		params.Size = int64(stat.Size)
+		params.DataAndTreeInSameFile = false
+		params.SymlinkTarget = target
+	default:
+		// TODO(b/167728857): Investigate whether and how we should
+		// enable other types of file.
+		return nil, 0, syserror.EINVAL
+	}
+	hash, err := merkletree.Generate(params)
+	return hash, uint64(params.Size), err
+}
+
+// recordChildrenLocked writes the names of fd's children into the
+// corresponding Merkle tree file, and saves the offset/size of the map into
+// xattrs.
+//
+// Preconditions:
+// * fd.d.fs.verityMu must be locked.
+// * fd.d.isDir() == true.
+func (fd *fileDescription) recordChildrenLocked(ctx context.Context) error {
+	// Record the children names in the Merkle tree file.
+	childrenNames, err := json.Marshal(fd.d.childrenNames)
+	if err != nil {
+		return err
+	}
+
+	stat, err := fd.merkleWriter.Stat(ctx, vfs.StatOptions{})
+	if err != nil {
+		return err
+	}
+
+	if err := fd.merkleWriter.SetXattr(ctx, &vfs.SetXattrOptions{
+		Name:  childrenOffsetXattr,
+		Value: strconv.Itoa(int(stat.Size)),
+	}); err != nil {
+		return err
+	}
+	if err := fd.merkleWriter.SetXattr(ctx, &vfs.SetXattrOptions{
+		Name:  childrenSizeXattr,
+		Value: strconv.Itoa(len(childrenNames)),
+	}); err != nil {
+		return err
+	}
+
+	if _, err = fd.merkleWriter.Write(ctx, usermem.BytesIOSequence(childrenNames), vfs.WriteOptions{}); err != nil {
+		return err
+	}
+
+	return nil
+}
+
+// enableVerity enables verity features on fd by generating a Merkle tree file
+// and stores its hash in its parent directory's Merkle tree.
+func (fd *fileDescription) enableVerity(ctx context.Context) (uintptr, error) {
+	if !fd.d.fs.allowRuntimeEnable {
+		return 0, syserror.EPERM
+	}
+
+	fd.d.fs.verityMu.Lock()
+	defer fd.d.fs.verityMu.Unlock()
+
+	// In allowRuntimeEnable mode, the underlying fd and read/write fd for
+	// the Merkle tree file should have all been initialized. For any file
+	// or directory other than the root, the parent Merkle tree file should
+	// have also been initialized.
+	if fd.lowerFD == nil || fd.merkleReader == nil || fd.merkleWriter == nil || (fd.parentMerkleWriter == nil && fd.d != fd.d.fs.rootDentry) {
+		return 0, alertIntegrityViolation("Unexpected verity fd: missing expected underlying fds")
+	}
+
+	hash, dataSize, err := fd.generateMerkleLocked(ctx)
+	if err != nil {
+		return 0, err
+	}
+
+	if fd.parentMerkleWriter != nil {
+		stat, err := fd.parentMerkleWriter.Stat(ctx, vfs.StatOptions{})
+		if err != nil {
+			return 0, err
+		}
+
+		// Write the hash of fd to the parent directory's Merkle tree
+		// file, as it should be part of the parent Merkle tree data.
+		// parentMerkleWriter is open with O_APPEND, so it should write
+		// directly to the end of the file.
+		if _, err = fd.parentMerkleWriter.Write(ctx, usermem.BytesIOSequence(hash), vfs.WriteOptions{}); err != nil {
+			return 0, err
+		}
+
+		// Record the offset of the hash of fd in parent directory's
+		// Merkle tree file.
+		if err := fd.merkleWriter.SetXattr(ctx, &vfs.SetXattrOptions{
+			Name:  merkleOffsetInParentXattr,
+			Value: strconv.Itoa(int(stat.Size)),
+		}); err != nil {
+			return 0, err
+		}
+
+		// Add the current child's name to parent's childrenNames.
+		fd.d.parent.childrenNames[fd.d.name] = struct{}{}
+	}
+
+	// Record the size of the data being hashed for fd.
+	if err := fd.merkleWriter.SetXattr(ctx, &vfs.SetXattrOptions{
+		Name:  merkleSizeXattr,
+		Value: strconv.Itoa(int(dataSize)),
+	}); err != nil {
+		return 0, err
+	}
+
+	if fd.d.isDir() {
+		if err := fd.recordChildrenLocked(ctx); err != nil {
+			return 0, err
+		}
+	}
+	fd.d.hashMu.Lock()
+	fd.d.hash = hash
+	fd.d.hashMu.Unlock()
+	return 0, nil
+}
+
+// measureVerity returns the hash of fd, saved in verityDigest.
+func (fd *fileDescription) measureVerity(ctx context.Context, verityDigest hostarch.Addr) (uintptr, error) {
+	t := kernel.TaskFromContext(ctx)
+	if t == nil {
+		return 0, syserror.EINVAL
+	}
+	var metadata linux.DigestMetadata
+
+	fd.d.hashMu.RLock()
+	defer fd.d.hashMu.RUnlock()
+
+	// If allowRuntimeEnable is true, an empty fd.d.hash indicates that
+	// verity is not enabled for the file. If allowRuntimeEnable is false,
+	// this is an integrity violation because all files should have verity
+	// enabled, in which case fd.d.hash should be set.
+	if len(fd.d.hash) == 0 {
+		if fd.d.fs.allowRuntimeEnable {
+			return 0, syserror.ENODATA
+		}
+		return 0, alertIntegrityViolation("Ioctl measureVerity: no hash found")
+	}
+
+	// The first part of VerityDigest is the metadata.
+	if _, err := metadata.CopyIn(t, verityDigest); err != nil {
+		return 0, err
+	}
+	if metadata.DigestSize < uint16(len(fd.d.hash)) {
+		return 0, syserror.EOVERFLOW
+	}
+
+	// Populate the output digest size, since DigestSize is both input and
+	// output.
+	metadata.DigestSize = uint16(len(fd.d.hash))
+
+	// First copy the metadata.
+	if _, err := metadata.CopyOut(t, verityDigest); err != nil {
+		return 0, err
+	}
+
+	// Now copy the root hash bytes to the memory after metadata.
+	_, err := t.CopyOutBytes(hostarch.Addr(uintptr(verityDigest)+linux.SizeOfDigestMetadata), fd.d.hash)
+	return 0, err
+}
+
+func (fd *fileDescription) verityFlags(ctx context.Context, flags hostarch.Addr) (uintptr, error) {
+	f := int32(0)
+
+	fd.d.hashMu.RLock()
+	// All enabled files should store a hash. This flag is not settable via
+	// FS_IOC_SETFLAGS.
+	if len(fd.d.hash) != 0 {
+		f |= linux.FS_VERITY_FL
+	}
+	fd.d.hashMu.RUnlock()
+
+	t := kernel.TaskFromContext(ctx)
+	if t == nil {
+		return 0, syserror.EINVAL
+	}
+	_, err := primitive.CopyInt32Out(t, flags, f)
+	return 0, err
+}
+
+// Ioctl implements vfs.FileDescriptionImpl.Ioctl.
+func (fd *fileDescription) Ioctl(ctx context.Context, uio usermem.IO, args arch.SyscallArguments) (uintptr, error) {
+	switch cmd := args[1].Uint(); cmd {
+	case linux.FS_IOC_ENABLE_VERITY:
+		return fd.enableVerity(ctx)
+	case linux.FS_IOC_MEASURE_VERITY:
+		return fd.measureVerity(ctx, args[2].Pointer())
+	case linux.FS_IOC_GETFLAGS:
+		return fd.verityFlags(ctx, args[2].Pointer())
+	default:
+		// TODO(b/169682228): Investigate which ioctl commands should
+		// be allowed.
+		return 0, syserror.ENOSYS
+	}
+}
+
+// Read implements vfs.FileDescriptionImpl.Read.
+func (fd *fileDescription) Read(ctx context.Context, dst usermem.IOSequence, opts vfs.ReadOptions) (int64, error) {
+	// Implement Read with PRead by setting offset.
+	fd.mu.Lock()
+	n, err := fd.PRead(ctx, dst, fd.off, opts)
+	fd.off += n
+	fd.mu.Unlock()
+	return n, err
+}
+
+// PRead implements vfs.FileDescriptionImpl.PRead.
+func (fd *fileDescription) PRead(ctx context.Context, dst usermem.IOSequence, offset int64, opts vfs.ReadOptions) (int64, error) {
+	// No need to verify if the file is not enabled yet in
+	// allowRuntimeEnable mode.
+	if !fd.d.verityEnabled() {
+		return fd.lowerFD.PRead(ctx, dst, offset, opts)
+	}
+
+	fd.d.fs.verityMu.RLock()
+	defer fd.d.fs.verityMu.RUnlock()
+	// dataSize is the size of the whole file.
+	dataSize, err := fd.merkleReader.GetXattr(ctx, &vfs.GetXattrOptions{
+		Name: merkleSizeXattr,
+		Size: sizeOfStringInt32,
+	})
+
+	// The Merkle tree file for the child should have been created and
+	// contains the expected xattrs. If the xattr does not exist, it
+	// indicates unexpected modifications to the file system.
+	if err == syserror.ENODATA {
+		return 0, alertIntegrityViolation(fmt.Sprintf("Failed to get xattr %s: %v", merkleSizeXattr, err))
+	}
+	if err != nil {
+		return 0, err
+	}
+
+	// The dataSize xattr should be an integer. If it's not, it indicates
+	// unexpected modifications to the file system.
+	size, err := strconv.Atoi(dataSize)
+	if err != nil {
+		return 0, alertIntegrityViolation(fmt.Sprintf("Failed to convert xattr %s to int: %v", merkleSizeXattr, err))
+	}
+
+	dataReader := FileReadWriteSeeker{
+		FD:  fd.lowerFD,
+		Ctx: ctx,
+	}
+
+	merkleReader := FileReadWriteSeeker{
+		FD:  fd.merkleReader,
+		Ctx: ctx,
+	}
+
+	fd.d.hashMu.RLock()
+	n, err := merkletree.Verify(&merkletree.VerifyParams{
+		Out:      dst.Writer(ctx),
+		File:     &dataReader,
+		Tree:     &merkleReader,
+		Size:     int64(size),
+		Name:     fd.d.name,
+		Mode:     fd.d.mode,
+		UID:      fd.d.uid,
+		GID:      fd.d.gid,
+		Children: fd.d.childrenNames,
+		//TODO(b/156980949): Support passing other hash algorithms.
+		HashAlgorithms:        fd.d.fs.alg.toLinuxHashAlg(),
+		ReadOffset:            offset,
+		ReadSize:              dst.NumBytes(),
+		Expected:              fd.d.hash,
+		DataAndTreeInSameFile: false,
+	})
+	fd.d.hashMu.RUnlock()
+	if err != nil {
+		return 0, alertIntegrityViolation(fmt.Sprintf("Verification failed: %v", err))
+	}
+	return n, err
+}
+
+// PWrite implements vfs.FileDescriptionImpl.PWrite.
+func (fd *fileDescription) PWrite(ctx context.Context, src usermem.IOSequence, offset int64, opts vfs.WriteOptions) (int64, error) {
+	return 0, syserror.EROFS
+}
+
+// Write implements vfs.FileDescriptionImpl.Write.
+func (fd *fileDescription) Write(ctx context.Context, src usermem.IOSequence, opts vfs.WriteOptions) (int64, error) {
+	return 0, syserror.EROFS
+}
+
+// ConfigureMMap implements vfs.FileDescriptionImpl.ConfigureMMap.
+func (fd *fileDescription) ConfigureMMap(ctx context.Context, opts *memmap.MMapOpts) error {
+	if err := fd.lowerFD.ConfigureMMap(ctx, opts); err != nil {
+		return err
+	}
+	fd.lowerMappable = opts.Mappable
+	if opts.MappingIdentity != nil {
+		opts.MappingIdentity.DecRef(ctx)
+		opts.MappingIdentity = nil
+	}
+
+	// Check if mmap is allowed on the lower filesystem.
+	if !opts.SentryOwnedContent {
+		return syserror.ENODEV
+	}
+	return vfs.GenericConfigureMMap(&fd.vfsfd, fd, opts)
+}
+
+// LockBSD implements vfs.FileDescriptionImpl.LockBSD.
+func (fd *fileDescription) LockBSD(ctx context.Context, uid fslock.UniqueID, ownerPID int32, t fslock.LockType, block fslock.Blocker) error {
+	return fd.lowerFD.LockBSD(ctx, ownerPID, t, block)
+}
+
+// UnlockBSD implements vfs.FileDescriptionImpl.UnlockBSD.
+func (fd *fileDescription) UnlockBSD(ctx context.Context, uid fslock.UniqueID) error {
+	return fd.lowerFD.UnlockBSD(ctx)
+}
+
+// LockPOSIX implements vfs.FileDescriptionImpl.LockPOSIX.
+func (fd *fileDescription) LockPOSIX(ctx context.Context, uid fslock.UniqueID, ownerPID int32, t fslock.LockType, r fslock.LockRange, block fslock.Blocker) error {
+	return fd.lowerFD.LockPOSIX(ctx, uid, ownerPID, t, r, block)
+}
+
+// UnlockPOSIX implements vfs.FileDescriptionImpl.UnlockPOSIX.
+func (fd *fileDescription) UnlockPOSIX(ctx context.Context, uid fslock.UniqueID, r fslock.LockRange) error {
+	return fd.lowerFD.UnlockPOSIX(ctx, uid, r)
+}
+
+// TestPOSIX implements vfs.FileDescriptionImpl.TestPOSIX.
+func (fd *fileDescription) TestPOSIX(ctx context.Context, uid fslock.UniqueID, t fslock.LockType, r fslock.LockRange) (linux.Flock, error) {
+	return fd.lowerFD.TestPOSIX(ctx, uid, t, r)
+}
+
+// Translate implements memmap.Mappable.Translate.
+func (fd *fileDescription) Translate(ctx context.Context, required, optional memmap.MappableRange, at hostarch.AccessType) ([]memmap.Translation, error) {
+	ts, err := fd.lowerMappable.Translate(ctx, required, optional, at)
+	if err != nil {
+		return ts, err
+	}
+
+	// dataSize is the size of the whole file.
+	dataSize, err := fd.merkleReader.GetXattr(ctx, &vfs.GetXattrOptions{
+		Name: merkleSizeXattr,
+		Size: sizeOfStringInt32,
+	})
+
+	// The Merkle tree file for the child should have been created and
+	// contains the expected xattrs. If the xattr does not exist, it
+	// indicates unexpected modifications to the file system.
+	if err == syserror.ENODATA {
+		return ts, alertIntegrityViolation(fmt.Sprintf("Failed to get xattr %s: %v", merkleSizeXattr, err))
+	}
+	if err != nil {
+		return ts, err
+	}
+
+	// The dataSize xattr should be an integer. If it's not, it indicates
+	// unexpected modifications to the file system.
+	size, err := strconv.Atoi(dataSize)
+	if err != nil {
+		return ts, alertIntegrityViolation(fmt.Sprintf("Failed to convert xattr %s to int: %v", merkleSizeXattr, err))
+	}
+
+	merkleReader := FileReadWriteSeeker{
+		FD:  fd.merkleReader,
+		Ctx: ctx,
+	}
+
+	for _, t := range ts {
+		// Content integrity relies on sentry owning the backing data. MapInternal is guaranteed
+		// to fetch sentry owned memory because we disallow verity mmaps otherwise.
+		ims, err := t.File.MapInternal(memmap.FileRange{t.Offset, t.Offset + t.Source.Length()}, hostarch.Read)
+		if err != nil {
+			return nil, err
+		}
+		dataReader := mmapReadSeeker{ims, t.Source.Start}
+		var buf bytes.Buffer
+		_, err = merkletree.Verify(&merkletree.VerifyParams{
+			Out:                   &buf,
+			File:                  &dataReader,
+			Tree:                  &merkleReader,
+			Size:                  int64(size),
+			Name:                  fd.d.name,
+			Mode:                  fd.d.mode,
+			UID:                   fd.d.uid,
+			GID:                   fd.d.gid,
+			HashAlgorithms:        fd.d.fs.alg.toLinuxHashAlg(),
+			ReadOffset:            int64(t.Source.Start),
+			ReadSize:              int64(t.Source.Length()),
+			Expected:              fd.d.hash,
+			DataAndTreeInSameFile: false,
+		})
+		if err != nil {
+			return ts, alertIntegrityViolation(fmt.Sprintf("Verification failed: %v", err))
+		}
+	}
+	return ts, err
+}
+
+// AddMapping implements memmap.Mappable.AddMapping.
+func (fd *fileDescription) AddMapping(ctx context.Context, ms memmap.MappingSpace, ar hostarch.AddrRange, offset uint64, writable bool) error {
+	return fd.lowerMappable.AddMapping(ctx, ms, ar, offset, writable)
+}
+
+// RemoveMapping implements memmap.Mappable.RemoveMapping.
+func (fd *fileDescription) RemoveMapping(ctx context.Context, ms memmap.MappingSpace, ar hostarch.AddrRange, offset uint64, writable bool) {
+	fd.lowerMappable.RemoveMapping(ctx, ms, ar, offset, writable)
+}
+
+// CopyMapping implements memmap.Mappable.CopyMapping.
+func (fd *fileDescription) CopyMapping(ctx context.Context, ms memmap.MappingSpace, srcAR, dstAR hostarch.AddrRange, offset uint64, writable bool) error {
+	return fd.lowerMappable.CopyMapping(ctx, ms, srcAR, dstAR, offset, writable)
+}
+
+// InvalidateUnsavable implements memmap.Mappable.InvalidateUnsavable.
+func (fd *fileDescription) InvalidateUnsavable(context.Context) error {
+	return nil
+}
+
+// mmapReadSeeker is a helper struct used by fileDescription.Translate to pass
+// a safemem.BlockSeq pointing to the mapped region as io.ReaderAt.
+type mmapReadSeeker struct {
+	safemem.BlockSeq
+	Offset uint64
+}
+
+// ReadAt implements io.ReaderAt.ReadAt. off is the offset into the mapped file.
+func (r *mmapReadSeeker) ReadAt(p []byte, off int64) (int, error) {
+	bs := r.BlockSeq
+	// Adjust the offset into the mapped file to get the offset into the internally
+	// mapped region.
+	readOffset := off - int64(r.Offset)
+	if readOffset < 0 {
+		return 0, syserror.EINVAL
+	}
+	bs.DropFirst64(uint64(readOffset))
+	view := bs.TakeFirst64(uint64(len(p)))
+	dst := safemem.BlockSeqOf(safemem.BlockFromSafeSlice(p))
+	n, err := safemem.CopySeq(dst, view)
+	return int(n), err
+}
+
+// FileReadWriteSeeker is a helper struct to pass a vfs.FileDescription as
+// io.Reader/io.Writer/io.ReadSeeker/io.ReaderAt/io.WriterAt/etc.
+type FileReadWriteSeeker struct {
+	FD    *vfs.FileDescription
+	Ctx   context.Context
+	ROpts vfs.ReadOptions
+	WOpts vfs.WriteOptions
+}
+
+// ReadAt implements io.ReaderAt.ReadAt.
+func (f *FileReadWriteSeeker) ReadAt(p []byte, off int64) (int, error) {
+	dst := usermem.BytesIOSequence(p)
+	n, err := f.FD.PRead(f.Ctx, dst, off, f.ROpts)
+	return int(n), err
+}
+
+// Read implements io.ReadWriteSeeker.Read.
+func (f *FileReadWriteSeeker) Read(p []byte) (int, error) {
+	dst := usermem.BytesIOSequence(p)
+	n, err := f.FD.Read(f.Ctx, dst, f.ROpts)
+	return int(n), err
+}
+
+// Seek implements io.ReadWriteSeeker.Seek.
+func (f *FileReadWriteSeeker) Seek(offset int64, whence int) (int64, error) {
+	return f.FD.Seek(f.Ctx, offset, int32(whence))
+}
+
+// WriteAt implements io.WriterAt.WriteAt.
+func (f *FileReadWriteSeeker) WriteAt(p []byte, off int64) (int, error) {
+	dst := usermem.BytesIOSequence(p)
+	n, err := f.FD.PWrite(f.Ctx, dst, off, f.WOpts)
+	return int(n), err
+}
+
+// Write implements io.ReadWriteSeeker.Write.
+func (f *FileReadWriteSeeker) Write(p []byte) (int, error) {
+	buf := usermem.BytesIOSequence(p)
+	n, err := f.FD.Write(f.Ctx, buf, f.WOpts)
+	return int(n), err
+}
diff --git a/pkg/sentry/fsimpl/verity/verity_state_autogen.go b/pkg/sentry/fsimpl/verity/verity_state_autogen.go
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..47bea46c9
--- /dev/null
+++ b/pkg/sentry/fsimpl/verity/verity_state_autogen.go
@@ -0,0 +1,237 @@
+// automatically generated by stateify.
+
+package verity
+
+import (
+	"gvisor.dev/gvisor/pkg/state"
+)
+
+func (fstype *FilesystemType) StateTypeName() string {
+	return "pkg/sentry/fsimpl/verity.FilesystemType"
+}
+
+func (fstype *FilesystemType) StateFields() []string {
+	return []string{}
+}
+
+func (fstype *FilesystemType) beforeSave() {}
+
+// +checklocksignore
+func (fstype *FilesystemType) StateSave(stateSinkObject state.Sink) {
+	fstype.beforeSave()
+}
+
+func (fstype *FilesystemType) afterLoad() {}
+
+// +checklocksignore
+func (fstype *FilesystemType) StateLoad(stateSourceObject state.Source) {
+}
+
+func (fs *filesystem) StateTypeName() string {
+	return "pkg/sentry/fsimpl/verity.filesystem"
+}
+
+func (fs *filesystem) StateFields() []string {
+	return []string{
+		"vfsfs",
+		"creds",
+		"allowRuntimeEnable",
+		"lowerMount",
+		"rootDentry",
+		"alg",
+	}
+}
+
+func (fs *filesystem) beforeSave() {}
+
+// +checklocksignore
+func (fs *filesystem) StateSave(stateSinkObject state.Sink) {
+	fs.beforeSave()
+	stateSinkObject.Save(0, &fs.vfsfs)
+	stateSinkObject.Save(1, &fs.creds)
+	stateSinkObject.Save(2, &fs.allowRuntimeEnable)
+	stateSinkObject.Save(3, &fs.lowerMount)
+	stateSinkObject.Save(4, &fs.rootDentry)
+	stateSinkObject.Save(5, &fs.alg)
+}
+
+func (fs *filesystem) afterLoad() {}
+
+// +checklocksignore
+func (fs *filesystem) StateLoad(stateSourceObject state.Source) {
+	stateSourceObject.Load(0, &fs.vfsfs)
+	stateSourceObject.Load(1, &fs.creds)
+	stateSourceObject.Load(2, &fs.allowRuntimeEnable)
+	stateSourceObject.Load(3, &fs.lowerMount)
+	stateSourceObject.Load(4, &fs.rootDentry)
+	stateSourceObject.Load(5, &fs.alg)
+}
+
+func (i *InternalFilesystemOptions) StateTypeName() string {
+	return "pkg/sentry/fsimpl/verity.InternalFilesystemOptions"
+}
+
+func (i *InternalFilesystemOptions) StateFields() []string {
+	return []string{
+		"RootMerkleFileName",
+		"LowerName",
+		"Alg",
+		"RootHash",
+		"AllowRuntimeEnable",
+		"LowerGetFSOptions",
+		"Action",
+	}
+}
+
+func (i *InternalFilesystemOptions) beforeSave() {}
+
+// +checklocksignore
+func (i *InternalFilesystemOptions) StateSave(stateSinkObject state.Sink) {
+	i.beforeSave()
+	stateSinkObject.Save(0, &i.RootMerkleFileName)
+	stateSinkObject.Save(1, &i.LowerName)
+	stateSinkObject.Save(2, &i.Alg)
+	stateSinkObject.Save(3, &i.RootHash)
+	stateSinkObject.Save(4, &i.AllowRuntimeEnable)
+	stateSinkObject.Save(5, &i.LowerGetFSOptions)
+	stateSinkObject.Save(6, &i.Action)
+}
+
+func (i *InternalFilesystemOptions) afterLoad() {}
+
+// +checklocksignore
+func (i *InternalFilesystemOptions) StateLoad(stateSourceObject state.Source) {
+	stateSourceObject.Load(0, &i.RootMerkleFileName)
+	stateSourceObject.Load(1, &i.LowerName)
+	stateSourceObject.Load(2, &i.Alg)
+	stateSourceObject.Load(3, &i.RootHash)
+	stateSourceObject.Load(4, &i.AllowRuntimeEnable)
+	stateSourceObject.Load(5, &i.LowerGetFSOptions)
+	stateSourceObject.Load(6, &i.Action)
+}
+
+func (d *dentry) StateTypeName() string {
+	return "pkg/sentry/fsimpl/verity.dentry"
+}
+
+func (d *dentry) StateFields() []string {
+	return []string{
+		"vfsd",
+		"refs",
+		"fs",
+		"mode",
+		"uid",
+		"gid",
+		"size",
+		"parent",
+		"name",
+		"children",
+		"childrenNames",
+		"lowerVD",
+		"lowerMerkleVD",
+		"symlinkTarget",
+		"hash",
+	}
+}
+
+func (d *dentry) beforeSave() {}
+
+// +checklocksignore
+func (d *dentry) StateSave(stateSinkObject state.Sink) {
+	d.beforeSave()
+	stateSinkObject.Save(0, &d.vfsd)
+	stateSinkObject.Save(1, &d.refs)
+	stateSinkObject.Save(2, &d.fs)
+	stateSinkObject.Save(3, &d.mode)
+	stateSinkObject.Save(4, &d.uid)
+	stateSinkObject.Save(5, &d.gid)
+	stateSinkObject.Save(6, &d.size)
+	stateSinkObject.Save(7, &d.parent)
+	stateSinkObject.Save(8, &d.name)
+	stateSinkObject.Save(9, &d.children)
+	stateSinkObject.Save(10, &d.childrenNames)
+	stateSinkObject.Save(11, &d.lowerVD)
+	stateSinkObject.Save(12, &d.lowerMerkleVD)
+	stateSinkObject.Save(13, &d.symlinkTarget)
+	stateSinkObject.Save(14, &d.hash)
+}
+
+// +checklocksignore
+func (d *dentry) StateLoad(stateSourceObject state.Source) {
+	stateSourceObject.Load(0, &d.vfsd)
+	stateSourceObject.Load(1, &d.refs)
+	stateSourceObject.Load(2, &d.fs)
+	stateSourceObject.Load(3, &d.mode)
+	stateSourceObject.Load(4, &d.uid)
+	stateSourceObject.Load(5, &d.gid)
+	stateSourceObject.Load(6, &d.size)
+	stateSourceObject.Load(7, &d.parent)
+	stateSourceObject.Load(8, &d.name)
+	stateSourceObject.Load(9, &d.children)
+	stateSourceObject.Load(10, &d.childrenNames)
+	stateSourceObject.Load(11, &d.lowerVD)
+	stateSourceObject.Load(12, &d.lowerMerkleVD)
+	stateSourceObject.Load(13, &d.symlinkTarget)
+	stateSourceObject.Load(14, &d.hash)
+	stateSourceObject.AfterLoad(d.afterLoad)
+}
+
+func (fd *fileDescription) StateTypeName() string {
+	return "pkg/sentry/fsimpl/verity.fileDescription"
+}
+
+func (fd *fileDescription) StateFields() []string {
+	return []string{
+		"vfsfd",
+		"FileDescriptionDefaultImpl",
+		"d",
+		"isDir",
+		"lowerFD",
+		"lowerMappable",
+		"merkleReader",
+		"merkleWriter",
+		"parentMerkleWriter",
+		"off",
+	}
+}
+
+func (fd *fileDescription) beforeSave() {}
+
+// +checklocksignore
+func (fd *fileDescription) StateSave(stateSinkObject state.Sink) {
+	fd.beforeSave()
+	stateSinkObject.Save(0, &fd.vfsfd)
+	stateSinkObject.Save(1, &fd.FileDescriptionDefaultImpl)
+	stateSinkObject.Save(2, &fd.d)
+	stateSinkObject.Save(3, &fd.isDir)
+	stateSinkObject.Save(4, &fd.lowerFD)
+	stateSinkObject.Save(5, &fd.lowerMappable)
+	stateSinkObject.Save(6, &fd.merkleReader)
+	stateSinkObject.Save(7, &fd.merkleWriter)
+	stateSinkObject.Save(8, &fd.parentMerkleWriter)
+	stateSinkObject.Save(9, &fd.off)
+}
+
+func (fd *fileDescription) afterLoad() {}
+
+// +checklocksignore
+func (fd *fileDescription) StateLoad(stateSourceObject state.Source) {
+	stateSourceObject.Load(0, &fd.vfsfd)
+	stateSourceObject.Load(1, &fd.FileDescriptionDefaultImpl)
+	stateSourceObject.Load(2, &fd.d)
+	stateSourceObject.Load(3, &fd.isDir)
+	stateSourceObject.Load(4, &fd.lowerFD)
+	stateSourceObject.Load(5, &fd.lowerMappable)
+	stateSourceObject.Load(6, &fd.merkleReader)
+	stateSourceObject.Load(7, &fd.merkleWriter)
+	stateSourceObject.Load(8, &fd.parentMerkleWriter)
+	stateSourceObject.Load(9, &fd.off)
+}
+
+func init() {
+	state.Register((*FilesystemType)(nil))
+	state.Register((*filesystem)(nil))
+	state.Register((*InternalFilesystemOptions)(nil))
+	state.Register((*dentry)(nil))
+	state.Register((*fileDescription)(nil))
+}