Decoupling loops from threads to allow fixed thread count

On large configurations, too many threads would spawn with one thread
per loop. Therefore, threads may now run multiple loops at once. The
thread count is configurable and may be changed during run. All threads
are spawned on startup.

This change helps with memory bloating. BIRD filters need large
temporary memory blocks to store their stack and also memory management
keeps its hot page storage per-thread.

Known bugs:
* Thread autobalancing is not yet implemented.
* Low latency loops are executed together with standard loops.

17 files changed, 671 insertions, 243 deletions

diff --git a/conf/conf.h b/conf/conf.h
index ce4a3c5a..9f011ef7 100644
--- a/conf/conf.h
+++ b/conf/conf.h
@@ -54,6 +54,7 @@ struct config {
   char *err_file_name;			/* File name containing error */
   char *file_name;			/* Name of main configuration file */
   int file_fd;				/* File descriptor of main configuration file */
+  int thread_count;			/* How many worker threads to prefork */
 
   struct sym_scope *root_scope;		/* Scope for root symbols */
   int obstacle_count;			/* Number of items blocking freeing of this config */
diff --git a/doc/bird.sgml b/doc/bird.sgml
index 3675d2e8..37028a3b 100644
--- a/doc/bird.sgml
+++ b/doc/bird.sgml
@@ -532,6 +532,12 @@ include "tablename.conf";;
 	killed by abort signal. The timeout has effective granularity of
 	seconds, zero means disabled. Default: disabled (0).
 
+	<tag><label id="opt-threads">threads <m/number/</tag>
+	Set how many worker threads should BIRD spawn. Tests show that every
+        thread can utilize one complete CPU core, therefore you probably want to
+        keep at least one free core. The maximum feasible thread count heavily
+        depends on the actual workload and must be determined by testing or estimation. Default: 1
+
 	<tag><label id="opt-mrtdump">mrtdump "<m/filename/"</tag>
 	Set MRTdump file name. This option must be specified to allow MRTdump
 	feature. Default: no dump file.
diff --git a/doc/reply_codes b/doc/reply_codes
index 02f4e656..bcbbbb03 100644
--- a/doc/reply_codes
+++ b/doc/reply_codes
@@ -61,6 +61,7 @@ Reply codes of BIRD command-line interface
 1023	Show Babel interfaces
 1024	Show Babel neighbors
 1025	Show Babel entries
+1026	Show threads
 
 8000	Reply too long
 8001	Route not found
diff --git a/lib/event.c b/lib/event.c
index 68ee4c06..55e7f446 100644
--- a/lib/event.c
+++ b/lib/event.c
@@ -261,7 +261,7 @@ ev_send(event_list *l, event *e)
 	memory_order_acq_rel, memory_order_acquire));
 
   edlog(l, e, next, 4, EDL_SEND);
-  birdloop_ping(l->loop);
+  if (l->loop) birdloop_ping(l->loop);
 }
 
 void io_log_event(void *hook, void *data);
diff --git a/lib/event.h b/lib/event.h
index 0bef737a..6fd9f31c 100644
--- a/lib/event.h
+++ b/lib/event.h
@@ -11,7 +11,6 @@
 
 #include "lib/resource.h"
 #include "lib/locking.h"
-#include "lib/rcu.h"
 
 #include <stdatomic.h>
 
diff --git a/lib/locking.h b/lib/locking.h
index 498afdc8..7e014bd0 100644
--- a/lib/locking.h
+++ b/lib/locking.h
@@ -14,6 +14,7 @@ struct domain_generic;
 /* Here define the global lock order; first to last. */
 struct lock_order {
   struct domain_generic *the_bird;
+  struct domain_generic *control;
   struct domain_generic *proto;
   struct domain_generic *service;
   struct domain_generic *rtable;
@@ -34,6 +35,9 @@ struct domain_generic *domain_new(const char *name, uint order);
 #define DOMAIN_FREE(type, d)	domain_free((d).type)
 void domain_free(struct domain_generic *);
 
+#define DOMAIN_NAME(type, d)	domain_name((d).type)
+const char *domain_name(struct domain_generic *);
+
 #define DOMAIN_NULL(type)   (DOMAIN(type)) {}
 
 #define LOCK_DOMAIN(type, d)	do_lock(((d).type), &(locking_stack.type))
diff --git a/lib/rcu.c b/lib/rcu.c
index 83fdd022..8ae4f2ab 100644
--- a/lib/rcu.c
+++ b/lib/rcu.c
@@ -17,11 +17,11 @@
 #include "lib/locking.h"
 
 _Atomic uint rcu_gp_ctl = RCU_NEST_CNT;
-_Thread_local struct rcu_birdloop *this_rcu_birdloop = NULL;
+_Thread_local struct rcu_thread *this_rcu_thread = NULL;
 
-static list rcu_birdloop_list;
+static list rcu_thread_list;
 
-static struct rcu_birdloop main_rcu_birdloop;
+static struct rcu_thread main_rcu_thread;
 
 DEFINE_DOMAIN(resource);
 static DOMAIN(resource) rcu_domain;
@@ -37,8 +37,8 @@ static void
 update_counter_and_wait(void)
 {
   atomic_fetch_xor(&rcu_gp_ctl, RCU_GP_PHASE);
-  struct rcu_birdloop *rc;
-  WALK_LIST(rc, rcu_birdloop_list)
+  struct rcu_thread *rc;
+  WALK_LIST(rc, rcu_thread_list)
     while (rcu_gp_ongoing(&rc->ctl))
       birdloop_yield();
 }
@@ -53,19 +53,19 @@ synchronize_rcu(void)
 }
 
 void
-rcu_birdloop_start(struct rcu_birdloop *rc)
+rcu_thread_start(struct rcu_thread *rc)
 {
   LOCK_DOMAIN(resource, rcu_domain);
-  add_tail(&rcu_birdloop_list, &rc->n);
-  this_rcu_birdloop = rc;
+  add_tail(&rcu_thread_list, &rc->n);
+  this_rcu_thread = rc;
   UNLOCK_DOMAIN(resource, rcu_domain);
 }
 
 void
-rcu_birdloop_stop(struct rcu_birdloop *rc)
+rcu_thread_stop(struct rcu_thread *rc)
 {
   LOCK_DOMAIN(resource, rcu_domain);
-  this_rcu_birdloop = NULL;
+  this_rcu_thread = NULL;
   rem_node(&rc->n);
   UNLOCK_DOMAIN(resource, rcu_domain);
 }
@@ -74,6 +74,6 @@ void
 rcu_init(void)
 {
   rcu_domain = DOMAIN_NEW(resource, "Read-Copy-Update");
-  init_list(&rcu_birdloop_list);
-  rcu_birdloop_start(&main_rcu_birdloop);
+  init_list(&rcu_thread_list);
+  rcu_thread_start(&main_rcu_thread);
 }
diff --git a/lib/rcu.h b/lib/rcu.h
index c537a1ef..30eacc5b 100644
--- a/lib/rcu.h
+++ b/lib/rcu.h
@@ -21,33 +21,33 @@
 
 extern _Atomic uint rcu_gp_ctl;
 
-struct rcu_birdloop {
+struct rcu_thread {
   node n;
   _Atomic uint ctl;
 };
 
-extern _Thread_local struct rcu_birdloop *this_rcu_birdloop;
+extern _Thread_local struct rcu_thread *this_rcu_thread;
 
 static inline void rcu_read_lock(void)
 {
-  uint cmp = atomic_load_explicit(&this_rcu_birdloop->ctl, memory_order_acquire);
+  uint cmp = atomic_load_explicit(&this_rcu_thread->ctl, memory_order_acquire);
 
   if (cmp & RCU_NEST_MASK)
-    atomic_store_explicit(&this_rcu_birdloop->ctl, cmp + RCU_NEST_CNT, memory_order_relaxed);
+    atomic_store_explicit(&this_rcu_thread->ctl, cmp + RCU_NEST_CNT, memory_order_relaxed);
   else
-    atomic_store(&this_rcu_birdloop->ctl, atomic_load_explicit(&rcu_gp_ctl, memory_order_acquire));
+    atomic_store(&this_rcu_thread->ctl, atomic_load_explicit(&rcu_gp_ctl, memory_order_acquire));
 }
 
 static inline void rcu_read_unlock(void)
 {
-  atomic_fetch_sub(&this_rcu_birdloop->ctl, RCU_NEST_CNT);
+  atomic_fetch_sub(&this_rcu_thread->ctl, RCU_NEST_CNT);
 }
 
 void synchronize_rcu(void);
 
 /* Registering and unregistering a birdloop. To be called from birdloop implementation */
-void rcu_birdloop_start(struct rcu_birdloop *);
-void rcu_birdloop_stop(struct rcu_birdloop *);
+void rcu_thread_start(struct rcu_thread *);
+void rcu_thread_stop(struct rcu_thread *);
 
 /* Run this from resource init */
 void rcu_init(void);
diff --git a/sysdep/unix/config.Y b/sysdep/unix/config.Y
index 5c4b5bef..a50ec757 100644
--- a/sysdep/unix/config.Y
+++ b/sysdep/unix/config.Y
@@ -101,6 +101,12 @@ mrtdump_base:
  ;
 
 
+conf: THREADS expr {
+    if ($2 < 1) cf_error("Number of threads must be at least one.");
+    new_config->thread_count = $2;
+}
+
+
 conf: debug_unix ;
 
 debug_unix:
@@ -145,6 +151,11 @@ CF_CLI_HELP(GRACEFUL, restart, [[Shut the daemon down for graceful restart]])
 CF_CLI(GRACEFUL RESTART,,, [[Shut the daemon down for graceful restart]])
 { cmd_graceful_restart(); } ;
 
+CF_CLI(SHOW THREADS,,, [[Write out thread information]])
+{ cmd_show_threads(0); } ;
+
+CF_CLI(SHOW THREADS ALL,,, [[Write out thread and IO loop information]])
+{ cmd_show_threads(1); } ;
 
 cfg_name:
    /* empty */ { $$ = NULL; }
diff --git a/sysdep/unix/domain.c b/sysdep/unix/domain.c
index 0a5858a6..1cba540b 100644
--- a/sysdep/unix/domain.c
+++ b/sysdep/unix/domain.c
@@ -70,6 +70,12 @@ domain_free(struct domain_generic *dg)
   xfree(dg);
 }
 
+const char *
+domain_name(struct domain_generic *dg)
+{
+  return dg->name;
+}
+
 uint dg_order(struct domain_generic *dg)
 {
   return dg->order;
diff --git a/sysdep/unix/io-loop.c b/sysdep/unix/io-loop.c
index 5ce2d350..cc2e0523 100644
--- a/sysdep/unix/io-loop.c
+++ b/sysdep/unix/io-loop.c
@@ -18,6 +18,7 @@
 
 #include "lib/buffer.h"
 #include "lib/lists.h"
+#include "lib/locking.h"
 #include "lib/resource.h"
 #include "lib/event.h"
 #include "lib/timer.h"
@@ -26,10 +27,37 @@
 #include "lib/io-loop.h"
 #include "sysdep/unix/io-loop.h"
 #include "conf/conf.h"
+#include "nest/cli.h"
 
 #define THREAD_STACK_SIZE	65536	/* To be lowered in near future */
 
 /*
+ *	Nanosecond time for accounting purposes
+ *
+ *	A fixed point on startup is set as zero, all other values are relative to that.
+ *	Caution: this overflows after like 500 years or so. If you plan to run
+ *	BIRD for such a long time, please implement some means of overflow prevention.
+ */
+
+static struct timespec ns_begin;
+
+static void ns_init(void)
+{
+  if (clock_gettime(CLOCK_MONOTONIC, &ns_begin))
+    bug("clock_gettime: %m");
+}
+
+static u64 ns_now(void)
+{
+  struct timespec ts;
+  if (clock_gettime(CLOCK_MONOTONIC, &ts))
+    bug("clock_gettime: %m");
+
+  return (u64) (ts.tv_sec - ns_begin.tv_sec) * 1000000000 + ts.tv_nsec - ns_begin.tv_nsec;
+}
+
+
+/*
  *	Current thread context
  */
 
@@ -59,6 +87,12 @@ birdloop_inside(struct birdloop *loop)
   return 0;
 }
 
+_Bool
+birdloop_in_this_thread(struct birdloop *loop)
+{
+  return pthread_equal(pthread_self(), loop->thread->thread_id);
+}
+
 void
 birdloop_flag(struct birdloop *loop, u32 flag)
 {
@@ -80,22 +114,10 @@ birdloop_process_flags(struct birdloop *loop)
     return 0;
 
   u32 flags = atomic_exchange_explicit(&loop->flags, 0, memory_order_acq_rel);
-  loop->flag_handler->hook(loop->flag_handler, flags);
-  return !!flags;
-}
-
-static int
-birdloop_run_events(struct birdloop *loop)
-{
-  btime begin = current_time();
-  while (current_time() - begin < 5 MS)
-  {
-    if (!ev_run_list(&loop->event_list))
-      return 0;
-
-    times_update();
-  }
+  if (!flags)
+    return 0;
 
+  loop->flag_handler->hook(loop->flag_handler, flags);
   return 1;
 }
 
@@ -160,7 +182,7 @@ pipe_kick(struct pipe *p)
 
   while (1) {
     rv = write(p->fd[1], &v, sizeof(v));
-    if ((rv >= 0) || (errno == EAGAIN)) 
+    if ((rv >= 0) || (errno == EAGAIN))
       return;
     if (errno != EINTR)
       bug("wakeup write: %m");
@@ -176,19 +198,19 @@ pipe_pollin(struct pipe *p, struct pollfd *pfd)
 }
 
 static inline void
-wakeup_init(struct birdloop *loop)
+wakeup_init(struct bird_thread *loop)
 {
   pipe_new(&loop->wakeup);
 }
 
 static inline void
-wakeup_drain(struct birdloop *loop)
+wakeup_drain(struct bird_thread *loop)
 {
   pipe_drain(&loop->wakeup);
 }
 
 static inline void
-wakeup_do_kick(struct birdloop *loop)
+wakeup_do_kick(struct bird_thread *loop)
 {
   pipe_kick(&loop->wakeup);
 }
@@ -196,13 +218,16 @@ wakeup_do_kick(struct birdloop *loop)
 static inline void
 birdloop_do_ping(struct birdloop *loop)
 {
-  if (atomic_fetch_add_explicit(&loop->ping_sent, 1, memory_order_acq_rel))
+  if (!loop->thread)
+    return;
+
+  if (atomic_fetch_add_explicit(&loop->thread->ping_sent, 1, memory_order_acq_rel))
     return;
 
   if (loop == birdloop_wakeup_masked)
     birdloop_wakeup_masked_count++;
   else
-    wakeup_do_kick(loop);
+    wakeup_do_kick(loop->thread);
 }
 
 void
@@ -224,10 +249,6 @@ sockets_init(struct birdloop *loop)
 {
   init_list(&loop->sock_list);
   loop->sock_num = 0;
-
-  BUFFER_INIT(loop->poll_sk, loop->pool, 4);
-  BUFFER_INIT(loop->poll_fd, loop->pool, 4);
-  loop->poll_changed = 1;	/* add wakeup fd */
 }
 
 static void
@@ -237,7 +258,8 @@ sockets_add(struct birdloop *loop, sock *s)
   loop->sock_num++;
 
   s->index = -1;
-  loop->poll_changed = 1;
+  if (loop->thread)
+    atomic_store_explicit(&loop->thread->poll_changed, 1, memory_order_release);
 
   birdloop_ping(loop);
 }
@@ -255,19 +277,20 @@ sockets_remove(struct birdloop *loop, sock *s)
   if (!enlisted(&s->n))
     return;
 
+  /* Decouple the socket from the loop at all. */
   rem_node(&s->n);
   loop->sock_num--;
+  if (loop->thread)
+    atomic_store_explicit(&loop->thread->poll_changed, 1, memory_order_release);
 
-  if (s->index >= 0)
-  {
-    loop->poll_sk.data[s->index] = NULL;
-    s->index = -1;
-    loop->poll_changed = 1;
-    loop->close_scheduled = 1;
-    birdloop_ping(loop);
-  }
-  else
-    close(s->fd);
+  s->index = -1;
+
+  /* Close the filedescriptor. If it ever gets into the poll(), it just returns
+   * POLLNVAL for this fd which then is ignored because nobody checks for
+   * that result. Or some other routine opens another fd, getting this number,
+   * yet also in this case poll() at worst spuriously returns and nobody checks
+   * for the result in this fd. No further precaution is needed. */
+  close(s->fd);
 }
 
 void
@@ -279,123 +302,559 @@ sk_stop(sock *s)
 static inline uint sk_want_events(sock *s)
 { return (s->rx_hook ? POLLIN : 0) | ((s->ttx != s->tpos) ? POLLOUT : 0); }
 
-/*
-FIXME: this should be called from sock code
-
-static void
-sockets_update(struct birdloop *loop, sock *s)
-{
-  if (s->index >= 0)
-    loop->poll_fd.data[s->index].events = sk_want_events(s);
-}
-*/
-
-static void
-sockets_prepare(struct birdloop *loop)
+static struct pollfd *
+sockets_prepare(struct birdloop *loop, struct pollfd *pfd, struct pollfd *end)
 {
-  BUFFER_SET(loop->poll_sk, loop->sock_num + 1);
-  BUFFER_SET(loop->poll_fd, loop->sock_num + 1);
-
-  struct pollfd *pfd = loop->poll_fd.data;
-  sock **psk = loop->poll_sk.data;
-  uint i = 0;
   node *n;
+  loop->pfd = pfd;
 
   WALK_LIST(n, loop->sock_list)
   {
     sock *s = SKIP_BACK(sock, n, n);
 
-    ASSERT(i < loop->sock_num);
+    /* Out of space for pfds. Force reallocation. */
+    if (pfd >= end)
+      return NULL;
+
+    s->index = pfd - loop->pfd;
 
-    s->index = i;
-    *psk = s;
     pfd->fd = s->fd;
     pfd->events = sk_want_events(s);
     pfd->revents = 0;
 
     pfd++;
-    psk++;
-    i++;
   }
 
-  ASSERT(i == loop->sock_num);
+  return pfd;
+}
+
+int sk_read(sock *s, int revents);
+int sk_write(sock *s);
+
+static void
+sockets_fire(struct birdloop *loop)
+{
+  struct pollfd *pfd = loop->pfd;
+
+  times_update();
+
+  sock *s; node *n, *nxt;
+  WALK_LIST2_DELSAFE(s, n, nxt, loop->sock_list, n)
+  {
+    if (s->index < 0)
+      continue;
+
+    int rev = pfd[s->index].revents;
+
+    if (!rev)
+      continue;
+
+    if (rev & POLLNVAL)
+      bug("poll: invalid fd %d", s->fd);
+
+    int e = 1;
+
+    if (rev & POLLIN)
+      while (e && s->rx_hook)
+	e = sk_read(s, rev);
+
+    if (rev & POLLOUT)
+    {
+      atomic_store_explicit(&loop->thread->poll_changed, 1, memory_order_release);
+      while (e = sk_write(s))
+	;
+    }
+  }
+}
+
+/*
+ *	Threads
+ */
+
+DEFINE_DOMAIN(resource);
+static DOMAIN(resource) birdloop_domain;
+static list birdloop_pickup;
+static list bird_thread_pickup;
+
+static _Thread_local struct bird_thread *this_thread;
+
+static void *
+bird_thread_main(void *arg)
+{
+  struct bird_thread *thr = this_thread = arg;
+
+  rcu_thread_start(&thr->rcu);
+  synchronize_rcu();
+
+  tmp_init(thr->pool);
+  init_list(&thr->loops);
+
+  u32 refresh_sockets = 1;
+
+  struct pollfd *pfd, *end;
+
+  while (1)
+  {
+    /* Wakeup at least once a minute. */
+    int timeout = 60000;
+
+    /* Pickup new loops */
+    LOCK_DOMAIN(resource, birdloop_domain);
+    if (!EMPTY_LIST(birdloop_pickup))
+    {
+      struct birdloop *loop = SKIP_BACK(struct birdloop, n, HEAD(birdloop_pickup));
+      rem_node(&loop->n);
+      UNLOCK_DOMAIN(resource, birdloop_domain);
+
+      add_tail(&thr->loops, &loop->n);
+
+      birdloop_enter(loop);
+      loop->thread = thr;
+      if (!EMPTY_LIST(loop->sock_list))
+	refresh_sockets = 1;
+      birdloop_leave(loop);
+
+      /* If there are more loops to be picked up, wakeup the next thread */
+      LOCK_DOMAIN(resource, birdloop_domain);
+      rem_node(&thr->n);
+      add_tail(&bird_thread_pickup, &thr->n);
+
+      if (!EMPTY_LIST(birdloop_pickup))
+	wakeup_do_kick(SKIP_BACK(struct bird_thread, n, HEAD(bird_thread_pickup)));
+    }
+    UNLOCK_DOMAIN(resource, birdloop_domain);
+
+    struct birdloop *loop; node *nn;
+    WALK_LIST2(loop, nn, thr->loops, n)
+    {
+      birdloop_enter(loop);
+      u64 after_enter = ns_now();
+
+      timer *t;
+
+      times_update();
+      timers_fire(&loop->time, 0);
+      int again = birdloop_process_flags(loop) + ev_run_list(&loop->event_list);
+
+#if 0
+      if (loop->n.next->next)
+	__builtin_prefetch(SKIP_BACK(struct birdloop, n, loop->n.next)->time.domain);
+#endif
+
+      if (again)
+	timeout = MIN(0, timeout);
+      else if (t = timers_first(&loop->time))
+	timeout = MIN(((tm_remains(t) TO_MS) + 1), timeout);
+
+      u64 before_leave = ns_now();
+      loop->total_time_spent_ns += (before_leave - after_enter);
+      birdloop_leave(loop);
+
+      ev_run_list(&thr->priority_events);
+    }
+
+    refresh_sockets += atomic_exchange_explicit(&thr->poll_changed, 0, memory_order_acq_rel);
 
-  /* Add internal wakeup fd */
-  *psk = NULL;
-  pipe_pollin(&loop->wakeup, pfd);
+    if (!refresh_sockets && ((timeout < 0) || (timeout > 5000)))
+      flush_local_pages();
 
-  loop->poll_changed = 0;
+    while (refresh_sockets)
+    {
+sock_retry:;
+      end = (pfd = thr->pfd) + thr->pfd_max;
+
+      /* Add internal wakeup fd */
+      pipe_pollin(&thr->wakeup, pfd);
+      pfd++;
+
+      WALK_LIST2(loop, nn, thr->loops, n)
+      {
+	birdloop_enter(loop);
+	pfd = sockets_prepare(loop, pfd, end);
+	birdloop_leave(loop);
+
+	if (!pfd)
+	{
+	  mb_free(thr->pfd);
+	  thr->pfd = mb_alloc(thr->pool, sizeof(struct pollfd) * (thr->pfd_max *= 2));
+	  goto sock_retry;
+	}
+      }
+
+      refresh_sockets = 0;
+    }
+
+poll_retry:;
+    int rv = poll(thr->pfd, pfd - thr->pfd, timeout);
+    if (rv < 0)
+    {
+      if (errno == EINTR || errno == EAGAIN)
+	goto poll_retry;
+      bug("poll in %p: %m", thr);
+    }
+
+    /* Drain wakeup fd */
+    if (thr->pfd[0].revents & POLLIN)
+    {
+      ASSERT_DIE(rv > 0);
+      rv--;
+      wakeup_drain(thr);
+    }
+
+    atomic_exchange_explicit(&thr->ping_sent, 0, memory_order_acq_rel);
+
+    if (!rv && !atomic_exchange_explicit(&thr->run_cleanup, 0, memory_order_acq_rel))
+      continue;
+
+    /* Process stops and regular sockets */
+    node *nxt;
+    WALK_LIST2_DELSAFE(loop, nn, nxt, thr->loops, n)
+    {
+      birdloop_enter(loop);
+
+      if (loop->stopped)
+      {
+	/* Flush remaining events */
+	ASSERT_DIE(!ev_run_list(&loop->event_list));
+
+	/* Drop timers */
+	timer *t;
+	while (t = timers_first(&loop->time))
+	  tm_stop(t);
+
+	/* No sockets allowed */
+	ASSERT_DIE(EMPTY_LIST(loop->sock_list));
+	
+	/* Declare loop stopped */
+	rem_node(&loop->n);
+	birdloop_leave(loop);
+	loop->stopped(loop->stop_data);
+
+	/* Birdloop already left */
+	continue;
+      }
+      else if (rv)
+	sockets_fire(loop);
+
+      birdloop_leave(loop);
+    }
+  }
 }
 
 static void
-sockets_close_fds(struct birdloop *loop)
+bird_thread_cleanup(void *_thr)
 {
-  struct pollfd *pfd = loop->poll_fd.data;
-  sock **psk = loop->poll_sk.data;
-  int poll_num = loop->poll_fd.used - 1;
+  struct bird_thread *thr = _thr;
+  ASSERT_DIE(birdloop_inside(&main_birdloop));
 
-  int i;
-  for (i = 0; i < poll_num; i++)
-    if (psk[i] == NULL)
-      close(pfd[i].fd);
+  /* Thread attributes no longer needed */
+  pthread_attr_destroy(&thr->thread_attr);
 
-  loop->close_scheduled = 0;
+  /* Free all remaining memory */
+  rfree(thr->pool);
 }
 
-int sk_read(sock *s, int revents);
-int sk_write(sock *s);
+static struct bird_thread *
+bird_thread_start(void)
+{
+  ASSERT_DIE(birdloop_inside(&main_birdloop));
+
+  pool *p = rp_new(&root_pool, "Thread");
+
+  struct bird_thread *thr = mb_allocz(p, sizeof(*thr));
+  thr->pool = p;
+  thr->pfd = mb_alloc(p, sizeof(struct pollfd) * (thr->pfd_max = 16));
+  thr->cleanup_event = (event) { .hook = bird_thread_cleanup, .data = thr, };
+
+  atomic_store_explicit(&thr->ping_sent, 0, memory_order_relaxed);
+
+  wakeup_init(thr);
+  ev_init_list(&thr->priority_events, NULL, "Thread direct event list");
+
+  LOCK_DOMAIN(resource, birdloop_domain);
+  add_tail(&bird_thread_pickup, &thr->n);
+  UNLOCK_DOMAIN(resource, birdloop_domain);
+
+  int e = 0;
+
+  if (e = pthread_attr_init(&thr->thread_attr))
+    die("pthread_attr_init() failed: %M", e);
+
+  /* We don't have to worry about thread stack size so much.
+  if (e = pthread_attr_setstacksize(&thr->thread_attr, THREAD_STACK_SIZE))
+    die("pthread_attr_setstacksize(%u) failed: %M", THREAD_STACK_SIZE, e);
+    */
+
+  if (e = pthread_attr_setdetachstate(&thr->thread_attr, PTHREAD_CREATE_DETACHED))
+    die("pthread_attr_setdetachstate(PTHREAD_CREATE_DETACHED) failed: %M", e);
+
+  if (e = pthread_create(&thr->thread_id, &thr->thread_attr, bird_thread_main, thr))
+    die("pthread_create() failed: %M", e);
+
+  return thr;
+}
+
+static struct birdloop *thread_dropper;
+static event *thread_dropper_event;
+static uint thread_dropper_goal;
 
 static void
-sockets_fire(struct birdloop *loop)
+bird_thread_shutdown(void * _ UNUSED)
 {
-  struct pollfd *pfd = loop->poll_fd.data;
-  sock **psk = loop->poll_sk.data;
-  int poll_num = loop->poll_fd.used - 1;
+  LOCK_DOMAIN(resource, birdloop_domain);
+  int dif = list_length(&bird_thread_pickup) - thread_dropper_goal;
+  struct birdloop *tdl_stop = NULL;
 
-  times_update();
+  if (dif > 0)
+    ev_send_loop(thread_dropper, thread_dropper_event);
+  else
+  {
+    tdl_stop = thread_dropper;
+    thread_dropper = NULL;
+  }
 
-  /* Last fd is internal wakeup fd */
-  if (pfd[poll_num].revents & POLLIN)
-    wakeup_drain(loop);
+  UNLOCK_DOMAIN(resource, birdloop_domain);
 
-  int i;
-  for (i = 0; i < poll_num; pfd++, psk++, i++)
+  log(L_INFO "Thread pickup size differs from dropper goal by %d%s", dif, tdl_stop ? ", stopping" : "");
+
+  if (tdl_stop)
   {
-    int e = 1;
+    birdloop_stop_self(tdl_stop, NULL, NULL);
+    return;
+  }
 
-    if (! pfd->revents)
-      continue;
+  struct bird_thread *thr = this_thread;
+
+  /* Leave the thread-picker list to get no more loops */
+  LOCK_DOMAIN(resource, birdloop_domain);
+  rem_node(&thr->n);
+
+  /* Drop loops including the thread dropper itself */
+  while (!EMPTY_LIST(thr->loops))
+  {
+    /* Remove loop from this thread's list */
+    struct birdloop *loop = HEAD(thr->loops);
+    rem_node(&loop->n);
+    UNLOCK_DOMAIN(resource, birdloop_domain);
+
+    /* Unset loop's thread */
+    if (birdloop_inside(loop))
+      loop->thread = NULL;
+    else
+    {
+      birdloop_enter(loop);
+      loop->thread = NULL;
+      birdloop_leave(loop);
+    }
+
+    /* Put loop into pickup list */
+    LOCK_DOMAIN(resource, birdloop_domain);
+    add_tail(&birdloop_pickup, &loop->n);
+  }
+
+  /* Let others know about new loops */
+  if (!EMPTY_LIST(birdloop_pickup))
+    wakeup_do_kick(SKIP_BACK(struct bird_thread, n, HEAD(bird_thread_pickup)));
+  UNLOCK_DOMAIN(resource, birdloop_domain);
+
+  /* Leave the thread-dropper loop as we aren't going to return. */
+  birdloop_leave(thread_dropper);
+
+  /* Local pages not needed anymore */
+  flush_local_pages();
+
+  /* Unregister from RCU */
+  rcu_thread_stop(&thr->rcu);
+
+  /* Request thread cleanup from main loop */
+  ev_send_loop(&main_birdloop, &thr->cleanup_event);
+
+  /* Exit! */
+  pthread_exit(NULL);
+}
+
+
+void
+bird_thread_commit(struct config *new, struct config *old UNUSED)
+{
+  ASSERT_DIE(birdloop_inside(&main_birdloop));
 
-    if (pfd->revents & POLLNVAL)
-      bug("poll: invalid fd %d", pfd->fd);
+  if (new->shutdown)
+    return;
 
-    if (pfd->revents & POLLIN)
-      while (e && *psk && (*psk)->rx_hook)
-	e = sk_read(*psk, pfd->revents);
+  if (!new->thread_count)
+    new->thread_count = 1;
 
-    e = 1;
-    if (pfd->revents & POLLOUT)
+  while (1)
+  {
+    LOCK_DOMAIN(resource, birdloop_domain);
+    int dif = list_length(&bird_thread_pickup) - (thread_dropper_goal = new->thread_count);
+    _Bool thread_dropper_running = !!thread_dropper;
+    UNLOCK_DOMAIN(resource, birdloop_domain);
+
+    if (dif < 0)
     {
-      loop->poll_changed = 1;
-      while (e && *psk)
-	e = sk_write(*psk);
+      bird_thread_start();
+      continue;
     }
+
+    if ((dif > 0) && !thread_dropper_running)
+    {
+      struct birdloop *tdl = birdloop_new(&root_pool, DOMAIN_ORDER(control), "Thread dropper");
+      event *tde = ev_new_init(tdl->pool, bird_thread_shutdown, NULL);
+
+      LOCK_DOMAIN(resource, birdloop_domain);
+      thread_dropper = tdl;
+      thread_dropper_event = tde;
+      UNLOCK_DOMAIN(resource, birdloop_domain);
+
+      ev_send_loop(thread_dropper, thread_dropper_event);
+    }
+
+    return;
+  }
+}
+
+
+DEFINE_DOMAIN(control);
+
+struct bird_thread_show_data {
+  cli *cli;
+  pool *pool;
+  DOMAIN(control) lock;
+  uint total;
+  uint done;
+  u8 show_loops;
+};
+
+static void
+bird_thread_show_cli_cont(struct cli *c UNUSED)
+{
+  /* Explicitly do nothing to prevent CLI from trying to parse another command. */
+}
+
+static int
+bird_thread_show_cli_cleanup(struct cli *c UNUSED)
+{
+  return 1; /* Defer the cleanup until the writeout is finished. */
+}
+
+static void
+bird_thread_show(void *data)
+{
+  struct bird_thread_show_data *tsd = data;
+
+  LOCK_DOMAIN(control, tsd->lock);
+  if (tsd->show_loops)
+    cli_printf(tsd->cli, -1026, "Thread %p", this_thread);
+
+  u64 total_time_ns = 0;
+  struct birdloop *loop;
+  WALK_LIST(loop, this_thread->loops)
+  {
+    if (tsd->show_loops)
+      cli_printf(tsd->cli, -1026, "  Loop %s time: %t", domain_name(loop->time.domain), loop->total_time_spent_ns NS);
+    total_time_ns += loop->total_time_spent_ns;
+  }
+
+  tsd->done++;
+  int last = (tsd->done == tsd->total);
+
+  if (last)
+  {
+    tsd->cli->cont = NULL;
+    tsd->cli->cleanup = NULL;
+  }
+
+  if (tsd->show_loops)
+    cli_printf(tsd->cli, (last ? 1 : -1) * 1026, "  Total time: %t", total_time_ns NS);
+  else
+    cli_printf(tsd->cli, (last ? 1 : -1) * 1026, "Thread %p time %t", this_thread, total_time_ns NS);
+
+  UNLOCK_DOMAIN(control, tsd->lock);
+
+  if (last)
+  {
+    the_bird_lock();
+
+    LOCK_DOMAIN(resource, birdloop_domain);
+    if (!EMPTY_LIST(birdloop_pickup))
+      if (tsd->show_loops)
+      {
+	cli_printf(tsd->cli, -1026, "Unassigned loops");
+	WALK_LIST(loop, birdloop_pickup)
+	  cli_printf(tsd->cli, -1026, "  Loop %s time: %t", domain_name(loop->time.domain), loop->total_time_spent_ns NS);
+      }
+      else
+      {
+	uint count = 0;
+	u64 total_time_ns = 0;
+	WALK_LIST(loop, birdloop_pickup)
+	{
+	  count++;
+	  total_time_ns += loop->total_time_spent_ns;
+	}
+	cli_printf(tsd->cli, -1026, "Unassigned loops: %d, total time %t", count, total_time_ns NS);
+      }
+    UNLOCK_DOMAIN(resource, birdloop_domain);
+
+    cli_write_trigger(tsd->cli);
+    DOMAIN_FREE(control, tsd->lock);
+    rfree(tsd->pool);
+
+    the_bird_unlock();
   }
 }
 
 
+void
+cmd_show_threads(int show_loops)
+{
+  pool *p = rp_new(&root_pool, "Show Threads");
+
+  struct bird_thread_show_data *tsd = mb_allocz(p, sizeof(struct bird_thread_show_data));
+  tsd->lock = DOMAIN_NEW(control, "Show Threads");
+  tsd->cli = this_cli;
+  tsd->pool = p;
+  tsd->show_loops = show_loops;
+
+  this_cli->cont = bird_thread_show_cli_cont;
+  this_cli->cleanup = bird_thread_show_cli_cleanup;
+
+  LOCK_DOMAIN(control, tsd->lock);
+  LOCK_DOMAIN(resource, birdloop_domain);
+
+  struct bird_thread *thr;
+  WALK_LIST(thr, bird_thread_pickup)
+  {
+    tsd->total++;
+    ev_send(&thr->priority_events, ev_new_init(p, bird_thread_show, tsd));
+    wakeup_do_kick(thr);
+  }
+
+  UNLOCK_DOMAIN(resource, birdloop_domain);
+  UNLOCK_DOMAIN(control, tsd->lock);
+}
+
 /*
  *	Birdloop
  */
 
-struct birdloop main_birdloop;
+static struct bird_thread main_thread;
+struct birdloop main_birdloop = { .thread = &main_thread, };
 
 static void birdloop_enter_locked(struct birdloop *loop);
 
 void
 birdloop_init(void)
 {
-  wakeup_init(&main_birdloop);
+  ns_init();
+
+  birdloop_domain = DOMAIN_NEW(resource, "Loop Pickup");
+  init_list(&birdloop_pickup);
+  init_list(&bird_thread_pickup);
+
+  wakeup_init(main_birdloop.thread);
 
   main_birdloop.time.domain = the_bird_domain.the_bird;
   main_birdloop.time.loop = &main_birdloop;
@@ -406,8 +865,6 @@ birdloop_init(void)
   birdloop_enter_locked(&main_birdloop);
 }
 
-static void *birdloop_main(void *arg);
-
 struct birdloop *
 birdloop_new(pool *pp, uint order, const char *name)
 {
@@ -422,24 +879,14 @@ birdloop_new(pool *pp, uint order, const char *name)
 
   birdloop_enter(loop);
 
-  wakeup_init(loop);
   ev_init_list(&loop->event_list, loop, name);
   timers_init(&loop->time, p);
   sockets_init(loop);
 
-  int e = 0;
-
-  if (e = pthread_attr_init(&loop->thread_attr))
-    die("pthread_attr_init() failed: %M", e);
-
-  if (e = pthread_attr_setstacksize(&loop->thread_attr, THREAD_STACK_SIZE))
-    die("pthread_attr_setstacksize(%u) failed: %M", THREAD_STACK_SIZE, e);
-
-  if (e = pthread_attr_setdetachstate(&loop->thread_attr, PTHREAD_CREATE_DETACHED))
-    die("pthread_attr_setdetachstate(PTHREAD_CREATE_DETACHED) failed: %M", e);
-
-  if (e = pthread_create(&loop->thread_id, &loop->thread_attr, birdloop_main, loop))
-    die("pthread_create() failed: %M", e);
+  LOCK_DOMAIN(resource, birdloop_domain);
+  add_tail(&birdloop_pickup, &loop->n);
+  wakeup_do_kick(SKIP_BACK(struct bird_thread, n, HEAD(bird_thread_pickup)));
+  UNLOCK_DOMAIN(resource, birdloop_domain);
 
   birdloop_leave(loop);
 
@@ -451,7 +898,11 @@ birdloop_do_stop(struct birdloop *loop, void (*stopped)(void *data), void *data)
 {
   loop->stopped = stopped;
   loop->stop_data = data;
-  wakeup_do_kick(loop);
+  if (loop->thread)
+  {
+    atomic_store_explicit(&loop->thread->run_cleanup, 1, memory_order_release);
+    wakeup_do_kick(loop->thread);
+  }
 }
 
 void
@@ -475,10 +926,7 @@ void
 birdloop_free(struct birdloop *loop)
 {
   ASSERT_DIE(loop->links == 0);
-  ASSERT_DIE(pthread_equal(pthread_self(), loop->thread_id));
-
-  rcu_birdloop_stop(&loop->rcu);
-  pthread_attr_destroy(&loop->thread_attr);
+  ASSERT_DIE(birdloop_in_this_thread(loop));
 
   domain_free(loop->time.domain);
   rfree(loop->pool);
@@ -541,7 +989,7 @@ birdloop_unmask_wakeups(struct birdloop *loop)
   ASSERT_DIE(birdloop_wakeup_masked == loop);
   birdloop_wakeup_masked = NULL;
   if (birdloop_wakeup_masked_count)
-    wakeup_do_kick(loop);
+    wakeup_do_kick(loop->thread);
 
   birdloop_wakeup_masked_count = 0;
 }
@@ -560,85 +1008,6 @@ birdloop_unlink(struct birdloop *loop)
   loop->links--;
 }
 
-static void *
-birdloop_main(void *arg)
-{
-  struct birdloop *loop = arg;
-  timer *t;
-  int rv, timeout;
-
-  rcu_birdloop_start(&loop->rcu);
-
-  btime loop_begin = current_time();
-
-  tmp_init(loop->pool);
-
-  birdloop_enter(loop);
-  while (1)
-  {
-    timers_fire(&loop->time, 0);
-    if (birdloop_process_flags(loop) + birdloop_run_events(loop))
-      timeout = 0;
-    else if (t = timers_first(&loop->time))
-      timeout = (tm_remains(t) TO_MS) + 1;
-    else
-      timeout = -1;
-
-    if (loop->poll_changed)
-      sockets_prepare(loop);
-    else
-      if ((timeout < 0) || (timeout > 5000))
-	flush_local_pages();
-
-    btime duration = current_time() - loop_begin;
-    if (duration > config->watchdog_warning)
-      log(L_WARN "I/O loop cycle took %d ms", (int) (duration TO_MS));
-
-    birdloop_leave(loop);
-
-  try:
-    rv = poll(loop->poll_fd.data, loop->poll_fd.used, timeout);
-    if (rv < 0)
-    {
-      if (errno == EINTR || errno == EAGAIN)
-	goto try;
-      bug("poll: %m");
-    }
-
-    birdloop_enter(loop);
-
-    if (loop->close_scheduled)
-      sockets_close_fds(loop);
-
-    if (loop->stopped)
-      break;
-
-    loop_begin = current_time();
-
-    if (rv && !loop->poll_changed)
-      sockets_fire(loop);
-
-    atomic_exchange_explicit(&loop->ping_sent, 0, memory_order_acq_rel);
-  }
-
-  /* Flush remaining events */
-  ASSERT_DIE(!ev_run_list(&loop->event_list));
-
-  /* Drop timers */
-  while (t = timers_first(&loop->time))
-    tm_stop(t);
-
-  /* No sockets allowed */
-  ASSERT_DIE(EMPTY_LIST(loop->sock_list));
-  ASSERT_DIE(loop->sock_num == 0);
-
-  birdloop_leave(loop);
-  loop->stopped(loop->stop_data);
-
-  flush_local_pages();
-  return NULL;
-}
-
 void
 birdloop_yield(void)
 {
diff --git a/sysdep/unix/io-loop.h b/sysdep/unix/io-loop.h
index 29ca96d6..33d529da 100644
--- a/sysdep/unix/io-loop.h
+++ b/sysdep/unix/io-loop.h
@@ -21,26 +21,16 @@ void pipe_kick(struct pipe *);
 
 struct birdloop
 {
+  node n;
+
   pool *pool;
 
   struct timeloop time;
   event_list event_list;
   list sock_list;
-  uint sock_num;
-
-  BUFFER(sock *) poll_sk;
-  BUFFER(struct pollfd) poll_fd;
-  u8 poll_changed;
-  u8 close_scheduled;
+  int sock_num;
 
   uint ping_pending;
-  _Atomic u32 ping_sent;
-  struct pipe wakeup;
-
-  pthread_t thread_id;
-  pthread_attr_t thread_attr;
-
-  struct rcu_birdloop rcu;
 
   uint links;
 
@@ -51,6 +41,36 @@ struct birdloop
   void *stop_data;
 
   struct birdloop *prev_loop;
+
+  struct bird_thread *thread;
+  struct pollfd *pfd;
+
+  u64 total_time_spent_ns;
+};
+
+struct bird_thread
+{
+  node n;
+
+  struct pollfd *pfd;
+  uint pfd_max;
+
+  _Atomic u32 ping_sent;
+  _Atomic u32 run_cleanup;
+  _Atomic u32 poll_changed;
+
+  struct pipe wakeup;
+  event_list priority_events;
+
+  pthread_t thread_id;
+  pthread_attr_t thread_attr;
+
+  struct rcu_thread rcu;
+
+  list loops;
+  pool *pool;
+
+  event cleanup_event;
 };
 
 #endif
diff --git a/sysdep/unix/io.c b/sysdep/unix/io.c
index c91bd597..c1466b56 100644
--- a/sysdep/unix/io.c
+++ b/sysdep/unix/io.c
@@ -2254,7 +2254,7 @@ io_loop(void)
       }
 
       /* A hack to reload main io_loop() when something has changed asynchronously. */
-      pipe_pollin(&main_birdloop.wakeup, &pfd[0]);
+      pipe_pollin(&main_birdloop.thread->wakeup, &pfd[0]);
 
       nfds = 1;
 
@@ -2332,8 +2332,8 @@ io_loop(void)
 	  if (pfd[0].revents & POLLIN)
 	  {
 	    /* IO loop reload requested */
-	    pipe_drain(&main_birdloop.wakeup);
-	    atomic_exchange_explicit(&main_birdloop.ping_sent, 0, memory_order_acq_rel);
+	    pipe_drain(&main_birdloop.thread->wakeup);
+	    atomic_exchange_explicit(&main_birdloop.thread->ping_sent, 0, memory_order_acq_rel);
 	    continue;
 	  }
 
diff --git a/sysdep/unix/main.c b/sysdep/unix/main.c
index 74827d98..01cc0c93 100644
--- a/sysdep/unix/main.c
+++ b/sysdep/unix/main.c
@@ -200,9 +200,11 @@ sysdep_preconfig(struct config *c)
 }
 
 int
-sysdep_commit(struct config *new, struct config *old UNUSED)
+sysdep_commit(struct config *new, struct config *old)
 {
   log_switch(0, &new->logfiles, new->syslog_name);
+  bird_thread_commit(new, old);
+
   return 0;
 }
 
diff --git a/sysdep/unix/unix.h b/sysdep/unix/unix.h
index ad85d1ea..e26afe41 100644
--- a/sysdep/unix/unix.h
+++ b/sysdep/unix/unix.h
@@ -16,6 +16,7 @@ struct pool;
 struct iface;
 struct birdsock;
 struct rfile;
+struct config;
 
 /* main.c */
 
@@ -32,6 +33,8 @@ void cmd_reconfig_undo(void);
 void cmd_reconfig_status(void);
 void cmd_shutdown(void);
 void cmd_graceful_restart(void);
+void cmd_show_threads(int);
+void bird_thread_commit(struct config *new, struct config *old);
 
 #define UNIX_DEFAULT_CONFIGURE_TIMEOUT	300
 
diff --git a/test/birdtest.c b/test/birdtest.c
index 5e3de1c5..cdca3829 100644
--- a/test/birdtest.c
+++ b/test/birdtest.c
@@ -557,7 +557,14 @@ void cmd_reconfig_undo_notify(void) {}
 #include "lib/net.h"
 #include "conf/conf.h"
 void sysdep_preconfig(struct config *c UNUSED) {}
-int sysdep_commit(struct config *new UNUSED, struct config *old UNUSED) { return 0; }
+
+void bird_thread_commit(struct config *new, struct config *old);
+int sysdep_commit(struct config *new, struct config *old)
+{
+  bird_thread_commit(new, old);
+  return 0;
+}
+
 void sysdep_shutdown_done(void) {}
 
 #include "nest/cli.h"
diff --git a/test/bt-utils.h b/test/bt-utils.h
index 13d267cc..758dbf48 100644
--- a/test/bt-utils.h
+++ b/test/bt-utils.h
@@ -28,7 +28,6 @@ uint bt_naive_pow(uint base, uint power);
 void bt_bytes_to_hex(char *buf, const byte *in_data, size_t size);
 
 void bt_bird_init(void);
-void bt_bird_cleanup(void);
 struct config *bt_config_parse(const char *cfg);
 struct config *bt_config_file_parse(const char *filepath);