Plumbing context.Context to DecRef() and Release().

context is passed to DecRef() and Release() which is
needed for SO_LINGER implementation.

PiperOrigin-RevId: 324672584

50 files changed, 316 insertions, 316 deletions

diff --git a/pkg/sentry/syscalls/epoll.go b/pkg/sentry/syscalls/epoll.go
index d9fb808c0..d23a0068a 100644
--- a/pkg/sentry/syscalls/epoll.go
+++ b/pkg/sentry/syscalls/epoll.go
@@ -28,7 +28,7 @@ import (
 // CreateEpoll implements the epoll_create(2) linux syscall.
 func CreateEpoll(t *kernel.Task, closeOnExec bool) (int32, error) {
 	file := epoll.NewEventPoll(t)
-	defer file.DecRef()
+	defer file.DecRef(t)
 
 	fd, err := t.NewFDFrom(0, file, kernel.FDFlags{
 		CloseOnExec: closeOnExec,
@@ -47,14 +47,14 @@ func AddEpoll(t *kernel.Task, epfd int32, fd int32, flags epoll.EntryFlags, mask
 	if epollfile == nil {
 		return syserror.EBADF
 	}
-	defer epollfile.DecRef()
+	defer epollfile.DecRef(t)
 
 	// Get the target file id.
 	file := t.GetFile(fd)
 	if file == nil {
 		return syserror.EBADF
 	}
-	defer file.DecRef()
+	defer file.DecRef(t)
 
 	// Extract the epollPoll operations.
 	e, ok := epollfile.FileOperations.(*epoll.EventPoll)
@@ -73,14 +73,14 @@ func UpdateEpoll(t *kernel.Task, epfd int32, fd int32, flags epoll.EntryFlags, m
 	if epollfile == nil {
 		return syserror.EBADF
 	}
-	defer epollfile.DecRef()
+	defer epollfile.DecRef(t)
 
 	// Get the target file id.
 	file := t.GetFile(fd)
 	if file == nil {
 		return syserror.EBADF
 	}
-	defer file.DecRef()
+	defer file.DecRef(t)
 
 	// Extract the epollPoll operations.
 	e, ok := epollfile.FileOperations.(*epoll.EventPoll)
@@ -99,14 +99,14 @@ func RemoveEpoll(t *kernel.Task, epfd int32, fd int32) error {
 	if epollfile == nil {
 		return syserror.EBADF
 	}
-	defer epollfile.DecRef()
+	defer epollfile.DecRef(t)
 
 	// Get the target file id.
 	file := t.GetFile(fd)
 	if file == nil {
 		return syserror.EBADF
 	}
-	defer file.DecRef()
+	defer file.DecRef(t)
 
 	// Extract the epollPoll operations.
 	e, ok := epollfile.FileOperations.(*epoll.EventPoll)
@@ -115,7 +115,7 @@ func RemoveEpoll(t *kernel.Task, epfd int32, fd int32) error {
 	}
 
 	// Try to remove the entry.
-	return e.RemoveEntry(epoll.FileIdentifier{file, fd})
+	return e.RemoveEntry(t, epoll.FileIdentifier{file, fd})
 }
 
 // WaitEpoll implements the epoll_wait(2) linux syscall.
@@ -125,7 +125,7 @@ func WaitEpoll(t *kernel.Task, fd int32, max int, timeout int) ([]linux.EpollEve
 	if epollfile == nil {
 		return nil, syserror.EBADF
 	}
-	defer epollfile.DecRef()
+	defer epollfile.DecRef(t)
 
 	// Extract the epollPoll operations.
 	e, ok := epollfile.FileOperations.(*epoll.EventPoll)
diff --git a/pkg/sentry/syscalls/linux/sys_aio.go b/pkg/sentry/syscalls/linux/sys_aio.go
index ba2557c52..e9d64dec5 100644
--- a/pkg/sentry/syscalls/linux/sys_aio.go
+++ b/pkg/sentry/syscalls/linux/sys_aio.go
@@ -247,7 +247,7 @@ func getAIOCallback(t *kernel.Task, file *fs.File, cbAddr usermem.Addr, cb *linu
 			ev.Result = -int64(kernel.ExtractErrno(err, 0))
 		}
 
-		file.DecRef()
+		file.DecRef(ctx)
 
 		// Queue the result for delivery.
 		actx.FinishRequest(ev)
@@ -257,7 +257,7 @@ func getAIOCallback(t *kernel.Task, file *fs.File, cbAddr usermem.Addr, cb *linu
 		// wake up.
 		if eventFile != nil {
 			eventFile.FileOperations.(*eventfd.EventOperations).Signal(1)
-			eventFile.DecRef()
+			eventFile.DecRef(ctx)
 		}
 	}
 }
@@ -269,7 +269,7 @@ func submitCallback(t *kernel.Task, id uint64, cb *linux.IOCallback, cbAddr user
 		// File not found.
 		return syserror.EBADF
 	}
-	defer file.DecRef()
+	defer file.DecRef(t)
 
 	// Was there an eventFD? Extract it.
 	var eventFile *fs.File
@@ -279,7 +279,7 @@ func submitCallback(t *kernel.Task, id uint64, cb *linux.IOCallback, cbAddr user
 			// Bad FD.
 			return syserror.EBADF
 		}
-		defer eventFile.DecRef()
+		defer eventFile.DecRef(t)
 
 		// Check that it is an eventfd.
 		if _, ok := eventFile.FileOperations.(*eventfd.EventOperations); !ok {
diff --git a/pkg/sentry/syscalls/linux/sys_eventfd.go b/pkg/sentry/syscalls/linux/sys_eventfd.go
index ed3413ca6..3b4f879e4 100644
--- a/pkg/sentry/syscalls/linux/sys_eventfd.go
+++ b/pkg/sentry/syscalls/linux/sys_eventfd.go
@@ -37,7 +37,7 @@ func Eventfd2(t *kernel.Task, args arch.SyscallArguments) (uintptr, *kernel.Sysc
 	event.SetFlags(fs.SettableFileFlags{
 		NonBlocking: flags&linux.EFD_NONBLOCK != 0,
 	})
-	defer event.DecRef()
+	defer event.DecRef(t)
 
 	fd, err := t.NewFDFrom(0, event, kernel.FDFlags{
 		CloseOnExec: flags&linux.EFD_CLOEXEC != 0,
diff --git a/pkg/sentry/syscalls/linux/sys_file.go b/pkg/sentry/syscalls/linux/sys_file.go
index 8cf6401e7..1bc9b184e 100644
--- a/pkg/sentry/syscalls/linux/sys_file.go
+++ b/pkg/sentry/syscalls/linux/sys_file.go
@@ -40,7 +40,7 @@ func fileOpAt(t *kernel.Task, dirFD int32, path string, fn func(root *fs.Dirent,
 		// Common case: we are accessing a file in the root.
 		root := t.FSContext().RootDirectory()
 		err := fn(root, root, name, linux.MaxSymlinkTraversals)
-		root.DecRef()
+		root.DecRef(t)
 		return err
 	} else if dir == "." && dirFD == linux.AT_FDCWD {
 		// Common case: we are accessing a file relative to the current
@@ -48,8 +48,8 @@ func fileOpAt(t *kernel.Task, dirFD int32, path string, fn func(root *fs.Dirent,
 		wd := t.FSContext().WorkingDirectory()
 		root := t.FSContext().RootDirectory()
 		err := fn(root, wd, name, linux.MaxSymlinkTraversals)
-		wd.DecRef()
-		root.DecRef()
+		wd.DecRef(t)
+		root.DecRef(t)
 		return err
 	}
 
@@ -97,19 +97,19 @@ func fileOpOn(t *kernel.Task, dirFD int32, path string, resolve bool, fn func(ro
 	} else {
 		d, err = t.MountNamespace().FindLink(t, root, rel, path, &remainingTraversals)
 	}
-	root.DecRef()
+	root.DecRef(t)
 	if wd != nil {
-		wd.DecRef()
+		wd.DecRef(t)
 	}
 	if f != nil {
-		f.DecRef()
+		f.DecRef(t)
 	}
 	if err != nil {
 		return err
 	}
 
 	err = fn(root, d, remainingTraversals)
-	d.DecRef()
+	d.DecRef(t)
 	return err
 }
 
@@ -186,7 +186,7 @@ func openAt(t *kernel.Task, dirFD int32, addr usermem.Addr, flags uint) (fd uint
 		if err != nil {
 			return syserror.ConvertIntr(err, kernel.ERESTARTSYS)
 		}
-		defer file.DecRef()
+		defer file.DecRef(t)
 
 		// Success.
 		newFD, err := t.NewFDFrom(0, file, kernel.FDFlags{
@@ -242,7 +242,7 @@ func mknodAt(t *kernel.Task, dirFD int32, addr usermem.Addr, mode linux.FileMode
 			if err != nil {
 				return err
 			}
-			file.DecRef()
+			file.DecRef(t)
 			return nil
 
 		case linux.ModeNamedPipe:
@@ -332,7 +332,7 @@ func createAt(t *kernel.Task, dirFD int32, addr usermem.Addr, flags uint, mode l
 			if err != nil {
 				break
 			}
-			defer found.DecRef()
+			defer found.DecRef(t)
 
 			// We found something (possibly a symlink). If the
 			// O_EXCL flag was passed, then we can immediately
@@ -357,7 +357,7 @@ func createAt(t *kernel.Task, dirFD int32, addr usermem.Addr, flags uint, mode l
 			resolved, err = found.Inode.Getlink(t)
 			if err == nil {
 				// No more resolution necessary.
-				defer resolved.DecRef()
+				defer resolved.DecRef(t)
 				break
 			}
 			if err != fs.ErrResolveViaReadlink {
@@ -384,7 +384,7 @@ func createAt(t *kernel.Task, dirFD int32, addr usermem.Addr, flags uint, mode l
 			if err != nil {
 				break
 			}
-			defer newParent.DecRef()
+			defer newParent.DecRef(t)
 
 			// Repeat the process with the parent and name of the
 			// symlink target.
@@ -416,7 +416,7 @@ func createAt(t *kernel.Task, dirFD int32, addr usermem.Addr, flags uint, mode l
 			if err != nil {
 				return syserror.ConvertIntr(err, kernel.ERESTARTSYS)
 			}
-			defer newFile.DecRef()
+			defer newFile.DecRef(t)
 		case syserror.ENOENT:
 			// File does not exist. Proceed with creation.
 
@@ -432,7 +432,7 @@ func createAt(t *kernel.Task, dirFD int32, addr usermem.Addr, flags uint, mode l
 				// No luck, bail.
 				return err
 			}
-			defer newFile.DecRef()
+			defer newFile.DecRef(t)
 			found = newFile.Dirent
 		default:
 			return err
@@ -596,7 +596,7 @@ func Ioctl(t *kernel.Task, args arch.SyscallArguments) (uintptr, *kernel.Syscall
 	if file == nil {
 		return 0, nil, syserror.EBADF
 	}
-	defer file.DecRef()
+	defer file.DecRef(t)
 
 	// Shared flags between file and socket.
 	switch request {
@@ -671,9 +671,9 @@ func Getcwd(t *kernel.Task, args arch.SyscallArguments) (uintptr, *kernel.Syscal
 	addr := args[0].Pointer()
 	size := args[1].SizeT()
 	cwd := t.FSContext().WorkingDirectory()
-	defer cwd.DecRef()
+	defer cwd.DecRef(t)
 	root := t.FSContext().RootDirectory()
-	defer root.DecRef()
+	defer root.DecRef(t)
 
 	// Get our fullname from the root and preprend unreachable if the root was
 	// unreachable from our current dirent this is the same behavior as on linux.
@@ -722,7 +722,7 @@ func Chroot(t *kernel.Task, args arch.SyscallArguments) (uintptr, *kernel.Syscal
 			return err
 		}
 
-		t.FSContext().SetRootDirectory(d)
+		t.FSContext().SetRootDirectory(t, d)
 		return nil
 	})
 }
@@ -747,7 +747,7 @@ func Chdir(t *kernel.Task, args arch.SyscallArguments) (uintptr, *kernel.Syscall
 			return err
 		}
 
-		t.FSContext().SetWorkingDirectory(d)
+		t.FSContext().SetWorkingDirectory(t, d)
 		return nil
 	})
 }
@@ -760,7 +760,7 @@ func Fchdir(t *kernel.Task, args arch.SyscallArguments) (uintptr, *kernel.Syscal
 	if file == nil {
 		return 0, nil, syserror.EBADF
 	}
-	defer file.DecRef()
+	defer file.DecRef(t)
 
 	// Is it a directory?
 	if !fs.IsDir(file.Dirent.Inode.StableAttr) {
@@ -772,7 +772,7 @@ func Fchdir(t *kernel.Task, args arch.SyscallArguments) (uintptr, *kernel.Syscal
 		return 0, nil, err
 	}
 
-	t.FSContext().SetWorkingDirectory(file.Dirent)
+	t.FSContext().SetWorkingDirectory(t, file.Dirent)
 	return 0, nil, nil
 }
 
@@ -791,7 +791,7 @@ func Close(t *kernel.Task, args arch.SyscallArguments) (uintptr, *kernel.Syscall
 	if file == nil {
 		return 0, nil, syserror.EBADF
 	}
-	defer file.DecRef()
+	defer file.DecRef(t)
 
 	err := file.Flush(t)
 	return 0, nil, handleIOError(t, false /* partial */, err, syserror.EINTR, "close", file)
@@ -805,7 +805,7 @@ func Dup(t *kernel.Task, args arch.SyscallArguments) (uintptr, *kernel.SyscallCo
 	if file == nil {
 		return 0, nil, syserror.EBADF
 	}
-	defer file.DecRef()
+	defer file.DecRef(t)
 
 	newFD, err := t.NewFDFrom(0, file, kernel.FDFlags{})
 	if err != nil {
@@ -826,7 +826,7 @@ func Dup2(t *kernel.Task, args arch.SyscallArguments) (uintptr, *kernel.SyscallC
 		if oldFile == nil {
 			return 0, nil, syserror.EBADF
 		}
-		defer oldFile.DecRef()
+		defer oldFile.DecRef(t)
 
 		return uintptr(newfd), nil, nil
 	}
@@ -850,7 +850,7 @@ func Dup3(t *kernel.Task, args arch.SyscallArguments) (uintptr, *kernel.SyscallC
 	if oldFile == nil {
 		return 0, nil, syserror.EBADF
 	}
-	defer oldFile.DecRef()
+	defer oldFile.DecRef(t)
 
 	err := t.NewFDAt(newfd, oldFile, kernel.FDFlags{CloseOnExec: flags&linux.O_CLOEXEC != 0})
 	if err != nil {
@@ -925,7 +925,7 @@ func Fcntl(t *kernel.Task, args arch.SyscallArguments) (uintptr, *kernel.Syscall
 	if file == nil {
 		return 0, nil, syserror.EBADF
 	}
-	defer file.DecRef()
+	defer file.DecRef(t)
 
 	switch cmd {
 	case linux.F_DUPFD, linux.F_DUPFD_CLOEXEC:
@@ -1132,7 +1132,7 @@ func Fadvise64(t *kernel.Task, args arch.SyscallArguments) (uintptr, *kernel.Sys
 	if file == nil {
 		return 0, nil, syserror.EBADF
 	}
-	defer file.DecRef()
+	defer file.DecRef(t)
 
 	// If the FD refers to a pipe or FIFO, return error.
 	if fs.IsPipe(file.Dirent.Inode.StableAttr) {
@@ -1171,7 +1171,7 @@ func mkdirAt(t *kernel.Task, dirFD int32, addr usermem.Addr, mode linux.FileMode
 		switch err {
 		case nil:
 			// The directory existed.
-			defer f.DecRef()
+			defer f.DecRef(t)
 			return syserror.EEXIST
 		case syserror.EACCES:
 			// Permission denied while walking to the directory.
@@ -1349,7 +1349,7 @@ func linkAt(t *kernel.Task, oldDirFD int32, oldAddr usermem.Addr, newDirFD int32
 		if target == nil {
 			return syserror.EBADF
 		}
-		defer target.DecRef()
+		defer target.DecRef(t)
 		if err := mayLinkAt(t, target.Dirent.Inode); err != nil {
 			return err
 		}
@@ -1602,7 +1602,7 @@ func Ftruncate(t *kernel.Task, args arch.SyscallArguments) (uintptr, *kernel.Sys
 	if file == nil {
 		return 0, nil, syserror.EBADF
 	}
-	defer file.DecRef()
+	defer file.DecRef(t)
 
 	// Reject truncation if the file flags do not permit this operation.
 	// This is different from truncate(2) above.
@@ -1730,7 +1730,7 @@ func chownAt(t *kernel.Task, fd int32, addr usermem.Addr, resolve, allowEmpty bo
 		if file == nil {
 			return syserror.EBADF
 		}
-		defer file.DecRef()
+		defer file.DecRef(t)
 
 		return chown(t, file.Dirent, uid, gid)
 	}
@@ -1768,7 +1768,7 @@ func Fchown(t *kernel.Task, args arch.SyscallArguments) (uintptr, *kernel.Syscal
 	if file == nil {
 		return 0, nil, syserror.EBADF
 	}
-	defer file.DecRef()
+	defer file.DecRef(t)
 
 	return 0, nil, chown(t, file.Dirent, uid, gid)
 }
@@ -1833,7 +1833,7 @@ func Fchmod(t *kernel.Task, args arch.SyscallArguments) (uintptr, *kernel.Syscal
 	if file == nil {
 		return 0, nil, syserror.EBADF
 	}
-	defer file.DecRef()
+	defer file.DecRef(t)
 
 	return 0, nil, chmod(t, file.Dirent, mode)
 }
@@ -1893,10 +1893,10 @@ func utimes(t *kernel.Task, dirFD int32, addr usermem.Addr, ts fs.TimeSpec, reso
 		if f == nil {
 			return syserror.EBADF
 		}
-		defer f.DecRef()
+		defer f.DecRef(t)
 
 		root := t.FSContext().RootDirectory()
-		defer root.DecRef()
+		defer root.DecRef(t)
 
 		return setTimestamp(root, f.Dirent, linux.MaxSymlinkTraversals)
 	}
@@ -2088,7 +2088,7 @@ func Fallocate(t *kernel.Task, args arch.SyscallArguments) (uintptr, *kernel.Sys
 	if file == nil {
 		return 0, nil, syserror.EBADF
 	}
-	defer file.DecRef()
+	defer file.DecRef(t)
 
 	if offset < 0 || length <= 0 {
 		return 0, nil, syserror.EINVAL
@@ -2141,7 +2141,7 @@ func Flock(t *kernel.Task, args arch.SyscallArguments) (uintptr, *kernel.Syscall
 		// flock(2): EBADF fd is not an open file descriptor.
 		return 0, nil, syserror.EBADF
 	}
-	defer file.DecRef()
+	defer file.DecRef(t)
 
 	nonblocking := operation&linux.LOCK_NB != 0
 	operation &^= linux.LOCK_NB
@@ -2224,8 +2224,8 @@ func MemfdCreate(t *kernel.Task, args arch.SyscallArguments) (uintptr, *kernel.S
 		return 0, nil, err
 	}
 
-	defer dirent.DecRef()
-	defer file.DecRef()
+	defer dirent.DecRef(t)
+	defer file.DecRef(t)
 
 	newFD, err := t.NewFDFrom(0, file, kernel.FDFlags{
 		CloseOnExec: cloExec,
diff --git a/pkg/sentry/syscalls/linux/sys_futex.go b/pkg/sentry/syscalls/linux/sys_futex.go
index f04d78856..9d1b2edb1 100644
--- a/pkg/sentry/syscalls/linux/sys_futex.go
+++ b/pkg/sentry/syscalls/linux/sys_futex.go
@@ -73,7 +73,7 @@ func futexWaitAbsolute(t *kernel.Task, clockRealtime bool, ts linux.Timespec, fo
 		err = t.BlockWithDeadline(w.C, true, ktime.FromTimespec(ts))
 	}
 
-	t.Futex().WaitComplete(w)
+	t.Futex().WaitComplete(w, t)
 	return 0, syserror.ConvertIntr(err, kernel.ERESTARTSYS)
 }
 
@@ -95,7 +95,7 @@ func futexWaitDuration(t *kernel.Task, duration time.Duration, forever bool, add
 	}
 
 	remaining, err := t.BlockWithTimeout(w.C, !forever, duration)
-	t.Futex().WaitComplete(w)
+	t.Futex().WaitComplete(w, t)
 	if err == nil {
 		return 0, nil
 	}
@@ -148,7 +148,7 @@ func futexLockPI(t *kernel.Task, ts linux.Timespec, forever bool, addr usermem.A
 		timer.Destroy()
 	}
 
-	t.Futex().WaitComplete(w)
+	t.Futex().WaitComplete(w, t)
 	return syserror.ConvertIntr(err, kernel.ERESTARTSYS)
 }
 
diff --git a/pkg/sentry/syscalls/linux/sys_getdents.go b/pkg/sentry/syscalls/linux/sys_getdents.go
index b126fecc0..f5699e55d 100644
--- a/pkg/sentry/syscalls/linux/sys_getdents.go
+++ b/pkg/sentry/syscalls/linux/sys_getdents.go
@@ -68,7 +68,7 @@ func getdents(t *kernel.Task, fd int32, addr usermem.Addr, size int, f func(*dir
 	if dir == nil {
 		return 0, syserror.EBADF
 	}
-	defer dir.DecRef()
+	defer dir.DecRef(t)
 
 	w := &usermem.IOReadWriter{
 		Ctx:  t,
diff --git a/pkg/sentry/syscalls/linux/sys_inotify.go b/pkg/sentry/syscalls/linux/sys_inotify.go
index b2c7b3444..cf47bb9dd 100644
--- a/pkg/sentry/syscalls/linux/sys_inotify.go
+++ b/pkg/sentry/syscalls/linux/sys_inotify.go
@@ -40,7 +40,7 @@ func InotifyInit1(t *kernel.Task, args arch.SyscallArguments) (uintptr, *kernel.
 		NonBlocking: flags&linux.IN_NONBLOCK != 0,
 	}
 	n := fs.NewFile(t, dirent, fileFlags, fs.NewInotify(t))
-	defer n.DecRef()
+	defer n.DecRef(t)
 
 	fd, err := t.NewFDFrom(0, n, kernel.FDFlags{
 		CloseOnExec: flags&linux.IN_CLOEXEC != 0,
@@ -71,7 +71,7 @@ func fdToInotify(t *kernel.Task, fd int32) (*fs.Inotify, *fs.File, error) {
 	ino, ok := file.FileOperations.(*fs.Inotify)
 	if !ok {
 		// Not an inotify fd.
-		file.DecRef()
+		file.DecRef(t)
 		return nil, nil, syserror.EINVAL
 	}
 
@@ -98,7 +98,7 @@ func InotifyAddWatch(t *kernel.Task, args arch.SyscallArguments) (uintptr, *kern
 	if err != nil {
 		return 0, nil, err
 	}
-	defer file.DecRef()
+	defer file.DecRef(t)
 
 	path, _, err := copyInPath(t, addr, false /* allowEmpty */)
 	if err != nil {
@@ -128,6 +128,6 @@ func InotifyRmWatch(t *kernel.Task, args arch.SyscallArguments) (uintptr, *kerne
 	if err != nil {
 		return 0, nil, err
 	}
-	defer file.DecRef()
-	return 0, nil, ino.RmWatch(wd)
+	defer file.DecRef(t)
+	return 0, nil, ino.RmWatch(t, wd)
 }
diff --git a/pkg/sentry/syscalls/linux/sys_lseek.go b/pkg/sentry/syscalls/linux/sys_lseek.go
index 3f7691eae..1c38f8f4f 100644
--- a/pkg/sentry/syscalls/linux/sys_lseek.go
+++ b/pkg/sentry/syscalls/linux/sys_lseek.go
@@ -33,7 +33,7 @@ func Lseek(t *kernel.Task, args arch.SyscallArguments) (uintptr, *kernel.Syscall
 	if file == nil {
 		return 0, nil, syserror.EBADF
 	}
-	defer file.DecRef()
+	defer file.DecRef(t)
 
 	var sw fs.SeekWhence
 	switch whence {
diff --git a/pkg/sentry/syscalls/linux/sys_mmap.go b/pkg/sentry/syscalls/linux/sys_mmap.go
index 91694d374..72786b032 100644
--- a/pkg/sentry/syscalls/linux/sys_mmap.go
+++ b/pkg/sentry/syscalls/linux/sys_mmap.go
@@ -75,7 +75,7 @@ func Mmap(t *kernel.Task, args arch.SyscallArguments) (uintptr, *kernel.SyscallC
 	}
 	defer func() {
 		if opts.MappingIdentity != nil {
-			opts.MappingIdentity.DecRef()
+			opts.MappingIdentity.DecRef(t)
 		}
 	}()
 
@@ -85,7 +85,7 @@ func Mmap(t *kernel.Task, args arch.SyscallArguments) (uintptr, *kernel.SyscallC
 		if file == nil {
 			return 0, nil, syserror.EBADF
 		}
-		defer file.DecRef()
+		defer file.DecRef(t)
 
 		flags := file.Flags()
 		// mmap unconditionally requires that the FD is readable.
diff --git a/pkg/sentry/syscalls/linux/sys_mount.go b/pkg/sentry/syscalls/linux/sys_mount.go
index eb5ff48f5..bd0633564 100644
--- a/pkg/sentry/syscalls/linux/sys_mount.go
+++ b/pkg/sentry/syscalls/linux/sys_mount.go
@@ -115,7 +115,7 @@ func Mount(t *kernel.Task, args arch.SyscallArguments) (uintptr, *kernel.Syscall
 	}); err != nil {
 		// Something went wrong. Drop our ref on rootInode before
 		// returning the error.
-		rootInode.DecRef()
+		rootInode.DecRef(t)
 		return 0, nil, err
 	}
 
diff --git a/pkg/sentry/syscalls/linux/sys_pipe.go b/pkg/sentry/syscalls/linux/sys_pipe.go
index 43c510930..3149e4aad 100644
--- a/pkg/sentry/syscalls/linux/sys_pipe.go
+++ b/pkg/sentry/syscalls/linux/sys_pipe.go
@@ -34,10 +34,10 @@ func pipe2(t *kernel.Task, addr usermem.Addr, flags uint) (uintptr, error) {
 	r, w := pipe.NewConnectedPipe(t, pipe.DefaultPipeSize, usermem.PageSize)
 
 	r.SetFlags(linuxToFlags(flags).Settable())
-	defer r.DecRef()
+	defer r.DecRef(t)
 
 	w.SetFlags(linuxToFlags(flags).Settable())
-	defer w.DecRef()
+	defer w.DecRef(t)
 
 	fds, err := t.NewFDs(0, []*fs.File{r, w}, kernel.FDFlags{
 		CloseOnExec: flags&linux.O_CLOEXEC != 0,
@@ -49,7 +49,7 @@ func pipe2(t *kernel.Task, addr usermem.Addr, flags uint) (uintptr, error) {
 	if _, err := t.CopyOut(addr, fds); err != nil {
 		for _, fd := range fds {
 			if file, _ := t.FDTable().Remove(fd); file != nil {
-				file.DecRef()
+				file.DecRef(t)
 			}
 		}
 		return 0, err
diff --git a/pkg/sentry/syscalls/linux/sys_poll.go b/pkg/sentry/syscalls/linux/sys_poll.go
index f0198141c..3435bdf77 100644
--- a/pkg/sentry/syscalls/linux/sys_poll.go
+++ b/pkg/sentry/syscalls/linux/sys_poll.go
@@ -70,7 +70,7 @@ func initReadiness(t *kernel.Task, pfd *linux.PollFD, state *pollState, ch chan
 	}
 
 	if ch == nil {
-		defer file.DecRef()
+		defer file.DecRef(t)
 	} else {
 		state.file = file
 		state.waiter, _ = waiter.NewChannelEntry(ch)
@@ -82,11 +82,11 @@ func initReadiness(t *kernel.Task, pfd *linux.PollFD, state *pollState, ch chan
 }
 
 // releaseState releases all the pollState in "state".
-func releaseState(state []pollState) {
+func releaseState(t *kernel.Task, state []pollState) {
 	for i := range state {
 		if state[i].file != nil {
 			state[i].file.EventUnregister(&state[i].waiter)
-			state[i].file.DecRef()
+			state[i].file.DecRef(t)
 		}
 	}
 }
@@ -107,7 +107,7 @@ func pollBlock(t *kernel.Task, pfd []linux.PollFD, timeout time.Duration) (time.
 	// result, we stop registering for events but still go through all files
 	// to get their ready masks.
 	state := make([]pollState, len(pfd))
-	defer releaseState(state)
+	defer releaseState(t, state)
 	n := uintptr(0)
 	for i := range pfd {
 		initReadiness(t, &pfd[i], &state[i], ch)
@@ -266,7 +266,7 @@ func doSelect(t *kernel.Task, nfds int, readFDs, writeFDs, exceptFDs usermem.Add
 				if file == nil {
 					return 0, syserror.EBADF
 				}
-				file.DecRef()
+				file.DecRef(t)
 
 				var mask int16
 				if (rV & m) != 0 {
diff --git a/pkg/sentry/syscalls/linux/sys_prctl.go b/pkg/sentry/syscalls/linux/sys_prctl.go
index f92bf8096..64a725296 100644
--- a/pkg/sentry/syscalls/linux/sys_prctl.go
+++ b/pkg/sentry/syscalls/linux/sys_prctl.go
@@ -128,7 +128,7 @@ func Prctl(t *kernel.Task, args arch.SyscallArguments) (uintptr, *kernel.Syscall
 			if file == nil {
 				return 0, nil, syserror.EBADF
 			}
-			defer file.DecRef()
+			defer file.DecRef(t)
 
 			// They trying to set exe to a non-file?
 			if !fs.IsFile(file.Dirent.Inode.StableAttr) {
@@ -136,7 +136,7 @@ func Prctl(t *kernel.Task, args arch.SyscallArguments) (uintptr, *kernel.Syscall
 			}
 
 			// Set the underlying executable.
-			t.MemoryManager().SetExecutable(fsbridge.NewFSFile(file))
+			t.MemoryManager().SetExecutable(t, fsbridge.NewFSFile(file))
 
 		case linux.PR_SET_MM_AUXV,
 			linux.PR_SET_MM_START_CODE,
diff --git a/pkg/sentry/syscalls/linux/sys_read.go b/pkg/sentry/syscalls/linux/sys_read.go
index 071b4bacc..3bbc3fa4b 100644
--- a/pkg/sentry/syscalls/linux/sys_read.go
+++ b/pkg/sentry/syscalls/linux/sys_read.go
@@ -48,7 +48,7 @@ func Read(t *kernel.Task, args arch.SyscallArguments) (uintptr, *kernel.SyscallC
 	if file == nil {
 		return 0, nil, syserror.EBADF
 	}
-	defer file.DecRef()
+	defer file.DecRef(t)
 
 	// Check that the file is readable.
 	if !file.Flags().Read {
@@ -84,7 +84,7 @@ func Readahead(t *kernel.Task, args arch.SyscallArguments) (uintptr, *kernel.Sys
 	if file == nil {
 		return 0, nil, syserror.EBADF
 	}
-	defer file.DecRef()
+	defer file.DecRef(t)
 
 	// Check that the file is readable.
 	if !file.Flags().Read {
@@ -118,7 +118,7 @@ func Pread64(t *kernel.Task, args arch.SyscallArguments) (uintptr, *kernel.Sysca
 	if file == nil {
 		return 0, nil, syserror.EBADF
 	}
-	defer file.DecRef()
+	defer file.DecRef(t)
 
 	// Check that the offset is legitimate and does not overflow.
 	if offset < 0 || offset+int64(size) < 0 {
@@ -164,7 +164,7 @@ func Readv(t *kernel.Task, args arch.SyscallArguments) (uintptr, *kernel.Syscall
 	if file == nil {
 		return 0, nil, syserror.EBADF
 	}
-	defer file.DecRef()
+	defer file.DecRef(t)
 
 	// Check that the file is readable.
 	if !file.Flags().Read {
@@ -195,7 +195,7 @@ func Preadv(t *kernel.Task, args arch.SyscallArguments) (uintptr, *kernel.Syscal
 	if file == nil {
 		return 0, nil, syserror.EBADF
 	}
-	defer file.DecRef()
+	defer file.DecRef(t)
 
 	// Check that the offset is legitimate.
 	if offset < 0 {
@@ -244,7 +244,7 @@ func Preadv2(t *kernel.Task, args arch.SyscallArguments) (uintptr, *kernel.Sysca
 	if file == nil {
 		return 0, nil, syserror.EBADF
 	}
-	defer file.DecRef()
+	defer file.DecRef(t)
 
 	// Check that the offset is legitimate.
 	if offset < -1 {
diff --git a/pkg/sentry/syscalls/linux/sys_shm.go b/pkg/sentry/syscalls/linux/sys_shm.go
index 4a8bc24a2..f0ae8fa8e 100644
--- a/pkg/sentry/syscalls/linux/sys_shm.go
+++ b/pkg/sentry/syscalls/linux/sys_shm.go
@@ -39,7 +39,7 @@ func Shmget(t *kernel.Task, args arch.SyscallArguments) (uintptr, *kernel.Syscal
 	if err != nil {
 		return 0, nil, err
 	}
-	defer segment.DecRef()
+	defer segment.DecRef(t)
 	return uintptr(segment.ID), nil, nil
 }
 
@@ -66,7 +66,7 @@ func Shmat(t *kernel.Task, args arch.SyscallArguments) (uintptr, *kernel.Syscall
 	if err != nil {
 		return 0, nil, syserror.EINVAL
 	}
-	defer segment.DecRef()
+	defer segment.DecRef(t)
 
 	opts, err := segment.ConfigureAttach(t, addr, shm.AttachOpts{
 		Execute:  flag&linux.SHM_EXEC == linux.SHM_EXEC,
@@ -108,7 +108,7 @@ func Shmctl(t *kernel.Task, args arch.SyscallArguments) (uintptr, *kernel.Syscal
 		if err != nil {
 			return 0, nil, syserror.EINVAL
 		}
-		defer segment.DecRef()
+		defer segment.DecRef(t)
 
 		stat, err := segment.IPCStat(t)
 		if err == nil {
@@ -132,7 +132,7 @@ func Shmctl(t *kernel.Task, args arch.SyscallArguments) (uintptr, *kernel.Syscal
 	if err != nil {
 		return 0, nil, syserror.EINVAL
 	}
-	defer segment.DecRef()
+	defer segment.DecRef(t)
 
 	switch cmd {
 	case linux.IPC_SET:
@@ -145,7 +145,7 @@ func Shmctl(t *kernel.Task, args arch.SyscallArguments) (uintptr, *kernel.Syscal
 		return 0, nil, err
 
 	case linux.IPC_RMID:
-		segment.MarkDestroyed()
+		segment.MarkDestroyed(t)
 		return 0, nil, nil
 
 	case linux.SHM_LOCK, linux.SHM_UNLOCK:
diff --git a/pkg/sentry/syscalls/linux/sys_signal.go b/pkg/sentry/syscalls/linux/sys_signal.go
index d2b0012ae..20cb1a5cb 100644
--- a/pkg/sentry/syscalls/linux/sys_signal.go
+++ b/pkg/sentry/syscalls/linux/sys_signal.go
@@ -536,7 +536,7 @@ func sharedSignalfd(t *kernel.Task, fd int32, sigset usermem.Addr, sigsetsize ui
 		if file == nil {
 			return 0, nil, syserror.EBADF
 		}
-		defer file.DecRef()
+		defer file.DecRef(t)
 
 		// Is this a signalfd?
 		if s, ok := file.FileOperations.(*signalfd.SignalOperations); ok {
@@ -553,7 +553,7 @@ func sharedSignalfd(t *kernel.Task, fd int32, sigset usermem.Addr, sigsetsize ui
 	if err != nil {
 		return 0, nil, err
 	}
-	defer file.DecRef()
+	defer file.DecRef(t)
 
 	// Set appropriate flags.
 	file.SetFlags(fs.SettableFileFlags{
diff --git a/pkg/sentry/syscalls/linux/sys_socket.go b/pkg/sentry/syscalls/linux/sys_socket.go
index 414fce8e3..fec1c1974 100644
--- a/pkg/sentry/syscalls/linux/sys_socket.go
+++ b/pkg/sentry/syscalls/linux/sys_socket.go
@@ -200,7 +200,7 @@ func Socket(t *kernel.Task, args arch.SyscallArguments) (uintptr, *kernel.Syscal
 	s.SetFlags(fs.SettableFileFlags{
 		NonBlocking: stype&linux.SOCK_NONBLOCK != 0,
 	})
-	defer s.DecRef()
+	defer s.DecRef(t)
 
 	fd, err := t.NewFDFrom(0, s, kernel.FDFlags{
 		CloseOnExec: stype&linux.SOCK_CLOEXEC != 0,
@@ -235,8 +235,8 @@ func SocketPair(t *kernel.Task, args arch.SyscallArguments) (uintptr, *kernel.Sy
 	}
 	s1.SetFlags(fileFlags)
 	s2.SetFlags(fileFlags)
-	defer s1.DecRef()
-	defer s2.DecRef()
+	defer s1.DecRef(t)
+	defer s2.DecRef(t)
 
 	// Create the FDs for the sockets.
 	fds, err := t.NewFDs(0, []*fs.File{s1, s2}, kernel.FDFlags{
@@ -250,7 +250,7 @@ func SocketPair(t *kernel.Task, args arch.SyscallArguments) (uintptr, *kernel.Sy
 	if _, err := t.CopyOut(socks, fds); err != nil {
 		for _, fd := range fds {
 			if file, _ := t.FDTable().Remove(fd); file != nil {
-				file.DecRef()
+				file.DecRef(t)
 			}
 		}
 		return 0, nil, err
@@ -270,7 +270,7 @@ func Connect(t *kernel.Task, args arch.SyscallArguments) (uintptr, *kernel.Sysca
 	if file == nil {
 		return 0, nil, syserror.EBADF
 	}
-	defer file.DecRef()
+	defer file.DecRef(t)
 
 	// Extract the socket.
 	s, ok := file.FileOperations.(socket.Socket)
@@ -301,7 +301,7 @@ func accept(t *kernel.Task, fd int32, addr usermem.Addr, addrLen usermem.Addr, f
 	if file == nil {
 		return 0, syserror.EBADF
 	}
-	defer file.DecRef()
+	defer file.DecRef(t)
 
 	// Extract the socket.
 	s, ok := file.FileOperations.(socket.Socket)
@@ -360,7 +360,7 @@ func Bind(t *kernel.Task, args arch.SyscallArguments) (uintptr, *kernel.SyscallC
 	if file == nil {
 		return 0, nil, syserror.EBADF
 	}
-	defer file.DecRef()
+	defer file.DecRef(t)
 
 	// Extract the socket.
 	s, ok := file.FileOperations.(socket.Socket)
@@ -387,7 +387,7 @@ func Listen(t *kernel.Task, args arch.SyscallArguments) (uintptr, *kernel.Syscal
 	if file == nil {
 		return 0, nil, syserror.EBADF
 	}
-	defer file.DecRef()
+	defer file.DecRef(t)
 
 	// Extract the socket.
 	s, ok := file.FileOperations.(socket.Socket)
@@ -416,7 +416,7 @@ func Shutdown(t *kernel.Task, args arch.SyscallArguments) (uintptr, *kernel.Sysc
 	if file == nil {
 		return 0, nil, syserror.EBADF
 	}
-	defer file.DecRef()
+	defer file.DecRef(t)
 
 	// Extract the socket.
 	s, ok := file.FileOperations.(socket.Socket)
@@ -447,7 +447,7 @@ func GetSockOpt(t *kernel.Task, args arch.SyscallArguments) (uintptr, *kernel.Sy
 	if file == nil {
 		return 0, nil, syserror.EBADF
 	}
-	defer file.DecRef()
+	defer file.DecRef(t)
 
 	// Extract the socket.
 	s, ok := file.FileOperations.(socket.Socket)
@@ -529,7 +529,7 @@ func SetSockOpt(t *kernel.Task, args arch.SyscallArguments) (uintptr, *kernel.Sy
 	if file == nil {
 		return 0, nil, syserror.EBADF
 	}
-	defer file.DecRef()
+	defer file.DecRef(t)
 
 	// Extract the socket.
 	s, ok := file.FileOperations.(socket.Socket)
@@ -567,7 +567,7 @@ func GetSockName(t *kernel.Task, args arch.SyscallArguments) (uintptr, *kernel.S
 	if file == nil {
 		return 0, nil, syserror.EBADF
 	}
-	defer file.DecRef()
+	defer file.DecRef(t)
 
 	// Extract the socket.
 	s, ok := file.FileOperations.(socket.Socket)
@@ -595,7 +595,7 @@ func GetPeerName(t *kernel.Task, args arch.SyscallArguments) (uintptr, *kernel.S
 	if file == nil {
 		return 0, nil, syserror.EBADF
 	}
-	defer file.DecRef()
+	defer file.DecRef(t)
 
 	// Extract the socket.
 	s, ok := file.FileOperations.(socket.Socket)
@@ -628,7 +628,7 @@ func RecvMsg(t *kernel.Task, args arch.SyscallArguments) (uintptr, *kernel.Sysca
 	if file == nil {
 		return 0, nil, syserror.EBADF
 	}
-	defer file.DecRef()
+	defer file.DecRef(t)
 
 	// Extract the socket.
 	s, ok := file.FileOperations.(socket.Socket)
@@ -681,7 +681,7 @@ func RecvMMsg(t *kernel.Task, args arch.SyscallArguments) (uintptr, *kernel.Sysc
 	if file == nil {
 		return 0, nil, syserror.EBADF
 	}
-	defer file.DecRef()
+	defer file.DecRef(t)
 
 	// Extract the socket.
 	s, ok := file.FileOperations.(socket.Socket)
@@ -775,7 +775,7 @@ func recvSingleMsg(t *kernel.Task, s socket.Socket, msgPtr usermem.Addr, flags i
 		}
 		if !cms.Unix.Empty() {
 			mflags |= linux.MSG_CTRUNC
-			cms.Release()
+			cms.Release(t)
 		}
 
 		if int(msg.Flags) != mflags {
@@ -795,7 +795,7 @@ func recvSingleMsg(t *kernel.Task, s socket.Socket, msgPtr usermem.Addr, flags i
 	if e != nil {
 		return 0, syserror.ConvertIntr(e.ToError(), kernel.ERESTARTSYS)
 	}
-	defer cms.Release()
+	defer cms.Release(t)
 
 	controlData := make([]byte, 0, msg.ControlLen)
 	controlData = control.PackControlMessages(t, cms, controlData)
@@ -851,7 +851,7 @@ func recvFrom(t *kernel.Task, fd int32, bufPtr usermem.Addr, bufLen uint64, flag
 	if file == nil {
 		return 0, syserror.EBADF
 	}
-	defer file.DecRef()
+	defer file.DecRef(t)
 
 	// Extract the socket.
 	s, ok := file.FileOperations.(socket.Socket)
@@ -880,7 +880,7 @@ func recvFrom(t *kernel.Task, fd int32, bufPtr usermem.Addr, bufLen uint64, flag
 	}
 
 	n, _, sender, senderLen, cm, e := s.RecvMsg(t, dst, int(flags), haveDeadline, deadline, nameLenPtr != 0, 0)
-	cm.Release()
+	cm.Release(t)
 	if e != nil {
 		return 0, syserror.ConvertIntr(e.ToError(), kernel.ERESTARTSYS)
 	}
@@ -924,7 +924,7 @@ func SendMsg(t *kernel.Task, args arch.SyscallArguments) (uintptr, *kernel.Sysca
 	if file == nil {
 		return 0, nil, syserror.EBADF
 	}
-	defer file.DecRef()
+	defer file.DecRef(t)
 
 	// Extract the socket.
 	s, ok := file.FileOperations.(socket.Socket)
@@ -962,7 +962,7 @@ func SendMMsg(t *kernel.Task, args arch.SyscallArguments) (uintptr, *kernel.Sysc
 	if file == nil {
 		return 0, nil, syserror.EBADF
 	}
-	defer file.DecRef()
+	defer file.DecRef(t)
 
 	// Extract the socket.
 	s, ok := file.FileOperations.(socket.Socket)
@@ -1066,7 +1066,7 @@ func sendSingleMsg(t *kernel.Task, s socket.Socket, file *fs.File, msgPtr userme
 	n, e := s.SendMsg(t, src, to, int(flags), haveDeadline, deadline, controlMessages)
 	err = handleIOError(t, n != 0, e.ToError(), kernel.ERESTARTSYS, "sendmsg", file)
 	if err != nil {
-		controlMessages.Release()
+		controlMessages.Release(t)
 	}
 	return uintptr(n), err
 }
@@ -1084,7 +1084,7 @@ func sendTo(t *kernel.Task, fd int32, bufPtr usermem.Addr, bufLen uint64, flags
 	if file == nil {
 		return 0, syserror.EBADF
 	}
-	defer file.DecRef()
+	defer file.DecRef(t)
 
 	// Extract the socket.
 	s, ok := file.FileOperations.(socket.Socket)
diff --git a/pkg/sentry/syscalls/linux/sys_splice.go b/pkg/sentry/syscalls/linux/sys_splice.go
index 77c78889d..b8846a10a 100644
--- a/pkg/sentry/syscalls/linux/sys_splice.go
+++ b/pkg/sentry/syscalls/linux/sys_splice.go
@@ -101,7 +101,7 @@ func Sendfile(t *kernel.Task, args arch.SyscallArguments) (uintptr, *kernel.Sysc
 	if inFile == nil {
 		return 0, nil, syserror.EBADF
 	}
-	defer inFile.DecRef()
+	defer inFile.DecRef(t)
 
 	if !inFile.Flags().Read {
 		return 0, nil, syserror.EBADF
@@ -111,7 +111,7 @@ func Sendfile(t *kernel.Task, args arch.SyscallArguments) (uintptr, *kernel.Sysc
 	if outFile == nil {
 		return 0, nil, syserror.EBADF
 	}
-	defer outFile.DecRef()
+	defer outFile.DecRef(t)
 
 	if !outFile.Flags().Write {
 		return 0, nil, syserror.EBADF
@@ -192,13 +192,13 @@ func Splice(t *kernel.Task, args arch.SyscallArguments) (uintptr, *kernel.Syscal
 	if outFile == nil {
 		return 0, nil, syserror.EBADF
 	}
-	defer outFile.DecRef()
+	defer outFile.DecRef(t)
 
 	inFile := t.GetFile(inFD)
 	if inFile == nil {
 		return 0, nil, syserror.EBADF
 	}
-	defer inFile.DecRef()
+	defer inFile.DecRef(t)
 
 	// The operation is non-blocking if anything is non-blocking.
 	//
@@ -300,13 +300,13 @@ func Tee(t *kernel.Task, args arch.SyscallArguments) (uintptr, *kernel.SyscallCo
 	if outFile == nil {
 		return 0, nil, syserror.EBADF
 	}
-	defer outFile.DecRef()
+	defer outFile.DecRef(t)
 
 	inFile := t.GetFile(inFD)
 	if inFile == nil {
 		return 0, nil, syserror.EBADF
 	}
-	defer inFile.DecRef()
+	defer inFile.DecRef(t)
 
 	// All files must be pipes.
 	if !fs.IsPipe(inFile.Dirent.Inode.StableAttr) || !fs.IsPipe(outFile.Dirent.Inode.StableAttr) {
diff --git a/pkg/sentry/syscalls/linux/sys_stat.go b/pkg/sentry/syscalls/linux/sys_stat.go
index 46ebf27a2..a5826f2dd 100644
--- a/pkg/sentry/syscalls/linux/sys_stat.go
+++ b/pkg/sentry/syscalls/linux/sys_stat.go
@@ -58,7 +58,7 @@ func Fstatat(t *kernel.Task, args arch.SyscallArguments) (uintptr, *kernel.Sysca
 		if file == nil {
 			return 0, nil, syserror.EBADF
 		}
-		defer file.DecRef()
+		defer file.DecRef(t)
 
 		return 0, nil, fstat(t, file, statAddr)
 	}
@@ -100,7 +100,7 @@ func Fstat(t *kernel.Task, args arch.SyscallArguments) (uintptr, *kernel.Syscall
 	if file == nil {
 		return 0, nil, syserror.EBADF
 	}
-	defer file.DecRef()
+	defer file.DecRef(t)
 
 	return 0, nil, fstat(t, file, statAddr)
 }
@@ -158,7 +158,7 @@ func Statx(t *kernel.Task, args arch.SyscallArguments) (uintptr, *kernel.Syscall
 		if file == nil {
 			return 0, nil, syserror.EBADF
 		}
-		defer file.DecRef()
+		defer file.DecRef(t)
 		uattr, err := file.UnstableAttr(t)
 		if err != nil {
 			return 0, nil, err
@@ -249,7 +249,7 @@ func Fstatfs(t *kernel.Task, args arch.SyscallArguments) (uintptr, *kernel.Sysca
 	if file == nil {
 		return 0, nil, syserror.EBADF
 	}
-	defer file.DecRef()
+	defer file.DecRef(t)
 
 	return 0, nil, statfsImpl(t, file.Dirent, statfsAddr)
 }
diff --git a/pkg/sentry/syscalls/linux/sys_sync.go b/pkg/sentry/syscalls/linux/sys_sync.go
index 5ad465ae3..f2c0e5069 100644
--- a/pkg/sentry/syscalls/linux/sys_sync.go
+++ b/pkg/sentry/syscalls/linux/sys_sync.go
@@ -39,7 +39,7 @@ func Syncfs(t *kernel.Task, args arch.SyscallArguments) (uintptr, *kernel.Syscal
 	if file == nil {
 		return 0, nil, syserror.EBADF
 	}
-	defer file.DecRef()
+	defer file.DecRef(t)
 
 	// Use "sync-the-world" for now, it's guaranteed that fd is at least
 	// on the root filesystem.
@@ -54,7 +54,7 @@ func Fsync(t *kernel.Task, args arch.SyscallArguments) (uintptr, *kernel.Syscall
 	if file == nil {
 		return 0, nil, syserror.EBADF
 	}
-	defer file.DecRef()
+	defer file.DecRef(t)
 
 	err := file.Fsync(t, 0, fs.FileMaxOffset, fs.SyncAll)
 	return 0, nil, syserror.ConvertIntr(err, kernel.ERESTARTSYS)
@@ -70,7 +70,7 @@ func Fdatasync(t *kernel.Task, args arch.SyscallArguments) (uintptr, *kernel.Sys
 	if file == nil {
 		return 0, nil, syserror.EBADF
 	}
-	defer file.DecRef()
+	defer file.DecRef(t)
 
 	err := file.Fsync(t, 0, fs.FileMaxOffset, fs.SyncData)
 	return 0, nil, syserror.ConvertIntr(err, kernel.ERESTARTSYS)
@@ -103,7 +103,7 @@ func SyncFileRange(t *kernel.Task, args arch.SyscallArguments) (uintptr, *kernel
 	if file == nil {
 		return 0, nil, syserror.EBADF
 	}
-	defer file.DecRef()
+	defer file.DecRef(t)
 
 	// SYNC_FILE_RANGE_WAIT_BEFORE waits upon write-out of all pages in the
 	// specified range that have already been submitted to the device
diff --git a/pkg/sentry/syscalls/linux/sys_thread.go b/pkg/sentry/syscalls/linux/sys_thread.go
index 00915fdde..2d16e4933 100644
--- a/pkg/sentry/syscalls/linux/sys_thread.go
+++ b/pkg/sentry/syscalls/linux/sys_thread.go
@@ -117,7 +117,7 @@ func execveat(t *kernel.Task, dirFD int32, pathnameAddr, argvAddr, envvAddr user
 	resolveFinal := flags&linux.AT_SYMLINK_NOFOLLOW == 0
 
 	root := t.FSContext().RootDirectory()
-	defer root.DecRef()
+	defer root.DecRef(t)
 
 	var wd *fs.Dirent
 	var executable fsbridge.File
@@ -133,7 +133,7 @@ func execveat(t *kernel.Task, dirFD int32, pathnameAddr, argvAddr, envvAddr user
 		if f == nil {
 			return 0, nil, syserror.EBADF
 		}
-		defer f.DecRef()
+		defer f.DecRef(t)
 		closeOnExec = fdFlags.CloseOnExec
 
 		if atEmptyPath && len(pathname) == 0 {
@@ -155,7 +155,7 @@ func execveat(t *kernel.Task, dirFD int32, pathnameAddr, argvAddr, envvAddr user
 		}
 	}
 	if wd != nil {
-		defer wd.DecRef()
+		defer wd.DecRef(t)
 	}
 
 	// Load the new TaskContext.
diff --git a/pkg/sentry/syscalls/linux/sys_timerfd.go b/pkg/sentry/syscalls/linux/sys_timerfd.go
index cf49b43db..34b03e4ee 100644
--- a/pkg/sentry/syscalls/linux/sys_timerfd.go
+++ b/pkg/sentry/syscalls/linux/sys_timerfd.go
@@ -43,7 +43,7 @@ func TimerfdCreate(t *kernel.Task, args arch.SyscallArguments) (uintptr, *kernel
 		return 0, nil, syserror.EINVAL
 	}
 	f := timerfd.NewFile(t, c)
-	defer f.DecRef()
+	defer f.DecRef(t)
 	f.SetFlags(fs.SettableFileFlags{
 		NonBlocking: flags&linux.TFD_NONBLOCK != 0,
 	})
@@ -73,7 +73,7 @@ func TimerfdSettime(t *kernel.Task, args arch.SyscallArguments) (uintptr, *kerne
 	if f == nil {
 		return 0, nil, syserror.EBADF
 	}
-	defer f.DecRef()
+	defer f.DecRef(t)
 
 	tf, ok := f.FileOperations.(*timerfd.TimerOperations)
 	if !ok {
@@ -107,7 +107,7 @@ func TimerfdGettime(t *kernel.Task, args arch.SyscallArguments) (uintptr, *kerne
 	if f == nil {
 		return 0, nil, syserror.EBADF
 	}
-	defer f.DecRef()
+	defer f.DecRef(t)
 
 	tf, ok := f.FileOperations.(*timerfd.TimerOperations)
 	if !ok {
diff --git a/pkg/sentry/syscalls/linux/sys_write.go b/pkg/sentry/syscalls/linux/sys_write.go
index 6ec0de96e..485526e28 100644
--- a/pkg/sentry/syscalls/linux/sys_write.go
+++ b/pkg/sentry/syscalls/linux/sys_write.go
@@ -48,7 +48,7 @@ func Write(t *kernel.Task, args arch.SyscallArguments) (uintptr, *kernel.Syscall
 	if file == nil {
 		return 0, nil, syserror.EBADF
 	}
-	defer file.DecRef()
+	defer file.DecRef(t)
 
 	// Check that the file is writable.
 	if !file.Flags().Write {
@@ -85,7 +85,7 @@ func Pwrite64(t *kernel.Task, args arch.SyscallArguments) (uintptr, *kernel.Sysc
 	if file == nil {
 		return 0, nil, syserror.EBADF
 	}
-	defer file.DecRef()
+	defer file.DecRef(t)
 
 	// Check that the offset is legitimate and does not overflow.
 	if offset < 0 || offset+int64(size) < 0 {
@@ -131,7 +131,7 @@ func Writev(t *kernel.Task, args arch.SyscallArguments) (uintptr, *kernel.Syscal
 	if file == nil {
 		return 0, nil, syserror.EBADF
 	}
-	defer file.DecRef()
+	defer file.DecRef(t)
 
 	// Check that the file is writable.
 	if !file.Flags().Write {
@@ -162,7 +162,7 @@ func Pwritev(t *kernel.Task, args arch.SyscallArguments) (uintptr, *kernel.Sysca
 	if file == nil {
 		return 0, nil, syserror.EBADF
 	}
-	defer file.DecRef()
+	defer file.DecRef(t)
 
 	// Check that the offset is legitimate.
 	if offset < 0 {
@@ -215,7 +215,7 @@ func Pwritev2(t *kernel.Task, args arch.SyscallArguments) (uintptr, *kernel.Sysc
 	if file == nil {
 		return 0, nil, syserror.EBADF
 	}
-	defer file.DecRef()
+	defer file.DecRef(t)
 
 	// Check that the offset is legitimate.
 	if offset < -1 {
diff --git a/pkg/sentry/syscalls/linux/sys_xattr.go b/pkg/sentry/syscalls/linux/sys_xattr.go
index c24946160..97474fd3c 100644
--- a/pkg/sentry/syscalls/linux/sys_xattr.go
+++ b/pkg/sentry/syscalls/linux/sys_xattr.go
@@ -49,7 +49,7 @@ func FGetXattr(t *kernel.Task, args arch.SyscallArguments) (uintptr, *kernel.Sys
 	if f == nil {
 		return 0, nil, syserror.EBADF
 	}
-	defer f.DecRef()
+	defer f.DecRef(t)
 
 	n, err := getXattr(t, f.Dirent, nameAddr, valueAddr, size)
 	if err != nil {
@@ -153,7 +153,7 @@ func FSetXattr(t *kernel.Task, args arch.SyscallArguments) (uintptr, *kernel.Sys
 	if f == nil {
 		return 0, nil, syserror.EBADF
 	}
-	defer f.DecRef()
+	defer f.DecRef(t)
 
 	return 0, nil, setXattr(t, f.Dirent, nameAddr, valueAddr, uint64(size), flags)
 }
@@ -270,7 +270,7 @@ func FListXattr(t *kernel.Task, args arch.SyscallArguments) (uintptr, *kernel.Sy
 	if f == nil {
 		return 0, nil, syserror.EBADF
 	}
-	defer f.DecRef()
+	defer f.DecRef(t)
 
 	n, err := listXattr(t, f.Dirent, listAddr, size)
 	if err != nil {
@@ -384,7 +384,7 @@ func FRemoveXattr(t *kernel.Task, args arch.SyscallArguments) (uintptr, *kernel.
 	if f == nil {
 		return 0, nil, syserror.EBADF
 	}
-	defer f.DecRef()
+	defer f.DecRef(t)
 
 	return 0, nil, removeXattr(t, f.Dirent, nameAddr)
 }
diff --git a/pkg/sentry/syscalls/linux/vfs2/aio.go b/pkg/sentry/syscalls/linux/vfs2/aio.go
index e5cdefc50..399b4f60c 100644
--- a/pkg/sentry/syscalls/linux/vfs2/aio.go
+++ b/pkg/sentry/syscalls/linux/vfs2/aio.go
@@ -88,7 +88,7 @@ func submitCallback(t *kernel.Task, id uint64, cb *linux.IOCallback, cbAddr user
 	if fd == nil {
 		return syserror.EBADF
 	}
-	defer fd.DecRef()
+	defer fd.DecRef(t)
 
 	// Was there an eventFD? Extract it.
 	var eventFD *vfs.FileDescription
@@ -97,7 +97,7 @@ func submitCallback(t *kernel.Task, id uint64, cb *linux.IOCallback, cbAddr user
 		if eventFD == nil {
 			return syserror.EBADF
 		}
-		defer eventFD.DecRef()
+		defer eventFD.DecRef(t)
 
 		// Check that it is an eventfd.
 		if _, ok := eventFD.Impl().(*eventfd.EventFileDescription); !ok {
@@ -169,7 +169,7 @@ func getAIOCallback(t *kernel.Task, fd, eventFD *vfs.FileDescription, cbAddr use
 			ev.Result = -int64(kernel.ExtractErrno(err, 0))
 		}
 
-		fd.DecRef()
+		fd.DecRef(ctx)
 
 		// Queue the result for delivery.
 		aioCtx.FinishRequest(ev)
@@ -179,7 +179,7 @@ func getAIOCallback(t *kernel.Task, fd, eventFD *vfs.FileDescription, cbAddr use
 		// wake up.
 		if eventFD != nil {
 			eventFD.Impl().(*eventfd.EventFileDescription).Signal(1)
-			eventFD.DecRef()
+			eventFD.DecRef(ctx)
 		}
 	}
 }
diff --git a/pkg/sentry/syscalls/linux/vfs2/epoll.go b/pkg/sentry/syscalls/linux/vfs2/epoll.go
index 34c90ae3e..c62f03509 100644
--- a/pkg/sentry/syscalls/linux/vfs2/epoll.go
+++ b/pkg/sentry/syscalls/linux/vfs2/epoll.go
@@ -37,11 +37,11 @@ func EpollCreate1(t *kernel.Task, args arch.SyscallArguments) (uintptr, *kernel.
 		return 0, nil, syserror.EINVAL
 	}
 
-	file, err := t.Kernel().VFS().NewEpollInstanceFD()
+	file, err := t.Kernel().VFS().NewEpollInstanceFD(t)
 	if err != nil {
 		return 0, nil, err
 	}
-	defer file.DecRef()
+	defer file.DecRef(t)
 
 	fd, err := t.NewFDFromVFS2(0, file, kernel.FDFlags{
 		CloseOnExec: flags&linux.EPOLL_CLOEXEC != 0,
@@ -62,11 +62,11 @@ func EpollCreate(t *kernel.Task, args arch.SyscallArguments) (uintptr, *kernel.S
 		return 0, nil, syserror.EINVAL
 	}
 
-	file, err := t.Kernel().VFS().NewEpollInstanceFD()
+	file, err := t.Kernel().VFS().NewEpollInstanceFD(t)
 	if err != nil {
 		return 0, nil, err
 	}
-	defer file.DecRef()
+	defer file.DecRef(t)
 
 	fd, err := t.NewFDFromVFS2(0, file, kernel.FDFlags{})
 	if err != nil {
@@ -86,7 +86,7 @@ func EpollCtl(t *kernel.Task, args arch.SyscallArguments) (uintptr, *kernel.Sysc
 	if epfile == nil {
 		return 0, nil, syserror.EBADF
 	}
-	defer epfile.DecRef()
+	defer epfile.DecRef(t)
 	ep, ok := epfile.Impl().(*vfs.EpollInstance)
 	if !ok {
 		return 0, nil, syserror.EINVAL
@@ -95,7 +95,7 @@ func EpollCtl(t *kernel.Task, args arch.SyscallArguments) (uintptr, *kernel.Sysc
 	if file == nil {
 		return 0, nil, syserror.EBADF
 	}
-	defer file.DecRef()
+	defer file.DecRef(t)
 	if epfile == file {
 		return 0, nil, syserror.EINVAL
 	}
@@ -135,7 +135,7 @@ func EpollWait(t *kernel.Task, args arch.SyscallArguments) (uintptr, *kernel.Sys
 	if epfile == nil {
 		return 0, nil, syserror.EBADF
 	}
-	defer epfile.DecRef()
+	defer epfile.DecRef(t)
 	ep, ok := epfile.Impl().(*vfs.EpollInstance)
 	if !ok {
 		return 0, nil, syserror.EINVAL
diff --git a/pkg/sentry/syscalls/linux/vfs2/eventfd.go b/pkg/sentry/syscalls/linux/vfs2/eventfd.go
index aff1a2070..807f909da 100644
--- a/pkg/sentry/syscalls/linux/vfs2/eventfd.go
+++ b/pkg/sentry/syscalls/linux/vfs2/eventfd.go
@@ -38,11 +38,11 @@ func Eventfd2(t *kernel.Task, args arch.SyscallArguments) (uintptr, *kernel.Sysc
 		fileFlags |= linux.O_NONBLOCK
 	}
 	semMode := flags&linux.EFD_SEMAPHORE != 0
-	eventfd, err := eventfd.New(vfsObj, initVal, semMode, fileFlags)
+	eventfd, err := eventfd.New(t, vfsObj, initVal, semMode, fileFlags)
 	if err != nil {
 		return 0, nil, err
 	}
-	defer eventfd.DecRef()
+	defer eventfd.DecRef(t)
 
 	fd, err := t.NewFDFromVFS2(0, eventfd, kernel.FDFlags{
 		CloseOnExec: flags&linux.EFD_CLOEXEC != 0,
diff --git a/pkg/sentry/syscalls/linux/vfs2/execve.go b/pkg/sentry/syscalls/linux/vfs2/execve.go
index aef0078a8..066ee0863 100644
--- a/pkg/sentry/syscalls/linux/vfs2/execve.go
+++ b/pkg/sentry/syscalls/linux/vfs2/execve.go
@@ -71,7 +71,7 @@ func execveat(t *kernel.Task, dirfd int32, pathnameAddr, argvAddr, envvAddr user
 	}
 
 	root := t.FSContext().RootDirectoryVFS2()
-	defer root.DecRef()
+	defer root.DecRef(t)
 	var executable fsbridge.File
 	closeOnExec := false
 	if path := fspath.Parse(pathname); dirfd != linux.AT_FDCWD && !path.Absolute {
@@ -90,7 +90,7 @@ func execveat(t *kernel.Task, dirfd int32, pathnameAddr, argvAddr, envvAddr user
 		}
 		start := dirfile.VirtualDentry()
 		start.IncRef()
-		dirfile.DecRef()
+		dirfile.DecRef(t)
 		closeOnExec = dirfileFlags.CloseOnExec
 		file, err := t.Kernel().VFS().OpenAt(t, t.Credentials(), &vfs.PathOperation{
 			Root:               root,
@@ -101,19 +101,19 @@ func execveat(t *kernel.Task, dirfd int32, pathnameAddr, argvAddr, envvAddr user
 			Flags:    linux.O_RDONLY,
 			FileExec: true,
 		})
-		start.DecRef()
+		start.DecRef(t)
 		if err != nil {
 			return 0, nil, err
 		}
-		defer file.DecRef()
+		defer file.DecRef(t)
 		executable = fsbridge.NewVFSFile(file)
 	}
 
 	// Load the new TaskContext.
 	mntns := t.MountNamespaceVFS2() // FIXME(jamieliu): useless refcount change
-	defer mntns.DecRef()
+	defer mntns.DecRef(t)
 	wd := t.FSContext().WorkingDirectoryVFS2()
-	defer wd.DecRef()
+	defer wd.DecRef(t)
 	remainingTraversals := uint(linux.MaxSymlinkTraversals)
 	loadArgs := loader.LoadArgs{
 		Opener:              fsbridge.NewVFSLookup(mntns, root, wd),
diff --git a/pkg/sentry/syscalls/linux/vfs2/fd.go b/pkg/sentry/syscalls/linux/vfs2/fd.go
index 67f191551..72ca916a0 100644
--- a/pkg/sentry/syscalls/linux/vfs2/fd.go
+++ b/pkg/sentry/syscalls/linux/vfs2/fd.go
@@ -38,7 +38,7 @@ func Close(t *kernel.Task, args arch.SyscallArguments) (uintptr, *kernel.Syscall
 	if file == nil {
 		return 0, nil, syserror.EBADF
 	}
-	defer file.DecRef()
+	defer file.DecRef(t)
 
 	err := file.OnClose(t)
 	return 0, nil, slinux.HandleIOErrorVFS2(t, false /* partial */, err, syserror.EINTR, "close", file)
@@ -52,7 +52,7 @@ func Dup(t *kernel.Task, args arch.SyscallArguments) (uintptr, *kernel.SyscallCo
 	if file == nil {
 		return 0, nil, syserror.EBADF
 	}
-	defer file.DecRef()
+	defer file.DecRef(t)
 
 	newFD, err := t.NewFDFromVFS2(0, file, kernel.FDFlags{})
 	if err != nil {
@@ -72,7 +72,7 @@ func Dup2(t *kernel.Task, args arch.SyscallArguments) (uintptr, *kernel.SyscallC
 		if file == nil {
 			return 0, nil, syserror.EBADF
 		}
-		file.DecRef()
+		file.DecRef(t)
 		return uintptr(newfd), nil, nil
 	}
 
@@ -101,7 +101,7 @@ func dup3(t *kernel.Task, oldfd, newfd int32, flags uint32) (uintptr, *kernel.Sy
 	if file == nil {
 		return 0, nil, syserror.EBADF
 	}
-	defer file.DecRef()
+	defer file.DecRef(t)
 
 	err := t.NewFDAtVFS2(newfd, file, kernel.FDFlags{
 		CloseOnExec: flags&linux.O_CLOEXEC != 0,
@@ -121,7 +121,7 @@ func Fcntl(t *kernel.Task, args arch.SyscallArguments) (uintptr, *kernel.Syscall
 	if file == nil {
 		return 0, nil, syserror.EBADF
 	}
-	defer file.DecRef()
+	defer file.DecRef(t)
 
 	switch cmd {
 	case linux.F_DUPFD, linux.F_DUPFD_CLOEXEC:
@@ -332,7 +332,7 @@ func Fadvise64(t *kernel.Task, args arch.SyscallArguments) (uintptr, *kernel.Sys
 	if file == nil {
 		return 0, nil, syserror.EBADF
 	}
-	defer file.DecRef()
+	defer file.DecRef(t)
 
 	// If the FD refers to a pipe or FIFO, return error.
 	if _, isPipe := file.Impl().(*pipe.VFSPipeFD); isPipe {
diff --git a/pkg/sentry/syscalls/linux/vfs2/filesystem.go b/pkg/sentry/syscalls/linux/vfs2/filesystem.go
index b6d2ddd65..01e0f9010 100644
--- a/pkg/sentry/syscalls/linux/vfs2/filesystem.go
+++ b/pkg/sentry/syscalls/linux/vfs2/filesystem.go
@@ -56,7 +56,7 @@ func linkat(t *kernel.Task, olddirfd int32, oldpathAddr usermem.Addr, newdirfd i
 	if err != nil {
 		return err
 	}
-	defer oldtpop.Release()
+	defer oldtpop.Release(t)
 
 	newpath, err := copyInPath(t, newpathAddr)
 	if err != nil {
@@ -66,7 +66,7 @@ func linkat(t *kernel.Task, olddirfd int32, oldpathAddr usermem.Addr, newdirfd i
 	if err != nil {
 		return err
 	}
-	defer newtpop.Release()
+	defer newtpop.Release(t)
 
 	return t.Kernel().VFS().LinkAt(t, t.Credentials(), &oldtpop.pop, &newtpop.pop)
 }
@@ -95,7 +95,7 @@ func mkdirat(t *kernel.Task, dirfd int32, addr usermem.Addr, mode uint) error {
 	if err != nil {
 		return err
 	}
-	defer tpop.Release()
+	defer tpop.Release(t)
 	return t.Kernel().VFS().MkdirAt(t, t.Credentials(), &tpop.pop, &vfs.MkdirOptions{
 		Mode: linux.FileMode(mode & (0777 | linux.S_ISVTX) &^ t.FSContext().Umask()),
 	})
@@ -127,7 +127,7 @@ func mknodat(t *kernel.Task, dirfd int32, addr usermem.Addr, mode linux.FileMode
 	if err != nil {
 		return err
 	}
-	defer tpop.Release()
+	defer tpop.Release(t)
 
 	// "Zero file type is equivalent to type S_IFREG." - mknod(2)
 	if mode.FileType() == 0 {
@@ -174,7 +174,7 @@ func openat(t *kernel.Task, dirfd int32, pathAddr usermem.Addr, flags uint32, mo
 	if err != nil {
 		return 0, nil, err
 	}
-	defer tpop.Release()
+	defer tpop.Release(t)
 
 	file, err := t.Kernel().VFS().OpenAt(t, t.Credentials(), &tpop.pop, &vfs.OpenOptions{
 		Flags: flags | linux.O_LARGEFILE,
@@ -183,7 +183,7 @@ func openat(t *kernel.Task, dirfd int32, pathAddr usermem.Addr, flags uint32, mo
 	if err != nil {
 		return 0, nil, err
 	}
-	defer file.DecRef()
+	defer file.DecRef(t)
 
 	fd, err := t.NewFDFromVFS2(0, file, kernel.FDFlags{
 		CloseOnExec: flags&linux.O_CLOEXEC != 0,
@@ -227,7 +227,7 @@ func renameat(t *kernel.Task, olddirfd int32, oldpathAddr usermem.Addr, newdirfd
 	if err != nil {
 		return err
 	}
-	defer oldtpop.Release()
+	defer oldtpop.Release(t)
 
 	newpath, err := copyInPath(t, newpathAddr)
 	if err != nil {
@@ -237,7 +237,7 @@ func renameat(t *kernel.Task, olddirfd int32, oldpathAddr usermem.Addr, newdirfd
 	if err != nil {
 		return err
 	}
-	defer newtpop.Release()
+	defer newtpop.Release(t)
 
 	return t.Kernel().VFS().RenameAt(t, t.Credentials(), &oldtpop.pop, &newtpop.pop, &vfs.RenameOptions{
 		Flags: flags,
@@ -259,7 +259,7 @@ func rmdirat(t *kernel.Task, dirfd int32, pathAddr usermem.Addr) error {
 	if err != nil {
 		return err
 	}
-	defer tpop.Release()
+	defer tpop.Release(t)
 	return t.Kernel().VFS().RmdirAt(t, t.Credentials(), &tpop.pop)
 }
 
@@ -278,7 +278,7 @@ func unlinkat(t *kernel.Task, dirfd int32, pathAddr usermem.Addr) error {
 	if err != nil {
 		return err
 	}
-	defer tpop.Release()
+	defer tpop.Release(t)
 	return t.Kernel().VFS().UnlinkAt(t, t.Credentials(), &tpop.pop)
 }
 
@@ -329,6 +329,6 @@ func symlinkat(t *kernel.Task, targetAddr usermem.Addr, newdirfd int32, linkpath
 	if err != nil {
 		return err
 	}
-	defer tpop.Release()
+	defer tpop.Release(t)
 	return t.Kernel().VFS().SymlinkAt(t, t.Credentials(), &tpop.pop, target)
 }
diff --git a/pkg/sentry/syscalls/linux/vfs2/fscontext.go b/pkg/sentry/syscalls/linux/vfs2/fscontext.go
index 317409a18..a7d4d2a36 100644
--- a/pkg/sentry/syscalls/linux/vfs2/fscontext.go
+++ b/pkg/sentry/syscalls/linux/vfs2/fscontext.go
@@ -31,8 +31,8 @@ func Getcwd(t *kernel.Task, args arch.SyscallArguments) (uintptr, *kernel.Syscal
 	root := t.FSContext().RootDirectoryVFS2()
 	wd := t.FSContext().WorkingDirectoryVFS2()
 	s, err := t.Kernel().VFS().PathnameForGetcwd(t, root, wd)
-	root.DecRef()
-	wd.DecRef()
+	root.DecRef(t)
+	wd.DecRef(t)
 	if err != nil {
 		return 0, nil, err
 	}
@@ -67,7 +67,7 @@ func Chdir(t *kernel.Task, args arch.SyscallArguments) (uintptr, *kernel.Syscall
 	if err != nil {
 		return 0, nil, err
 	}
-	defer tpop.Release()
+	defer tpop.Release(t)
 
 	vd, err := t.Kernel().VFS().GetDentryAt(t, t.Credentials(), &tpop.pop, &vfs.GetDentryOptions{
 		CheckSearchable: true,
@@ -75,8 +75,8 @@ func Chdir(t *kernel.Task, args arch.SyscallArguments) (uintptr, *kernel.Syscall
 	if err != nil {
 		return 0, nil, err
 	}
-	t.FSContext().SetWorkingDirectoryVFS2(vd)
-	vd.DecRef()
+	t.FSContext().SetWorkingDirectoryVFS2(t, vd)
+	vd.DecRef(t)
 	return 0, nil, nil
 }
 
@@ -88,7 +88,7 @@ func Fchdir(t *kernel.Task, args arch.SyscallArguments) (uintptr, *kernel.Syscal
 	if err != nil {
 		return 0, nil, err
 	}
-	defer tpop.Release()
+	defer tpop.Release(t)
 
 	vd, err := t.Kernel().VFS().GetDentryAt(t, t.Credentials(), &tpop.pop, &vfs.GetDentryOptions{
 		CheckSearchable: true,
@@ -96,8 +96,8 @@ func Fchdir(t *kernel.Task, args arch.SyscallArguments) (uintptr, *kernel.Syscal
 	if err != nil {
 		return 0, nil, err
 	}
-	t.FSContext().SetWorkingDirectoryVFS2(vd)
-	vd.DecRef()
+	t.FSContext().SetWorkingDirectoryVFS2(t, vd)
+	vd.DecRef(t)
 	return 0, nil, nil
 }
 
@@ -117,7 +117,7 @@ func Chroot(t *kernel.Task, args arch.SyscallArguments) (uintptr, *kernel.Syscal
 	if err != nil {
 		return 0, nil, err
 	}
-	defer tpop.Release()
+	defer tpop.Release(t)
 
 	vd, err := t.Kernel().VFS().GetDentryAt(t, t.Credentials(), &tpop.pop, &vfs.GetDentryOptions{
 		CheckSearchable: true,
@@ -125,7 +125,7 @@ func Chroot(t *kernel.Task, args arch.SyscallArguments) (uintptr, *kernel.Syscal
 	if err != nil {
 		return 0, nil, err
 	}
-	t.FSContext().SetRootDirectoryVFS2(vd)
-	vd.DecRef()
+	t.FSContext().SetRootDirectoryVFS2(t, vd)
+	vd.DecRef(t)
 	return 0, nil, nil
 }
diff --git a/pkg/sentry/syscalls/linux/vfs2/getdents.go b/pkg/sentry/syscalls/linux/vfs2/getdents.go
index c7c7bf7ce..5517595b5 100644
--- a/pkg/sentry/syscalls/linux/vfs2/getdents.go
+++ b/pkg/sentry/syscalls/linux/vfs2/getdents.go
@@ -44,7 +44,7 @@ func getdents(t *kernel.Task, args arch.SyscallArguments, isGetdents64 bool) (ui
 	if file == nil {
 		return 0, nil, syserror.EBADF
 	}
-	defer file.DecRef()
+	defer file.DecRef(t)
 
 	cb := getGetdentsCallback(t, addr, size, isGetdents64)
 	err := file.IterDirents(t, cb)
diff --git a/pkg/sentry/syscalls/linux/vfs2/inotify.go b/pkg/sentry/syscalls/linux/vfs2/inotify.go
index 5d98134a5..11753d8e5 100644
--- a/pkg/sentry/syscalls/linux/vfs2/inotify.go
+++ b/pkg/sentry/syscalls/linux/vfs2/inotify.go
@@ -35,7 +35,7 @@ func InotifyInit1(t *kernel.Task, args arch.SyscallArguments) (uintptr, *kernel.
 	if err != nil {
 		return 0, nil, err
 	}
-	defer ino.DecRef()
+	defer ino.DecRef(t)
 
 	fd, err := t.NewFDFromVFS2(0, ino, kernel.FDFlags{
 		CloseOnExec: flags&linux.IN_CLOEXEC != 0,
@@ -66,7 +66,7 @@ func fdToInotify(t *kernel.Task, fd int32) (*vfs.Inotify, *vfs.FileDescription,
 	ino, ok := f.Impl().(*vfs.Inotify)
 	if !ok {
 		// Not an inotify fd.
-		f.DecRef()
+		f.DecRef(t)
 		return nil, nil, syserror.EINVAL
 	}
 
@@ -96,7 +96,7 @@ func InotifyAddWatch(t *kernel.Task, args arch.SyscallArguments) (uintptr, *kern
 	if err != nil {
 		return 0, nil, err
 	}
-	defer f.DecRef()
+	defer f.DecRef(t)
 
 	path, err := copyInPath(t, addr)
 	if err != nil {
@@ -109,12 +109,12 @@ func InotifyAddWatch(t *kernel.Task, args arch.SyscallArguments) (uintptr, *kern
 	if err != nil {
 		return 0, nil, err
 	}
-	defer tpop.Release()
+	defer tpop.Release(t)
 	d, err := t.Kernel().VFS().GetDentryAt(t, t.Credentials(), &tpop.pop, &vfs.GetDentryOptions{})
 	if err != nil {
 		return 0, nil, err
 	}
-	defer d.DecRef()
+	defer d.DecRef(t)
 
 	fd, err = ino.AddWatch(d.Dentry(), mask)
 	if err != nil {
@@ -132,6 +132,6 @@ func InotifyRmWatch(t *kernel.Task, args arch.SyscallArguments) (uintptr, *kerne
 	if err != nil {
 		return 0, nil, err
 	}
-	defer f.DecRef()
-	return 0, nil, ino.RmWatch(wd)
+	defer f.DecRef(t)
+	return 0, nil, ino.RmWatch(t, wd)
 }
diff --git a/pkg/sentry/syscalls/linux/vfs2/ioctl.go b/pkg/sentry/syscalls/linux/vfs2/ioctl.go
index fd6ab94b2..38778a388 100644
--- a/pkg/sentry/syscalls/linux/vfs2/ioctl.go
+++ b/pkg/sentry/syscalls/linux/vfs2/ioctl.go
@@ -29,7 +29,7 @@ func Ioctl(t *kernel.Task, args arch.SyscallArguments) (uintptr, *kernel.Syscall
 	if file == nil {
 		return 0, nil, syserror.EBADF
 	}
-	defer file.DecRef()
+	defer file.DecRef(t)
 
 	// Handle ioctls that apply to all FDs.
 	switch args[1].Int() {
diff --git a/pkg/sentry/syscalls/linux/vfs2/lock.go b/pkg/sentry/syscalls/linux/vfs2/lock.go
index bf19028c4..b910b5a74 100644
--- a/pkg/sentry/syscalls/linux/vfs2/lock.go
+++ b/pkg/sentry/syscalls/linux/vfs2/lock.go
@@ -32,7 +32,7 @@ func Flock(t *kernel.Task, args arch.SyscallArguments) (uintptr, *kernel.Syscall
 		// flock(2): EBADF fd is not an open file descriptor.
 		return 0, nil, syserror.EBADF
 	}
-	defer file.DecRef()
+	defer file.DecRef(t)
 
 	nonblocking := operation&linux.LOCK_NB != 0
 	operation &^= linux.LOCK_NB
diff --git a/pkg/sentry/syscalls/linux/vfs2/memfd.go b/pkg/sentry/syscalls/linux/vfs2/memfd.go
index bbe248d17..519583e4e 100644
--- a/pkg/sentry/syscalls/linux/vfs2/memfd.go
+++ b/pkg/sentry/syscalls/linux/vfs2/memfd.go
@@ -47,7 +47,7 @@ func MemfdCreate(t *kernel.Task, args arch.SyscallArguments) (uintptr, *kernel.S
 	}
 
 	shmMount := t.Kernel().ShmMount()
-	file, err := tmpfs.NewMemfd(shmMount, t.Credentials(), allowSeals, memfdPrefix+name)
+	file, err := tmpfs.NewMemfd(t, t.Credentials(), shmMount, allowSeals, memfdPrefix+name)
 	if err != nil {
 		return 0, nil, err
 	}
diff --git a/pkg/sentry/syscalls/linux/vfs2/mmap.go b/pkg/sentry/syscalls/linux/vfs2/mmap.go
index 60a43f0a0..dc05c2994 100644
--- a/pkg/sentry/syscalls/linux/vfs2/mmap.go
+++ b/pkg/sentry/syscalls/linux/vfs2/mmap.go
@@ -61,7 +61,7 @@ func Mmap(t *kernel.Task, args arch.SyscallArguments) (uintptr, *kernel.SyscallC
 	}
 	defer func() {
 		if opts.MappingIdentity != nil {
-			opts.MappingIdentity.DecRef()
+			opts.MappingIdentity.DecRef(t)
 		}
 	}()
 
@@ -71,7 +71,7 @@ func Mmap(t *kernel.Task, args arch.SyscallArguments) (uintptr, *kernel.SyscallC
 		if file == nil {
 			return 0, nil, syserror.EBADF
 		}
-		defer file.DecRef()
+		defer file.DecRef(t)
 
 		// mmap unconditionally requires that the FD is readable.
 		if !file.IsReadable() {
diff --git a/pkg/sentry/syscalls/linux/vfs2/mount.go b/pkg/sentry/syscalls/linux/vfs2/mount.go
index ea337de7c..4bd5c7ca2 100644
--- a/pkg/sentry/syscalls/linux/vfs2/mount.go
+++ b/pkg/sentry/syscalls/linux/vfs2/mount.go
@@ -108,7 +108,7 @@ func Mount(t *kernel.Task, args arch.SyscallArguments) (uintptr, *kernel.Syscall
 	if err != nil {
 		return 0, nil, err
 	}
-	defer target.Release()
+	defer target.Release(t)
 
 	return 0, nil, t.Kernel().VFS().MountAt(t, creds, source, &target.pop, fsType, &opts)
 }
@@ -140,7 +140,7 @@ func Umount2(t *kernel.Task, args arch.SyscallArguments) (uintptr, *kernel.Sysca
 	if err != nil {
 		return 0, nil, err
 	}
-	defer tpop.Release()
+	defer tpop.Release(t)
 
 	opts := vfs.UmountOptions{
 		Flags: uint32(flags),
diff --git a/pkg/sentry/syscalls/linux/vfs2/path.go b/pkg/sentry/syscalls/linux/vfs2/path.go
index 97da6c647..90a511d9a 100644
--- a/pkg/sentry/syscalls/linux/vfs2/path.go
+++ b/pkg/sentry/syscalls/linux/vfs2/path.go
@@ -42,7 +42,7 @@ func getTaskPathOperation(t *kernel.Task, dirfd int32, path fspath.Path, shouldA
 	haveStartRef := false
 	if !path.Absolute {
 		if !path.HasComponents() && !bool(shouldAllowEmptyPath) {
-			root.DecRef()
+			root.DecRef(t)
 			return taskPathOperation{}, syserror.ENOENT
 		}
 		if dirfd == linux.AT_FDCWD {
@@ -51,13 +51,13 @@ func getTaskPathOperation(t *kernel.Task, dirfd int32, path fspath.Path, shouldA
 		} else {
 			dirfile := t.GetFileVFS2(dirfd)
 			if dirfile == nil {
-				root.DecRef()
+				root.DecRef(t)
 				return taskPathOperation{}, syserror.EBADF
 			}
 			start = dirfile.VirtualDentry()
 			start.IncRef()
 			haveStartRef = true
-			dirfile.DecRef()
+			dirfile.DecRef(t)
 		}
 	}
 	return taskPathOperation{
@@ -71,10 +71,10 @@ func getTaskPathOperation(t *kernel.Task, dirfd int32, path fspath.Path, shouldA
 	}, nil
 }
 
-func (tpop *taskPathOperation) Release() {
-	tpop.pop.Root.DecRef()
+func (tpop *taskPathOperation) Release(t *kernel.Task) {
+	tpop.pop.Root.DecRef(t)
 	if tpop.haveStartRef {
-		tpop.pop.Start.DecRef()
+		tpop.pop.Start.DecRef(t)
 		tpop.haveStartRef = false
 	}
 }
diff --git a/pkg/sentry/syscalls/linux/vfs2/pipe.go b/pkg/sentry/syscalls/linux/vfs2/pipe.go
index 4a01e4209..9b4848d9e 100644
--- a/pkg/sentry/syscalls/linux/vfs2/pipe.go
+++ b/pkg/sentry/syscalls/linux/vfs2/pipe.go
@@ -42,8 +42,8 @@ func pipe2(t *kernel.Task, addr usermem.Addr, flags int32) error {
 		return syserror.EINVAL
 	}
 	r, w := pipefs.NewConnectedPipeFDs(t, t.Kernel().PipeMount(), uint32(flags&linux.O_NONBLOCK))
-	defer r.DecRef()
-	defer w.DecRef()
+	defer r.DecRef(t)
+	defer w.DecRef(t)
 
 	fds, err := t.NewFDsVFS2(0, []*vfs.FileDescription{r, w}, kernel.FDFlags{
 		CloseOnExec: flags&linux.O_CLOEXEC != 0,
@@ -54,7 +54,7 @@ func pipe2(t *kernel.Task, addr usermem.Addr, flags int32) error {
 	if _, err := t.CopyOut(addr, fds); err != nil {
 		for _, fd := range fds {
 			if _, file := t.FDTable().Remove(fd); file != nil {
-				file.DecRef()
+				file.DecRef(t)
 			}
 		}
 		return err
diff --git a/pkg/sentry/syscalls/linux/vfs2/poll.go b/pkg/sentry/syscalls/linux/vfs2/poll.go
index ff1b25d7b..7b9d5e18a 100644
--- a/pkg/sentry/syscalls/linux/vfs2/poll.go
+++ b/pkg/sentry/syscalls/linux/vfs2/poll.go
@@ -73,7 +73,7 @@ func initReadiness(t *kernel.Task, pfd *linux.PollFD, state *pollState, ch chan
 	}
 
 	if ch == nil {
-		defer file.DecRef()
+		defer file.DecRef(t)
 	} else {
 		state.file = file
 		state.waiter, _ = waiter.NewChannelEntry(ch)
@@ -85,11 +85,11 @@ func initReadiness(t *kernel.Task, pfd *linux.PollFD, state *pollState, ch chan
 }
 
 // releaseState releases all the pollState in "state".
-func releaseState(state []pollState) {
+func releaseState(t *kernel.Task, state []pollState) {
 	for i := range state {
 		if state[i].file != nil {
 			state[i].file.EventUnregister(&state[i].waiter)
-			state[i].file.DecRef()
+			state[i].file.DecRef(t)
 		}
 	}
 }
@@ -110,7 +110,7 @@ func pollBlock(t *kernel.Task, pfd []linux.PollFD, timeout time.Duration) (time.
 	// result, we stop registering for events but still go through all files
 	// to get their ready masks.
 	state := make([]pollState, len(pfd))
-	defer releaseState(state)
+	defer releaseState(t, state)
 	n := uintptr(0)
 	for i := range pfd {
 		initReadiness(t, &pfd[i], &state[i], ch)
@@ -269,7 +269,7 @@ func doSelect(t *kernel.Task, nfds int, readFDs, writeFDs, exceptFDs usermem.Add
 				if file == nil {
 					return 0, syserror.EBADF
 				}
-				file.DecRef()
+				file.DecRef(t)
 
 				var mask int16
 				if (rV & m) != 0 {
diff --git a/pkg/sentry/syscalls/linux/vfs2/read_write.go b/pkg/sentry/syscalls/linux/vfs2/read_write.go
index cd25597a7..a905dae0a 100644
--- a/pkg/sentry/syscalls/linux/vfs2/read_write.go
+++ b/pkg/sentry/syscalls/linux/vfs2/read_write.go
@@ -44,7 +44,7 @@ func Read(t *kernel.Task, args arch.SyscallArguments) (uintptr, *kernel.SyscallC
 	if file == nil {
 		return 0, nil, syserror.EBADF
 	}
-	defer file.DecRef()
+	defer file.DecRef(t)
 
 	// Check that the size is legitimate.
 	si := int(size)
@@ -75,7 +75,7 @@ func Readv(t *kernel.Task, args arch.SyscallArguments) (uintptr, *kernel.Syscall
 	if file == nil {
 		return 0, nil, syserror.EBADF
 	}
-	defer file.DecRef()
+	defer file.DecRef(t)
 
 	// Get the destination of the read.
 	dst, err := t.IovecsIOSequence(addr, iovcnt, usermem.IOOpts{
@@ -94,7 +94,7 @@ func read(t *kernel.Task, file *vfs.FileDescription, dst usermem.IOSequence, opt
 	n, err := file.Read(t, dst, opts)
 	if err != syserror.ErrWouldBlock {
 		if n > 0 {
-			file.Dentry().InotifyWithParent(linux.IN_ACCESS, 0, vfs.PathEvent)
+			file.Dentry().InotifyWithParent(t, linux.IN_ACCESS, 0, vfs.PathEvent)
 		}
 		return n, err
 	}
@@ -102,7 +102,7 @@ func read(t *kernel.Task, file *vfs.FileDescription, dst usermem.IOSequence, opt
 	allowBlock, deadline, hasDeadline := blockPolicy(t, file)
 	if !allowBlock {
 		if n > 0 {
-			file.Dentry().InotifyWithParent(linux.IN_ACCESS, 0, vfs.PathEvent)
+			file.Dentry().InotifyWithParent(t, linux.IN_ACCESS, 0, vfs.PathEvent)
 		}
 		return n, err
 	}
@@ -135,7 +135,7 @@ func read(t *kernel.Task, file *vfs.FileDescription, dst usermem.IOSequence, opt
 	file.EventUnregister(&w)
 
 	if total > 0 {
-		file.Dentry().InotifyWithParent(linux.IN_ACCESS, 0, vfs.PathEvent)
+		file.Dentry().InotifyWithParent(t, linux.IN_ACCESS, 0, vfs.PathEvent)
 	}
 	return total, err
 }
@@ -151,7 +151,7 @@ func Pread64(t *kernel.Task, args arch.SyscallArguments) (uintptr, *kernel.Sysca
 	if file == nil {
 		return 0, nil, syserror.EBADF
 	}
-	defer file.DecRef()
+	defer file.DecRef(t)
 
 	// Check that the offset is legitimate and does not overflow.
 	if offset < 0 || offset+int64(size) < 0 {
@@ -188,7 +188,7 @@ func Preadv(t *kernel.Task, args arch.SyscallArguments) (uintptr, *kernel.Syscal
 	if file == nil {
 		return 0, nil, syserror.EBADF
 	}
-	defer file.DecRef()
+	defer file.DecRef(t)
 
 	// Check that the offset is legitimate.
 	if offset < 0 {
@@ -226,7 +226,7 @@ func Preadv2(t *kernel.Task, args arch.SyscallArguments) (uintptr, *kernel.Sysca
 	if file == nil {
 		return 0, nil, syserror.EBADF
 	}
-	defer file.DecRef()
+	defer file.DecRef(t)
 
 	// Check that the offset is legitimate.
 	if offset < -1 {
@@ -258,7 +258,7 @@ func pread(t *kernel.Task, file *vfs.FileDescription, dst usermem.IOSequence, of
 	n, err := file.PRead(t, dst, offset, opts)
 	if err != syserror.ErrWouldBlock {
 		if n > 0 {
-			file.Dentry().InotifyWithParent(linux.IN_ACCESS, 0, vfs.PathEvent)
+			file.Dentry().InotifyWithParent(t, linux.IN_ACCESS, 0, vfs.PathEvent)
 		}
 		return n, err
 	}
@@ -266,7 +266,7 @@ func pread(t *kernel.Task, file *vfs.FileDescription, dst usermem.IOSequence, of
 	allowBlock, deadline, hasDeadline := blockPolicy(t, file)
 	if !allowBlock {
 		if n > 0 {
-			file.Dentry().InotifyWithParent(linux.IN_ACCESS, 0, vfs.PathEvent)
+			file.Dentry().InotifyWithParent(t, linux.IN_ACCESS, 0, vfs.PathEvent)
 		}
 		return n, err
 	}
@@ -299,7 +299,7 @@ func pread(t *kernel.Task, file *vfs.FileDescription, dst usermem.IOSequence, of
 	file.EventUnregister(&w)
 
 	if total > 0 {
-		file.Dentry().InotifyWithParent(linux.IN_ACCESS, 0, vfs.PathEvent)
+		file.Dentry().InotifyWithParent(t, linux.IN_ACCESS, 0, vfs.PathEvent)
 	}
 	return total, err
 }
@@ -314,7 +314,7 @@ func Write(t *kernel.Task, args arch.SyscallArguments) (uintptr, *kernel.Syscall
 	if file == nil {
 		return 0, nil, syserror.EBADF
 	}
-	defer file.DecRef()
+	defer file.DecRef(t)
 
 	// Check that the size is legitimate.
 	si := int(size)
@@ -345,7 +345,7 @@ func Writev(t *kernel.Task, args arch.SyscallArguments) (uintptr, *kernel.Syscal
 	if file == nil {
 		return 0, nil, syserror.EBADF
 	}
-	defer file.DecRef()
+	defer file.DecRef(t)
 
 	// Get the source of the write.
 	src, err := t.IovecsIOSequence(addr, iovcnt, usermem.IOOpts{
@@ -364,7 +364,7 @@ func write(t *kernel.Task, file *vfs.FileDescription, src usermem.IOSequence, op
 	n, err := file.Write(t, src, opts)
 	if err != syserror.ErrWouldBlock {
 		if n > 0 {
-			file.Dentry().InotifyWithParent(linux.IN_MODIFY, 0, vfs.PathEvent)
+			file.Dentry().InotifyWithParent(t, linux.IN_MODIFY, 0, vfs.PathEvent)
 		}
 		return n, err
 	}
@@ -372,7 +372,7 @@ func write(t *kernel.Task, file *vfs.FileDescription, src usermem.IOSequence, op
 	allowBlock, deadline, hasDeadline := blockPolicy(t, file)
 	if !allowBlock {
 		if n > 0 {
-			file.Dentry().InotifyWithParent(linux.IN_MODIFY, 0, vfs.PathEvent)
+			file.Dentry().InotifyWithParent(t, linux.IN_MODIFY, 0, vfs.PathEvent)
 		}
 		return n, err
 	}
@@ -405,7 +405,7 @@ func write(t *kernel.Task, file *vfs.FileDescription, src usermem.IOSequence, op
 	file.EventUnregister(&w)
 
 	if total > 0 {
-		file.Dentry().InotifyWithParent(linux.IN_MODIFY, 0, vfs.PathEvent)
+		file.Dentry().InotifyWithParent(t, linux.IN_MODIFY, 0, vfs.PathEvent)
 	}
 	return total, err
 }
@@ -421,7 +421,7 @@ func Pwrite64(t *kernel.Task, args arch.SyscallArguments) (uintptr, *kernel.Sysc
 	if file == nil {
 		return 0, nil, syserror.EBADF
 	}
-	defer file.DecRef()
+	defer file.DecRef(t)
 
 	// Check that the offset is legitimate and does not overflow.
 	if offset < 0 || offset+int64(size) < 0 {
@@ -458,7 +458,7 @@ func Pwritev(t *kernel.Task, args arch.SyscallArguments) (uintptr, *kernel.Sysca
 	if file == nil {
 		return 0, nil, syserror.EBADF
 	}
-	defer file.DecRef()
+	defer file.DecRef(t)
 
 	// Check that the offset is legitimate.
 	if offset < 0 {
@@ -496,7 +496,7 @@ func Pwritev2(t *kernel.Task, args arch.SyscallArguments) (uintptr, *kernel.Sysc
 	if file == nil {
 		return 0, nil, syserror.EBADF
 	}
-	defer file.DecRef()
+	defer file.DecRef(t)
 
 	// Check that the offset is legitimate.
 	if offset < -1 {
@@ -528,7 +528,7 @@ func pwrite(t *kernel.Task, file *vfs.FileDescription, src usermem.IOSequence, o
 	n, err := file.PWrite(t, src, offset, opts)
 	if err != syserror.ErrWouldBlock {
 		if n > 0 {
-			file.Dentry().InotifyWithParent(linux.IN_MODIFY, 0, vfs.PathEvent)
+			file.Dentry().InotifyWithParent(t, linux.IN_MODIFY, 0, vfs.PathEvent)
 		}
 		return n, err
 	}
@@ -536,7 +536,7 @@ func pwrite(t *kernel.Task, file *vfs.FileDescription, src usermem.IOSequence, o
 	allowBlock, deadline, hasDeadline := blockPolicy(t, file)
 	if !allowBlock {
 		if n > 0 {
-			file.Dentry().InotifyWithParent(linux.IN_ACCESS, 0, vfs.PathEvent)
+			file.Dentry().InotifyWithParent(t, linux.IN_ACCESS, 0, vfs.PathEvent)
 		}
 		return n, err
 	}
@@ -569,7 +569,7 @@ func pwrite(t *kernel.Task, file *vfs.FileDescription, src usermem.IOSequence, o
 	file.EventUnregister(&w)
 
 	if total > 0 {
-		file.Dentry().InotifyWithParent(linux.IN_ACCESS, 0, vfs.PathEvent)
+		file.Dentry().InotifyWithParent(t, linux.IN_ACCESS, 0, vfs.PathEvent)
 	}
 	return total, err
 }
@@ -601,7 +601,7 @@ func Lseek(t *kernel.Task, args arch.SyscallArguments) (uintptr, *kernel.Syscall
 	if file == nil {
 		return 0, nil, syserror.EBADF
 	}
-	defer file.DecRef()
+	defer file.DecRef(t)
 
 	newoff, err := file.Seek(t, offset, whence)
 	return uintptr(newoff), nil, err
@@ -617,7 +617,7 @@ func Readahead(t *kernel.Task, args arch.SyscallArguments) (uintptr, *kernel.Sys
 	if file == nil {
 		return 0, nil, syserror.EBADF
 	}
-	defer file.DecRef()
+	defer file.DecRef(t)
 
 	// Check that the file is readable.
 	if !file.IsReadable() {
diff --git a/pkg/sentry/syscalls/linux/vfs2/setstat.go b/pkg/sentry/syscalls/linux/vfs2/setstat.go
index 25cdb7a55..5e6eb13ba 100644
--- a/pkg/sentry/syscalls/linux/vfs2/setstat.go
+++ b/pkg/sentry/syscalls/linux/vfs2/setstat.go
@@ -66,7 +66,7 @@ func Fchmod(t *kernel.Task, args arch.SyscallArguments) (uintptr, *kernel.Syscal
 	if file == nil {
 		return 0, nil, syserror.EBADF
 	}
-	defer file.DecRef()
+	defer file.DecRef(t)
 
 	return 0, nil, file.SetStat(t, vfs.SetStatOptions{
 		Stat: linux.Statx{
@@ -151,7 +151,7 @@ func Fchown(t *kernel.Task, args arch.SyscallArguments) (uintptr, *kernel.Syscal
 	if file == nil {
 		return 0, nil, syserror.EBADF
 	}
-	defer file.DecRef()
+	defer file.DecRef(t)
 
 	var opts vfs.SetStatOptions
 	if err := populateSetStatOptionsForChown(t, owner, group, &opts); err != nil {
@@ -197,7 +197,7 @@ func Ftruncate(t *kernel.Task, args arch.SyscallArguments) (uintptr, *kernel.Sys
 	if file == nil {
 		return 0, nil, syserror.EBADF
 	}
-	defer file.DecRef()
+	defer file.DecRef(t)
 
 	if !file.IsWritable() {
 		return 0, nil, syserror.EINVAL
@@ -224,7 +224,7 @@ func Fallocate(t *kernel.Task, args arch.SyscallArguments) (uintptr, *kernel.Sys
 	if file == nil {
 		return 0, nil, syserror.EBADF
 	}
-	defer file.DecRef()
+	defer file.DecRef(t)
 
 	if !file.IsWritable() {
 		return 0, nil, syserror.EBADF
@@ -258,7 +258,7 @@ func Fallocate(t *kernel.Task, args arch.SyscallArguments) (uintptr, *kernel.Sys
 		return 0, nil, err
 	}
 
-	file.Dentry().InotifyWithParent(linux.IN_MODIFY, 0, vfs.PathEvent)
+	file.Dentry().InotifyWithParent(t, linux.IN_MODIFY, 0, vfs.PathEvent)
 	return 0, nil, nil
 }
 
@@ -438,7 +438,7 @@ func populateSetStatOptionsForUtimens(t *kernel.Task, timesAddr usermem.Addr, op
 
 func setstatat(t *kernel.Task, dirfd int32, path fspath.Path, shouldAllowEmptyPath shouldAllowEmptyPath, shouldFollowFinalSymlink shouldFollowFinalSymlink, opts *vfs.SetStatOptions) error {
 	root := t.FSContext().RootDirectoryVFS2()
-	defer root.DecRef()
+	defer root.DecRef(t)
 	start := root
 	if !path.Absolute {
 		if !path.HasComponents() && !bool(shouldAllowEmptyPath) {
@@ -446,7 +446,7 @@ func setstatat(t *kernel.Task, dirfd int32, path fspath.Path, shouldAllowEmptyPa
 		}
 		if dirfd == linux.AT_FDCWD {
 			start = t.FSContext().WorkingDirectoryVFS2()
-			defer start.DecRef()
+			defer start.DecRef(t)
 		} else {
 			dirfile := t.GetFileVFS2(dirfd)
 			if dirfile == nil {
@@ -457,13 +457,13 @@ func setstatat(t *kernel.Task, dirfd int32, path fspath.Path, shouldAllowEmptyPa
 				// VirtualFilesystem.SetStatAt(), since the former may be able
 				// to use opened file state to expedite the SetStat.
 				err := dirfile.SetStat(t, *opts)
-				dirfile.DecRef()
+				dirfile.DecRef(t)
 				return err
 			}
 			start = dirfile.VirtualDentry()
 			start.IncRef()
-			defer start.DecRef()
-			dirfile.DecRef()
+			defer start.DecRef(t)
+			dirfile.DecRef(t)
 		}
 	}
 	return t.Kernel().VFS().SetStatAt(t, t.Credentials(), &vfs.PathOperation{
diff --git a/pkg/sentry/syscalls/linux/vfs2/signal.go b/pkg/sentry/syscalls/linux/vfs2/signal.go
index 623992f6f..b89f34cdb 100644
--- a/pkg/sentry/syscalls/linux/vfs2/signal.go
+++ b/pkg/sentry/syscalls/linux/vfs2/signal.go
@@ -45,7 +45,7 @@ func sharedSignalfd(t *kernel.Task, fd int32, sigset usermem.Addr, sigsetsize ui
 		if file == nil {
 			return 0, nil, syserror.EBADF
 		}
-		defer file.DecRef()
+		defer file.DecRef(t)
 
 		// Is this a signalfd?
 		if sfd, ok := file.Impl().(*signalfd.SignalFileDescription); ok {
@@ -68,7 +68,7 @@ func sharedSignalfd(t *kernel.Task, fd int32, sigset usermem.Addr, sigsetsize ui
 	if err != nil {
 		return 0, nil, err
 	}
-	defer file.DecRef()
+	defer file.DecRef(t)
 
 	// Create a new descriptor.
 	fd, err = t.NewFDFromVFS2(0, file, kernel.FDFlags{
diff --git a/pkg/sentry/syscalls/linux/vfs2/socket.go b/pkg/sentry/syscalls/linux/vfs2/socket.go
index 8096a8f9c..4a68c64f3 100644
--- a/pkg/sentry/syscalls/linux/vfs2/socket.go
+++ b/pkg/sentry/syscalls/linux/vfs2/socket.go
@@ -196,7 +196,7 @@ func Socket(t *kernel.Task, args arch.SyscallArguments) (uintptr, *kernel.Syscal
 	if e != nil {
 		return 0, nil, e.ToError()
 	}
-	defer s.DecRef()
+	defer s.DecRef(t)
 
 	if err := s.SetStatusFlags(t, t.Credentials(), uint32(stype&linux.SOCK_NONBLOCK)); err != nil {
 		return 0, nil, err
@@ -230,8 +230,8 @@ func SocketPair(t *kernel.Task, args arch.SyscallArguments) (uintptr, *kernel.Sy
 		return 0, nil, e.ToError()
 	}
 	// Adding to the FD table will cause an extra reference to be acquired.
-	defer s1.DecRef()
-	defer s2.DecRef()
+	defer s1.DecRef(t)
+	defer s2.DecRef(t)
 
 	nonblocking := uint32(stype & linux.SOCK_NONBLOCK)
 	if err := s1.SetStatusFlags(t, t.Credentials(), nonblocking); err != nil {
@@ -253,7 +253,7 @@ func SocketPair(t *kernel.Task, args arch.SyscallArguments) (uintptr, *kernel.Sy
 	if _, err := t.CopyOut(addr, fds); err != nil {
 		for _, fd := range fds {
 			if _, file := t.FDTable().Remove(fd); file != nil {
-				file.DecRef()
+				file.DecRef(t)
 			}
 		}
 		return 0, nil, err
@@ -273,7 +273,7 @@ func Connect(t *kernel.Task, args arch.SyscallArguments) (uintptr, *kernel.Sysca
 	if file == nil {
 		return 0, nil, syserror.EBADF
 	}
-	defer file.DecRef()
+	defer file.DecRef(t)
 
 	// Extract the socket.
 	s, ok := file.Impl().(socket.SocketVFS2)
@@ -304,7 +304,7 @@ func accept(t *kernel.Task, fd int32, addr usermem.Addr, addrLen usermem.Addr, f
 	if file == nil {
 		return 0, syserror.EBADF
 	}
-	defer file.DecRef()
+	defer file.DecRef(t)
 
 	// Extract the socket.
 	s, ok := file.Impl().(socket.SocketVFS2)
@@ -363,7 +363,7 @@ func Bind(t *kernel.Task, args arch.SyscallArguments) (uintptr, *kernel.SyscallC
 	if file == nil {
 		return 0, nil, syserror.EBADF
 	}
-	defer file.DecRef()
+	defer file.DecRef(t)
 
 	// Extract the socket.
 	s, ok := file.Impl().(socket.SocketVFS2)
@@ -390,7 +390,7 @@ func Listen(t *kernel.Task, args arch.SyscallArguments) (uintptr, *kernel.Syscal
 	if file == nil {
 		return 0, nil, syserror.EBADF
 	}
-	defer file.DecRef()
+	defer file.DecRef(t)
 
 	// Extract the socket.
 	s, ok := file.Impl().(socket.SocketVFS2)
@@ -419,7 +419,7 @@ func Shutdown(t *kernel.Task, args arch.SyscallArguments) (uintptr, *kernel.Sysc
 	if file == nil {
 		return 0, nil, syserror.EBADF
 	}
-	defer file.DecRef()
+	defer file.DecRef(t)
 
 	// Extract the socket.
 	s, ok := file.Impl().(socket.SocketVFS2)
@@ -450,7 +450,7 @@ func GetSockOpt(t *kernel.Task, args arch.SyscallArguments) (uintptr, *kernel.Sy
 	if file == nil {
 		return 0, nil, syserror.EBADF
 	}
-	defer file.DecRef()
+	defer file.DecRef(t)
 
 	// Extract the socket.
 	s, ok := file.Impl().(socket.SocketVFS2)
@@ -532,7 +532,7 @@ func SetSockOpt(t *kernel.Task, args arch.SyscallArguments) (uintptr, *kernel.Sy
 	if file == nil {
 		return 0, nil, syserror.EBADF
 	}
-	defer file.DecRef()
+	defer file.DecRef(t)
 
 	// Extract the socket.
 	s, ok := file.Impl().(socket.SocketVFS2)
@@ -570,7 +570,7 @@ func GetSockName(t *kernel.Task, args arch.SyscallArguments) (uintptr, *kernel.S
 	if file == nil {
 		return 0, nil, syserror.EBADF
 	}
-	defer file.DecRef()
+	defer file.DecRef(t)
 
 	// Extract the socket.
 	s, ok := file.Impl().(socket.SocketVFS2)
@@ -598,7 +598,7 @@ func GetPeerName(t *kernel.Task, args arch.SyscallArguments) (uintptr, *kernel.S
 	if file == nil {
 		return 0, nil, syserror.EBADF
 	}
-	defer file.DecRef()
+	defer file.DecRef(t)
 
 	// Extract the socket.
 	s, ok := file.Impl().(socket.SocketVFS2)
@@ -631,7 +631,7 @@ func RecvMsg(t *kernel.Task, args arch.SyscallArguments) (uintptr, *kernel.Sysca
 	if file == nil {
 		return 0, nil, syserror.EBADF
 	}
-	defer file.DecRef()
+	defer file.DecRef(t)
 
 	// Extract the socket.
 	s, ok := file.Impl().(socket.SocketVFS2)
@@ -684,7 +684,7 @@ func RecvMMsg(t *kernel.Task, args arch.SyscallArguments) (uintptr, *kernel.Sysc
 	if file == nil {
 		return 0, nil, syserror.EBADF
 	}
-	defer file.DecRef()
+	defer file.DecRef(t)
 
 	// Extract the socket.
 	s, ok := file.Impl().(socket.SocketVFS2)
@@ -778,7 +778,7 @@ func recvSingleMsg(t *kernel.Task, s socket.SocketVFS2, msgPtr usermem.Addr, fla
 		}
 		if !cms.Unix.Empty() {
 			mflags |= linux.MSG_CTRUNC
-			cms.Release()
+			cms.Release(t)
 		}
 
 		if int(msg.Flags) != mflags {
@@ -798,7 +798,7 @@ func recvSingleMsg(t *kernel.Task, s socket.SocketVFS2, msgPtr usermem.Addr, fla
 	if e != nil {
 		return 0, syserror.ConvertIntr(e.ToError(), kernel.ERESTARTSYS)
 	}
-	defer cms.Release()
+	defer cms.Release(t)
 
 	controlData := make([]byte, 0, msg.ControlLen)
 	controlData = control.PackControlMessages(t, cms, controlData)
@@ -854,7 +854,7 @@ func recvFrom(t *kernel.Task, fd int32, bufPtr usermem.Addr, bufLen uint64, flag
 	if file == nil {
 		return 0, syserror.EBADF
 	}
-	defer file.DecRef()
+	defer file.DecRef(t)
 
 	// Extract the socket.
 	s, ok := file.Impl().(socket.SocketVFS2)
@@ -883,7 +883,7 @@ func recvFrom(t *kernel.Task, fd int32, bufPtr usermem.Addr, bufLen uint64, flag
 	}
 
 	n, _, sender, senderLen, cm, e := s.RecvMsg(t, dst, int(flags), haveDeadline, deadline, nameLenPtr != 0, 0)
-	cm.Release()
+	cm.Release(t)
 	if e != nil {
 		return 0, syserror.ConvertIntr(e.ToError(), kernel.ERESTARTSYS)
 	}
@@ -927,7 +927,7 @@ func SendMsg(t *kernel.Task, args arch.SyscallArguments) (uintptr, *kernel.Sysca
 	if file == nil {
 		return 0, nil, syserror.EBADF
 	}
-	defer file.DecRef()
+	defer file.DecRef(t)
 
 	// Extract the socket.
 	s, ok := file.Impl().(socket.SocketVFS2)
@@ -965,7 +965,7 @@ func SendMMsg(t *kernel.Task, args arch.SyscallArguments) (uintptr, *kernel.Sysc
 	if file == nil {
 		return 0, nil, syserror.EBADF
 	}
-	defer file.DecRef()
+	defer file.DecRef(t)
 
 	// Extract the socket.
 	s, ok := file.Impl().(socket.SocketVFS2)
@@ -1069,7 +1069,7 @@ func sendSingleMsg(t *kernel.Task, s socket.SocketVFS2, file *vfs.FileDescriptio
 	n, e := s.SendMsg(t, src, to, int(flags), haveDeadline, deadline, controlMessages)
 	err = slinux.HandleIOErrorVFS2(t, n != 0, e.ToError(), kernel.ERESTARTSYS, "sendmsg", file)
 	if err != nil {
-		controlMessages.Release()
+		controlMessages.Release(t)
 	}
 	return uintptr(n), err
 }
@@ -1087,7 +1087,7 @@ func sendTo(t *kernel.Task, fd int32, bufPtr usermem.Addr, bufLen uint64, flags
 	if file == nil {
 		return 0, syserror.EBADF
 	}
-	defer file.DecRef()
+	defer file.DecRef(t)
 
 	// Extract the socket.
 	s, ok := file.Impl().(socket.SocketVFS2)
diff --git a/pkg/sentry/syscalls/linux/vfs2/splice.go b/pkg/sentry/syscalls/linux/vfs2/splice.go
index 63ab11f8c..16f59fce9 100644
--- a/pkg/sentry/syscalls/linux/vfs2/splice.go
+++ b/pkg/sentry/syscalls/linux/vfs2/splice.go
@@ -53,12 +53,12 @@ func Splice(t *kernel.Task, args arch.SyscallArguments) (uintptr, *kernel.Syscal
 	if inFile == nil {
 		return 0, nil, syserror.EBADF
 	}
-	defer inFile.DecRef()
+	defer inFile.DecRef(t)
 	outFile := t.GetFileVFS2(outFD)
 	if outFile == nil {
 		return 0, nil, syserror.EBADF
 	}
-	defer outFile.DecRef()
+	defer outFile.DecRef(t)
 
 	// Check that both files support the required directionality.
 	if !inFile.IsReadable() || !outFile.IsWritable() {
@@ -175,7 +175,7 @@ func Splice(t *kernel.Task, args arch.SyscallArguments) (uintptr, *kernel.Syscal
 	// On Linux, inotify behavior is not very consistent with splice(2). We try
 	// our best to emulate Linux for very basic calls to splice, where for some
 	// reason, events are generated for output files, but not input files.
-	outFile.Dentry().InotifyWithParent(linux.IN_MODIFY, 0, vfs.PathEvent)
+	outFile.Dentry().InotifyWithParent(t, linux.IN_MODIFY, 0, vfs.PathEvent)
 	return uintptr(n), nil, nil
 }
 
@@ -203,12 +203,12 @@ func Tee(t *kernel.Task, args arch.SyscallArguments) (uintptr, *kernel.SyscallCo
 	if inFile == nil {
 		return 0, nil, syserror.EBADF
 	}
-	defer inFile.DecRef()
+	defer inFile.DecRef(t)
 	outFile := t.GetFileVFS2(outFD)
 	if outFile == nil {
 		return 0, nil, syserror.EBADF
 	}
-	defer outFile.DecRef()
+	defer outFile.DecRef(t)
 
 	// Check that both files support the required directionality.
 	if !inFile.IsReadable() || !outFile.IsWritable() {
@@ -251,7 +251,7 @@ func Tee(t *kernel.Task, args arch.SyscallArguments) (uintptr, *kernel.SyscallCo
 	if n == 0 {
 		return 0, nil, err
 	}
-	outFile.Dentry().InotifyWithParent(linux.IN_MODIFY, 0, vfs.PathEvent)
+	outFile.Dentry().InotifyWithParent(t, linux.IN_MODIFY, 0, vfs.PathEvent)
 	return uintptr(n), nil, nil
 }
 
@@ -266,7 +266,7 @@ func Sendfile(t *kernel.Task, args arch.SyscallArguments) (uintptr, *kernel.Sysc
 	if inFile == nil {
 		return 0, nil, syserror.EBADF
 	}
-	defer inFile.DecRef()
+	defer inFile.DecRef(t)
 	if !inFile.IsReadable() {
 		return 0, nil, syserror.EBADF
 	}
@@ -275,7 +275,7 @@ func Sendfile(t *kernel.Task, args arch.SyscallArguments) (uintptr, *kernel.Sysc
 	if outFile == nil {
 		return 0, nil, syserror.EBADF
 	}
-	defer outFile.DecRef()
+	defer outFile.DecRef(t)
 	if !outFile.IsWritable() {
 		return 0, nil, syserror.EBADF
 	}
@@ -419,8 +419,8 @@ func Sendfile(t *kernel.Task, args arch.SyscallArguments) (uintptr, *kernel.Sysc
 		return 0, nil, err
 	}
 
-	inFile.Dentry().InotifyWithParent(linux.IN_ACCESS, 0, vfs.PathEvent)
-	outFile.Dentry().InotifyWithParent(linux.IN_MODIFY, 0, vfs.PathEvent)
+	inFile.Dentry().InotifyWithParent(t, linux.IN_ACCESS, 0, vfs.PathEvent)
+	outFile.Dentry().InotifyWithParent(t, linux.IN_MODIFY, 0, vfs.PathEvent)
 	return uintptr(n), nil, nil
 }
 
diff --git a/pkg/sentry/syscalls/linux/vfs2/stat.go b/pkg/sentry/syscalls/linux/vfs2/stat.go
index bb1d5cac4..0f5d5189c 100644
--- a/pkg/sentry/syscalls/linux/vfs2/stat.go
+++ b/pkg/sentry/syscalls/linux/vfs2/stat.go
@@ -65,7 +65,7 @@ func fstatat(t *kernel.Task, dirfd int32, pathAddr, statAddr usermem.Addr, flags
 	}
 
 	root := t.FSContext().RootDirectoryVFS2()
-	defer root.DecRef()
+	defer root.DecRef(t)
 	start := root
 	if !path.Absolute {
 		if !path.HasComponents() && flags&linux.AT_EMPTY_PATH == 0 {
@@ -73,7 +73,7 @@ func fstatat(t *kernel.Task, dirfd int32, pathAddr, statAddr usermem.Addr, flags
 		}
 		if dirfd == linux.AT_FDCWD {
 			start = t.FSContext().WorkingDirectoryVFS2()
-			defer start.DecRef()
+			defer start.DecRef(t)
 		} else {
 			dirfile := t.GetFileVFS2(dirfd)
 			if dirfile == nil {
@@ -85,7 +85,7 @@ func fstatat(t *kernel.Task, dirfd int32, pathAddr, statAddr usermem.Addr, flags
 				// former may be able to use opened file state to expedite the
 				// Stat.
 				statx, err := dirfile.Stat(t, opts)
-				dirfile.DecRef()
+				dirfile.DecRef(t)
 				if err != nil {
 					return err
 				}
@@ -96,8 +96,8 @@ func fstatat(t *kernel.Task, dirfd int32, pathAddr, statAddr usermem.Addr, flags
 			}
 			start = dirfile.VirtualDentry()
 			start.IncRef()
-			defer start.DecRef()
-			dirfile.DecRef()
+			defer start.DecRef(t)
+			dirfile.DecRef(t)
 		}
 	}
 
@@ -132,7 +132,7 @@ func Fstat(t *kernel.Task, args arch.SyscallArguments) (uintptr, *kernel.Syscall
 	if file == nil {
 		return 0, nil, syserror.EBADF
 	}
-	defer file.DecRef()
+	defer file.DecRef(t)
 
 	statx, err := file.Stat(t, vfs.StatOptions{
 		Mask: linux.STATX_BASIC_STATS,
@@ -177,7 +177,7 @@ func Statx(t *kernel.Task, args arch.SyscallArguments) (uintptr, *kernel.Syscall
 	}
 
 	root := t.FSContext().RootDirectoryVFS2()
-	defer root.DecRef()
+	defer root.DecRef(t)
 	start := root
 	if !path.Absolute {
 		if !path.HasComponents() && flags&linux.AT_EMPTY_PATH == 0 {
@@ -185,7 +185,7 @@ func Statx(t *kernel.Task, args arch.SyscallArguments) (uintptr, *kernel.Syscall
 		}
 		if dirfd == linux.AT_FDCWD {
 			start = t.FSContext().WorkingDirectoryVFS2()
-			defer start.DecRef()
+			defer start.DecRef(t)
 		} else {
 			dirfile := t.GetFileVFS2(dirfd)
 			if dirfile == nil {
@@ -197,7 +197,7 @@ func Statx(t *kernel.Task, args arch.SyscallArguments) (uintptr, *kernel.Syscall
 				// former may be able to use opened file state to expedite the
 				// Stat.
 				statx, err := dirfile.Stat(t, opts)
-				dirfile.DecRef()
+				dirfile.DecRef(t)
 				if err != nil {
 					return 0, nil, err
 				}
@@ -207,8 +207,8 @@ func Statx(t *kernel.Task, args arch.SyscallArguments) (uintptr, *kernel.Syscall
 			}
 			start = dirfile.VirtualDentry()
 			start.IncRef()
-			defer start.DecRef()
-			dirfile.DecRef()
+			defer start.DecRef(t)
+			dirfile.DecRef(t)
 		}
 	}
 
@@ -282,7 +282,7 @@ func accessAt(t *kernel.Task, dirfd int32, pathAddr usermem.Addr, mode uint) err
 	if err != nil {
 		return err
 	}
-	defer tpop.Release()
+	defer tpop.Release(t)
 
 	// access(2) and faccessat(2) check permissions using real
 	// UID/GID, not effective UID/GID.
@@ -328,7 +328,7 @@ func readlinkat(t *kernel.Task, dirfd int32, pathAddr, bufAddr usermem.Addr, siz
 	if err != nil {
 		return 0, nil, err
 	}
-	defer tpop.Release()
+	defer tpop.Release(t)
 
 	target, err := t.Kernel().VFS().ReadlinkAt(t, t.Credentials(), &tpop.pop)
 	if err != nil {
@@ -358,7 +358,7 @@ func Statfs(t *kernel.Task, args arch.SyscallArguments) (uintptr, *kernel.Syscal
 	if err != nil {
 		return 0, nil, err
 	}
-	defer tpop.Release()
+	defer tpop.Release(t)
 
 	statfs, err := t.Kernel().VFS().StatFSAt(t, t.Credentials(), &tpop.pop)
 	if err != nil {
@@ -377,7 +377,7 @@ func Fstatfs(t *kernel.Task, args arch.SyscallArguments) (uintptr, *kernel.Sysca
 	if err != nil {
 		return 0, nil, err
 	}
-	defer tpop.Release()
+	defer tpop.Release(t)
 
 	statfs, err := t.Kernel().VFS().StatFSAt(t, t.Credentials(), &tpop.pop)
 	if err != nil {
diff --git a/pkg/sentry/syscalls/linux/vfs2/sync.go b/pkg/sentry/syscalls/linux/vfs2/sync.go
index 0d0ebf46a..a6491ac37 100644
--- a/pkg/sentry/syscalls/linux/vfs2/sync.go
+++ b/pkg/sentry/syscalls/linux/vfs2/sync.go
@@ -34,7 +34,7 @@ func Syncfs(t *kernel.Task, args arch.SyscallArguments) (uintptr, *kernel.Syscal
 	if file == nil {
 		return 0, nil, syserror.EBADF
 	}
-	defer file.DecRef()
+	defer file.DecRef(t)
 
 	return 0, nil, file.SyncFS(t)
 }
@@ -47,7 +47,7 @@ func Fsync(t *kernel.Task, args arch.SyscallArguments) (uintptr, *kernel.Syscall
 	if file == nil {
 		return 0, nil, syserror.EBADF
 	}
-	defer file.DecRef()
+	defer file.DecRef(t)
 
 	return 0, nil, file.Sync(t)
 }
@@ -77,7 +77,7 @@ func SyncFileRange(t *kernel.Task, args arch.SyscallArguments) (uintptr, *kernel
 	if file == nil {
 		return 0, nil, syserror.EBADF
 	}
-	defer file.DecRef()
+	defer file.DecRef(t)
 
 	// TODO(gvisor.dev/issue/1897): Currently, the only file syncing we support
 	// is a full-file sync, i.e. fsync(2). As a result, there are severe
diff --git a/pkg/sentry/syscalls/linux/vfs2/timerfd.go b/pkg/sentry/syscalls/linux/vfs2/timerfd.go
index 5ac79bc09..7a26890ef 100644
--- a/pkg/sentry/syscalls/linux/vfs2/timerfd.go
+++ b/pkg/sentry/syscalls/linux/vfs2/timerfd.go
@@ -50,11 +50,11 @@ func TimerfdCreate(t *kernel.Task, args arch.SyscallArguments) (uintptr, *kernel
 		return 0, nil, syserror.EINVAL
 	}
 	vfsObj := t.Kernel().VFS()
-	file, err := timerfd.New(vfsObj, clock, fileFlags)
+	file, err := timerfd.New(t, vfsObj, clock, fileFlags)
 	if err != nil {
 		return 0, nil, err
 	}
-	defer file.DecRef()
+	defer file.DecRef(t)
 	fd, err := t.NewFDFromVFS2(0, file, kernel.FDFlags{
 		CloseOnExec: flags&linux.TFD_CLOEXEC != 0,
 	})
@@ -79,7 +79,7 @@ func TimerfdSettime(t *kernel.Task, args arch.SyscallArguments) (uintptr, *kerne
 	if file == nil {
 		return 0, nil, syserror.EBADF
 	}
-	defer file.DecRef()
+	defer file.DecRef(t)
 
 	tfd, ok := file.Impl().(*timerfd.TimerFileDescription)
 	if !ok {
@@ -113,7 +113,7 @@ func TimerfdGettime(t *kernel.Task, args arch.SyscallArguments) (uintptr, *kerne
 	if file == nil {
 		return 0, nil, syserror.EBADF
 	}
-	defer file.DecRef()
+	defer file.DecRef(t)
 
 	tfd, ok := file.Impl().(*timerfd.TimerFileDescription)
 	if !ok {
diff --git a/pkg/sentry/syscalls/linux/vfs2/xattr.go b/pkg/sentry/syscalls/linux/vfs2/xattr.go
index af455d5c1..ef99246ed 100644
--- a/pkg/sentry/syscalls/linux/vfs2/xattr.go
+++ b/pkg/sentry/syscalls/linux/vfs2/xattr.go
@@ -49,7 +49,7 @@ func listxattr(t *kernel.Task, args arch.SyscallArguments, shouldFollowFinalSyml
 	if err != nil {
 		return 0, nil, err
 	}
-	defer tpop.Release()
+	defer tpop.Release(t)
 
 	names, err := t.Kernel().VFS().ListxattrAt(t, t.Credentials(), &tpop.pop, uint64(size))
 	if err != nil {
@@ -72,7 +72,7 @@ func Flistxattr(t *kernel.Task, args arch.SyscallArguments) (uintptr, *kernel.Sy
 	if file == nil {
 		return 0, nil, syserror.EBADF
 	}
-	defer file.DecRef()
+	defer file.DecRef(t)
 
 	names, err := file.Listxattr(t, uint64(size))
 	if err != nil {
@@ -109,7 +109,7 @@ func getxattr(t *kernel.Task, args arch.SyscallArguments, shouldFollowFinalSymli
 	if err != nil {
 		return 0, nil, err
 	}
-	defer tpop.Release()
+	defer tpop.Release(t)
 
 	name, err := copyInXattrName(t, nameAddr)
 	if err != nil {
@@ -141,7 +141,7 @@ func Fgetxattr(t *kernel.Task, args arch.SyscallArguments) (uintptr, *kernel.Sys
 	if file == nil {
 		return 0, nil, syserror.EBADF
 	}
-	defer file.DecRef()
+	defer file.DecRef(t)
 
 	name, err := copyInXattrName(t, nameAddr)
 	if err != nil {
@@ -188,7 +188,7 @@ func setxattr(t *kernel.Task, args arch.SyscallArguments, shouldFollowFinalSymli
 	if err != nil {
 		return err
 	}
-	defer tpop.Release()
+	defer tpop.Release(t)
 
 	name, err := copyInXattrName(t, nameAddr)
 	if err != nil {
@@ -222,7 +222,7 @@ func Fsetxattr(t *kernel.Task, args arch.SyscallArguments) (uintptr, *kernel.Sys
 	if file == nil {
 		return 0, nil, syserror.EBADF
 	}
-	defer file.DecRef()
+	defer file.DecRef(t)
 
 	name, err := copyInXattrName(t, nameAddr)
 	if err != nil {
@@ -262,7 +262,7 @@ func removexattr(t *kernel.Task, args arch.SyscallArguments, shouldFollowFinalSy
 	if err != nil {
 		return err
 	}
-	defer tpop.Release()
+	defer tpop.Release(t)
 
 	name, err := copyInXattrName(t, nameAddr)
 	if err != nil {
@@ -281,7 +281,7 @@ func Fremovexattr(t *kernel.Task, args arch.SyscallArguments) (uintptr, *kernel.
 	if file == nil {
 		return 0, nil, syserror.EBADF
 	}
-	defer file.DecRef()
+	defer file.DecRef(t)
 
 	name, err := copyInXattrName(t, nameAddr)
 	if err != nil {